The document discusses different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. It describes composite volcanoes which erupt violently due to sticky magma. Shield volcanoes form gentle slopes from runny lava. Cinder cones are small and formed from ejected fragments. Icelandic eruptions come from long fissures building lava plateaus. Hawaiian eruptions also come from fissures, forming shield volcanoes from fluid lava. Strombolian eruptions involve moderate bursts ejecting lava clots.

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- Geothermal Energy
- What is Geothermal
Energy?

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Steps to followed to generate electricity in a
geothermal power plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam
or hot water to the surface.
2. When water reaches the surface, the drop in
pressure causes the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a
generator that produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses
back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to
begin the process again.

4. Have you ever thought about why volcanoes are actually called
'volcanoes'? Can you think of a reason why?
How do volcanic eruptions affect society?

5. What to Do Before, During, and After a
Volcanic Eruption?

6. Roman mythology says that Vulcan lived in a volcano. As well as being
the god of fire, he made many weapons and forged them using metal
and fire. He was a very skilled blacksmith.
The Roman God of Fire
Romans believed that if
Vulcan was made angry, the
volcano would erupt. So they
tried their best to please him
and not anger him.
Click on the word in bold to
find out what it means!
Forged: to have made or
shaped a metal object using
a fire or furnace.

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- According to Norse mythology, Loki, is the epitome
of both aspects of fire: the merry but potentially
dangerous hearth fire and the destructive fire of
forest and volcano. Because of his lies and
deceitful acts, he was punished by the gods and
goddesses by putting him into a dark cave.
- In Iceland, it was believed that the earthquakes
happens when Loki writhed with pain and terror
causing the earth to quake and tremble.

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- Pacific Northwest Indians regarded Mount Hood
and Mount Adams as warrior gods fighting over
Mount St. Helens, the prettiest ang youngest
volcano goddess.
- In Hawaii, eruptions are under the control of
Madame Pele. According to the legend, Pele and
her sister created the Hawaiian island chain by
tearing up the ocean floor. Native believe that Pele
dictates when and where eruption will happen.
When Kilauea began its eruption in the 1970s,
villagers hired an airplane and dropped flowers and
a bottle og gin into the lava vent to please Pele.

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- Christians explained volcanoes as
manipulations of Satan or manifestation of
the wrath of God. They believed that
miracles must take place; thus, parades of
several relics such as that of St. Agatha’s
along Mt. Catania and St. Januarius in Mt.
Vesuvius in Naples, Italy were initiated.

10. What Is Our Earth Made Of?
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The Crust
This is the outer layer of the
earth. It varies in thickness
from 0 – 60km thick. It is
not even and is made up of
pieces which overlap to
cover the entire planet.
These pieces are called
‘tectonic plates’.
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The Inner Core
This is a solid layer and is made of
iron and nickel. It is the hottest
part of the earth and can reach
temperatures of up to 5500ºC!
The Outer Core
The outer core is a liquid layer
made out of molten iron and
nickel. This liquid metal creates the
earth's magnetic field.
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The Mantle
The mantle is approximately
2897km thick and is made of a
solid, rocky substance called
molten rock or magma. This is
what escapes when a volcano
erupts.
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11. Where Are Most Volcanoes Located?
The ‘Ring of Fire’
is an area of the
Pacific Ocean that
is shaped like a
horseshoe. It is
home to 90% of
the world's
earthquakes and
75% of the
world's volcanoes.
It contains a string
of 452 volcanoes,
which stretches
from the southern
tip of South
America, up along
the coast of North
America, down
through Japan, and
into New Zealand.

12. How Are Volcanoes Formed?
Deep in the earth, it is extremely hot. It is so hot, in fact, that rocks
actually melt and form magma, which makes up the mantle of the earth.
The upper mantle mixes and moves,
which creates pressure underneath
the crust. This pressure can
sometimes cause the mantle
to leak out onto the
surface of the earth
– this is a
volcano!
Over time, as this magma leaks out,
the volcano will get bigger
and bigger.

13. The Three Stages of Volcanoes
Scientists have placed volcanoes in to three different categories.
What do you think each one is?
Active
Dormant
Extinct
An active volcano is one that has erupted recently, and there is the
possibility that it may erupt again.
A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted for a long time, however,
it may still erupt in the future.
An extinct volcano is one which has erupted
thousands of years ago, but it will
probably never erupt again.

14. Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?
We know that the earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called tectonic
plates. These fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and they sometimes move.
The movement causes friction
which causes earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions near the
edges of the plates. The theory
that explains this process is
called ‘plate tectonics’ – this
means the plates are moving in
different directions and at
different speeds. Sometimes
they collide or brush past each
other and cause these
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
Click on the word in bold to
find out what it means!
Friction: the resistance created
when one surface rubs
against another.

15. What Are the Different Parts of a Volcano?
Click on each label to find out more. Click again to remove.
An opening in the
surface of the Earth
through which volcanic
materials, such as
magma, can escape.
A cloud of ash. It is
formed by volcanic
explosions
vent ash cloud
The mouth of a volcano.
It surrounds the vent.
crater
throat
The entrance of a
volcano. It ejects lava
and volcanic ash.
conduit
An underground
passage which magma
travels through.
A large underground
pool of liquid rock found
beneath the surface of
the Earth.
magma reservoir

16. How Many Volcanoes Are There?
There are more than 1500 active volcanoes on Earth. There are also
more than 80 volcanoes under the ocean, although these are just the
ones that have been discovered.

17. What Types of Volcano Are There?
Composite Volcanoes
These volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes and are made up of lots of
layers of volcanic rocks. They usually erupt in an explosive way because
the magma in these volcanoes is quite sticky. It clogs up the passage
that it has to pass through. Pressure is built inside the volcanic chamber
and this results in the volcano erupting violently.
Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA is a composite volcano.

18. What Types of Volcano Are There?
Cinder Cones
Cinder cones are circular or oval cones. They are made up of small
fragments of lava, which are blown into the air through a single vent.
When they cool down, they form rock around the vent. They grow
quickly, but are not usually very big. They are not usually
dangerous either.
Sunset Crater in Arizona, USA is a cinder cone.

19. What Types of Volcano Are There?
Shield Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes are bowl or shield-shaped in the middle. When they
erupt, the lava is quite runny and it travels long distances down the side
of the volcano before it cools down. This lava forms long, gentle slopes
that look like a warrior's shield, which is how they got their name.
These volcanoes do not often explode.
Shield Volcanoes like this one in Hawaii are common in this part of the world.

20. OTHER ASSOCIATED VOLCANO LANDFORMS
A volcanic dome, also called lava dome, is a rounded, steep-sided
mound that is formed by small, bulging masses of lava primarily
composed of either dacite or rhyolite. Lava coming from a dome is too
viscous to flow from the vent, hence, lava piles over and around the vent
until it cools down and solidifies. A dome grows mainly by expansion
from within. It usually occurs within the craters or on the flanks of
large composite volcanoes.

21. As termed, super volcanoes are described to produce the largest eruptions
on Earth. The term super volcano implies a volcanic center that has
recorded an eruption with a magnitude of 8 on the Volcano Explosivity
Index (EVI), meaning a single volcano of this type can eject magma and
other materials up to a volume greater than 1,000 𝑘𝑚3 (240 𝑚𝑖3). The VEI
scale was created by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States
Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to
provide general measurements of explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.

22. Submarine Volcano
This type of volcano is created when magma erupts in the underwater
fissures of the earth. Majority of these volcanoes are found near ocean
ridges while some can exist in shallow water. Submarine volcanoes in
shallow water can eject basaltic magma and the lava formed is known as
“pillow lava”.

23. Subglacial volcano, also called glaciovolcano, is created by eruptions
beneath the surface of a glacier or sheets which is then melted into a lake
by the rising lava that resembles to the pillow lava formed by submarine
volcanoes. As the pillow lava is ejected upward, it melts the overlying ice
while the water cools the lava flows down.

24. Volcanic Eruption
•ICELANDIC TYPE is characterized by effusions of molten basaltic lava
that flows from long parallel fissures, and the outpourings often build
lava plateaus.

25. Volcanic Eruption
•HAWAIIAN TYPE is similar to the Icelandic variety but in this case,
fluid lava flows from summit and radial fissures to form shield
volcanoes.

26. Volcanic Eruption
•STROMBOLIAN TYPE shows moderate bursts of expanding gases that
eject clots of incandescent lava in cyclical or nearly continuous small
eruptions. Because of such small intermittent outbursts, Stromboli
Volcano (off the west coast of Italy) has been called the “lighthouse of
the Mediterranean”.

27. Volcanic Eruption
•VULCANIAN TYPE named for the island of Volcano near Stromboli,
generally exhibits moderate explosions of gas laden with volcanic ash.
This mixture forms dark, turbulent eruption clouds that rapidly ascend
and expands in convoluted shapes.

28. Volcanic Eruption
•VESUVIAN TYPE is associated with explosive outbursts that generate
dense mixtures of hot volcanic fragments and gas. It is so named for the
destructive eruption of Mount Pele in Martinique in 1902.

29. Volcanic Eruption
•PLINIAN TYPE is an intensely violent kind of volcanic eruption
exemplified by the outburst of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that killed the
famous Roman scholar Pliny the elder, from whom the name is taken.

30. More Volcano Facts
What is the difference between
magma and lava?
Magma is liquid rock inside a
volcano. Lava is the name for
liquid rock that has flowed out of
a volcano. Lava takes a long time
to cool down as it is not a good
heat conductor. As a lava flow
cools down, it gets slower and
thicker.
What is a ‘pyroclastic flow’?
This is the most deadly of all
volcano activities.
It is a liquidised mixture of solid
and part-solid fragments and hot,
expanding gases.
They look like a snow avalanche
but are extremely hot and
contain poisonous gases. They
move at the speed of a hurricane.
Click on the word
in bold to find
out more!
Heat Conductor:
something which can
transfer heat from one
object to another.

31. What Is the Largest Active Volcano?
The largest, active volcano in the world is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. It is
13,677 feet above sea level. From its base below sea level to its summit,
Mauna Loa is taller than Mount Everest.
Mauna Loa

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Volcanoes of the World
Mount St Helens
Mount St Helens is an active
volcano located in
Washington, USA in the
Cascade Mountain Range.
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On 18th
May 1980, it erupted and
killed 57 people and destroyed
lots of roads and homes.
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This was the first time
pyroclastic flows (the clouds
of hot gas, ash and rock) were
studied using new scientific
techniques.
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Mount St Helens is still
active, and is monitored
closely by geologists to
predict if it will erupt again.
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An earthquake triggered a
landslide, which caused a
sideways blast, sending
clouds of ash, gas and rock
speeding away from the
volcano.
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Mount Vesuvius, Naples, Italy
Mount Vesuvius has a very
famous history. Its base is 30
miles wide and it is estimated
to be around 17,000 years old.
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In 79AD, Vesuvius erupted for a
whole day. Thousands of people
were killed, and the city of
Pompeii was buried.
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In 1995, Vesuvius was made a
National Park. Visitors can
climb the mountain.
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Vesuvius has erupted over 50
times in the last 200 years. The
last time was in 1944 during
the Second World War.
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Volcanoes of the World
Over the years, archaeologists
have found bodies preserved
by the ash from the volcano
along with other items, such
as heating stoves and cooking
utensils.
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Mount Fuji, Japan
Mount Fuji is the highest
mountain in Japan. It is 3776m
high. It is on the island of Honshu,
about 100km from Tokyo.
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Over 100,000 people climb Mount
Fuji every year. It is the most
climbed mountain in the world.
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A forest named
Aokigahara lies at the
foot of the mountain and
is said to be haunted by
ghosts and goblins.
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The volcano is actually
three separate volcanoes
piled one on top of the
other with Fuji at the top.
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Volcanoes of the World
Mount Fuji last erupted in
1708. It has become a symbol
of the country and is featured
in lots of paintings.
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Popocatépetl, Mexico
Until it erupted in 1994,
Popocatépetl was
dormant for 50 years.
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It is nicknamed 'El Popo'. It has
erupted several times since 1994.
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It is considered one of the
world’s most dangerous
volcanoes. It last erupted in
January 2020.
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Flights over Mexico have
been cancelled several times
due to ash and steam being
produced by the volcano.
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Volcanoes of the World

36. Are There Volcanoes on Other Planets?
Earth is not the only planet to have volcanoes, although most of the
volcanoes on other planets are now extinct.
Mercury used to
have volcanoes
but when the
planet's interior
cooled down,
the volcanoes
died.
Mars has the
largest known
volcano called
Olympus Mons.
It is no longer
active and will
probably never
erupt again.
Io is one of
Jupiter's moons
and has
several active
volcanoes.
Triton is
Neptune's
largest moon.
Instead of lava,
the volcanoes on
Triton actually
release ice.

37. Glossary
Forged: to have made or shaped a metal object using a fire or furnace.
Molten: something made in to a liquid by heat.
Magma: hot fluid or semi-fluid below the earth's crust.
Friction: the resistance created when one surface rubs against another.
Heat conductor: something which can transfer heat from one object to
another.
Archaeologist: someone who studies history using evidence from fossils
and artefacts.