ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
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The document discusses heat flow and volcanism associated with tectonic plate subduction and movement over hotspots. It notes that subduction leads to low heat flow in forearc regions as cold slabs subduct. Upwelling hot fluids at the top of subducting plates produce high heat flow and volcanism at volcanic arcs. As plates move over hotspots, volcanoes form and are progressively older, lower, shorter, and more eroded farther from the hotspot due to cooling of the lithosphere and erosion over time.
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ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
- 1. Ali Oncel [email_address] Department of Earth Sciences KFUPM Final Lecture: Heat Flow Solid Earth Geophysics
- 2. Temperature contours and heat flow profile for a subduction zone Depressing in temperature as the cold slab subducts, leading to low heat flow in the forearc region . Migrating hot fluids upward from the top of the subducting plate produce magma and high heat flow at the volcanic arc.
- 3. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 4. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 5. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 6. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 7. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 8. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 9. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Development of Volcanoes as Plate Moves over Hotspot
- 10. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 11. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 12. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 13. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 14. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 15. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Volcanoes are Progressively Lower away from Hotspot
- 16. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 17. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 18. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 19. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 20. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie
- 21. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Volcanoes are Progressively Older away from Hotspot
- 22. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Volcanoes Lower away from Hotspot Volcanoes Older away from Hotspot
- 23. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Hawai ` i Hotspot Track NATIONAL PARKLANDS
- 24. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Observations Along Hawai i an Island Chain
- 25. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Observations Along Hawai i an Island Chain Islands are older in a northwest direction.
- 26. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Observations along Hawai i an Island Chain Islands are more eroded in a northwest direction.
- 27. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Observations along Hawai i an Island Chain Islands are shorter in a northwest direction.
- 28. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Haleakal ā National Park Observations along Hawai i an Island Chain These observations are consistent with volcanoes forming as the Pacific Plate moves northwestward over a hotspot .
- 29. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Hawai ` i – Emperor Hotspot Track National Geographic Society
- 30. 80 Million Years Old 45 Million Years Old Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Northward Plate Motion Hawai ` i – Emperor Hotspot Track National Geographic Society
- 31. Forming Today Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie 45 Million Years Old 21 Million Years Old Northwestward Plate Motion Hawai ` i – Emperor Hotspot Track National Geographic Society
- 32. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Rising hotspot plume heats up region, making it expand and rise upward. Why are Islands Lower away from a Hotspot?
- 33. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Why are Islands Lower away from a Hotspot? Drop in pressure on the hot, rising mantle makes it melt, producing magma. Eruptions build volcanic island on the already elevated seafloor.
- 34. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Plate motion moves the volcano away from the hotspot. The cooler region contracts, sinking the seafloor and volcanic island. Why are Islands Lower away from a Hotspot?
- 35. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Island moves farther away from hotspot and sinks even lower. Why are Islands Lower away from a Hotspot?
- 36. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Erosion of the extinct volcano also makes it lower. Why are Islands Lower away from a Hotspot?
- 37. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Elevation of Hawaiian Islands NATIONAL PARKLANDS
- 38. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Over Hotspot - Highly Elevated Elevation of Hawaiian Islands NATIONAL PARKLANDS
- 39. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Over Hotspot - Highly Elevated Off of Hotspot - Lower Elevation of Hawaiian Islands NATIONAL PARKLANDS
- 40. Parks and Plates ©2005 Robert J. Lillie Over Hotspot - Highly Elevated Off of Hotspot - Lower Farther from Hotspot and Eroded - Even Lower Elevation of Hawaiian Islands NATIONAL PARKLANDS
Editor's Notes
- Gary A. Glatzmaier of the Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics at Los Alamos National Laboratory explains the computer modeling of field reversals. The first dynamically-consistent, three-dimensional computer simulation of the geodynamo (the mechanism in the Earth's fluid outer core that generates and maintains the geomagnetic field) was accomplished and published by Paul H. Roberts of the University of California at Los Angeles and myself in 1995. We programmed supercomputers to solve the large set of nonlinear equations that describe the physics of the fluid motions and magnetic field generation in the Earth's core. Image: Gary A. Glatzmaier, Paul H. Roberts COMPUTER SIMULATION shows a magnetic pole reversal taking place over a period of about 1,000 years. Magnetic field lines are blue where the field is directed inward and yellow where it is directed outward. The simulated geomagnetic field, which now spans the equivalent of over 300,000 years, has an intensity, a dipole-dominated structure and a westward drift at the surface that are all similar to the Earth's real field. Our model predicted that the solid inner core, being magnetically coupled to the eastward fluid flow above it, should rotate slightly faster than the surface of the Earth. This prediction was recently supported by studies of seismic waves passing through the core. In addition, the computer model has produced three spontaneous reversals of the geomagnetic field during the 300,000-year simulation. So now, for the first time, we have three-dimensional, time-dependent simulated information about how magnetic reversals can occur. The process is not simple, even in our computer model. Fluid motions try to reverse the field on a few thousand-year timescale, but the solid, inner core tries to prevent reversals because the field cannot change (diffuse) within the inner core nearly as quickly as in the fluid, outer core. Only on rare occasions do the thermodynamics, the fluid motions and the magnetic field all evolve in a compatible manner that allows for the original field to diffuse completely out of the inner core so the new dipole polarity can diffuse in and establish a reversed magnetic field. The stochastic (random) nature of the process probably explains why the time between reversals on the Earth varies so much. Answer originally posted on April 6,1998. « previous