Examples of Convection What is convection? The convection is the heat transfer based on the actual motion of the molecules of a substance: here involves a fluid which can be gas or liquid. The transmission convective heat may occur only in fluids where natural movement (the fluid extracts heat from the hot zone and changes densities) or forced circulation (through a fan the fluid moves), the particles can move transporting the heat without interrupting the physical continuity of the body. Here a series of convection examples: The heat transfer of a stove. Hot air balloons, which are held in the air by hot air. If it cools, the balloon immediately begins to fall. When the water vapor fogs the glass of a bath, by the hot temperature of the water when bathing. The hand or hair dryer, which transmits heat by forced convection. The heat transfer generated by the human body when a person is barefoot. Radiation Examples What is radiation? The radiation is the heat emitted by a body due to its temperature, in a process that lacks contact between bodies or intermediate fluids transported heat. The radiation causes a body to be solid or liquid of higher temperature than another, occur immediately transfer heat to each other. The phenomenon is that of the transmission of electromagnetic waves, emitted by bodies at a higher temperature than absolute zero: the higher the temperature, the greater these waves will be. That is what explains that radiation can only occur while the bodies are at a particularly high temperature. Next, a group of examples where radiation occurs: The transmission of electromagnetic waves through the microwave oven. The heat emitted by a radiator. Solar ultraviolet radiation, precisely the process that determines the Earth’s temperature. The light emitted by an incandescent lamp. The emission of gamma rays by a nucleus. The processes of heat transmission increase and decrease the temperatures of the affected bodies, but also sometimes (as exemplified by ice) are responsible for the phenomena of phase changes, such as the boiling of water in steam, or the fusion of water in ice. Engineering concentrates many of its efforts to take advantage of this possibility of manipulating the state of bodies through the transmission of heat.

1. EXAMPLE OF PAPERWORK
FIZIK PENGENALAN (SFP1001)
HEAT AS AN ENERGY

2. CONTENT
1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 Theory of heat energy.......................................................................................................4
3.1 Modern microscopic view........................................................................................................4
4.0 Specific heat capacity.......................................................................................................4
5.0 Result..................................................................................................................................6
6.0 Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 7
7.0 Acknowledgement........................................................................................................... 10
8.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 11
9.0 References........................................................................................................................ 12

3. 1.0 Introduction
All matter contains heat energy. Heat energy is the result of the movement of tiny particles
called atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred
from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between
the two objects is called heat. A more concise example of understanding, heat is the transfer of
energy from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object.
i. Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place.
ii. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature.
iii. Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature.
iv. Heat is a form of energy which passes from a body at higher temperature to a body at
a lower temperature.
2.0 Objectives
i. the main objective of this experiment is to study of determining the specific heat
capacity of aluminium.
ii. Use the equation to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium in the end of
experiment.

4. 3.0 Theory of heat energy
• J.P Joule did several experiments to establish our present view about the heat. He also
established a relationship between mechanical work and heat energy in the form
WʠH/ W=JH
3.1 Modern microscopic view
In case of solids, the molecules vibrate about their mean positions, but in liquid and
gasses, the molecules travel from here and there. According to the modern microscopic view,
the thermal kinetic energy increases with an increase in temperature.
e.g- a pot of water placed on a stove burner. K.E on the pot increase,causing its transfer a little
bit its K.E to water causing water to collide each other extremely. Then, temperature of the pot
and water is rise.
Object heated  heat increase = Translational K.E increase, rotational & vibrational K.E
increase
Total energy is the sum of the 3 K.E
4.0 Specific heat capacity
• The experimental determination of the specific heat of a metal by the method of
mixtures consists in dropping a known mass of the metal at a known high temperature
into a known mass of water at a known high temperature into a known low temperature.
The heat absorbed by the water, calorimeter, and stirrer is equal to the heat lost by the
metal. Its competed from the following equation:
𝑀 𝐶 ( T - 𝑇2 ) = (𝑐 𝑤 𝑚 𝑤 + 𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙)(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
M-mass of metals(g) 𝑇1- initial temperature.
c-specific heat of the metal (𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙)- water equivalance of the calorimeter
and stirrer
T-temperature of the metal 𝑚 𝑤- mass of the cold water

5. 𝑇2-equilibrium temperature
Apparatus and material:
Aluminium cylinder, weighing scale, thermometer, immersion heater, power supply, ammeter
(0-5 ampere), rheostat (10-15 ohms), voltmeter (0-15 volt) felt cloth, polystyrene sheet, stop
watch and lubricant oil
Procedures:
i. An aluminium cylinder with two cavities is weighed and its mass, m is recorded.
ii. The electrical power of the heater, P is record and the rheostat was adjusted to give a
current of about 4 amps.
iii. The electrical heater is then placed inside the large cavity in the centre of the cylinder.
iv. The thermometer is then placed in the small cavity of the aluminium cylinder.
v. A few
vi. drops of lubricating oil are added to both cavities to ensure good thermal contact (better
heat transfer).
vii. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.
viii. The initial temperature of the aluminium cylinder, θ1 is recorded.
ix. The electric heater is switched on and the stopwatch is started simultaneously.
x. After heating for t seconds, the heater is switched off. The highest reading on the
thermometer, θ2 is recorded.
xi. The experiment was repeated and an average value of c is calculated.
Immersion heater
Rheostat
Aluminium
cylinder
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Thermometer

6. Specific heat Capacity, c
• The quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of a mass 1 kg by 1˚C or 1 K.
• Can be calculated from the amount of heat supplied, Q to a mass, m of a substance and
the increase in temperature, ∆θ.
𝑐 =
𝑄
𝑚∆𝜃
Where m = mass, Q = heat supplied
θ = change in temperature.
• The unit of specific heat capacity is J kg-1 ˚C-1.
• Different substance is said to have different specific heat capacities.
5.0 Result
Time (sec) Temperature
(˚C)
0 14
60 17
120 19
180 21
240 23
300 25
360 28
420 32
480 35
540 38
600 45

7. 6.0 Discussion
The actual value for the specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J/kg°C.
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is a constant.
The value of specific heat capacity of the aluminium, c determined in the experiment is larger
than the standard value because of:
i. Heat lost to the surrounding
ii. Assume the heat supplied is absorbed by the aluminium
iii. temperature still increases although the heater is switched off
Properties of Aluminium which has a higher specific heat capacity:
i. It takes a longer time to be heated.
ii. It does not lose heat easily.
iii. It is usually used as a heat insulator.
iv. It is a poor heat conductor.
Heat is a form of energy which exists naturally and it is quite important to all aspects of life.
The statistic shows that nearly half of the energy use in the UK is for heat. It is because the
heat quickly changes into different forms of energy like light, electricity and others. As a
results, heat is applied into our daily to improve the quality of lifestyle.

8. Solar panel
- comprise many, smaller units called photovoltaic cell
- cells linked together make up solar panel
- photovoltaic cell made up of two slices of semi-conducting material, usually silicon
- the cell are so light which are 20 times lighter than a sheet of office paper
- solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light to knock electrons free
from atoms and generating a flow of electricity.

9. Geothermal Heat Pump
i. Ground source heat pump, highly efficient renewable energy technology is a natural
source of power found below the surface of the earth by transferring heat stored in the
earth into the building during winter and transferring it out of the building and back
into ground during summer, there are four types of pumps which are three closed-loop
systems and open-loop systems.
Three types of geothermal power plant

10. 7.0 Acknowledgement
First of all, our groups would also like to express us deep gratitude to Dr Faridah Abdul
Razak for her valuable constructive a nice suggestions and advice in keeping my progress on
schedule.Our group also wish to thank for our parents for giving us their support and
encouragement throughout we study. I heartily thank you to my group members without them
the assignment cannot be completed for their effort and cooperation which are Dayang,
Syaffica, Zufira, Thiveyaa, Suganthi and Ong Khai Heo.Last but not least, we would like to
express our gratitude to our friends for giving support and willingness to spend more time with
us during doing this assignment.

11. 8.0 Conclusion
The actual value for the specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J/kg°C. The
calculated value does not match exactly but it is in the correct order of magnitude. This is
because not all of the heat from the immersion heater will be heating up the aluminium block,
some will be lost to the surroundings. More energy has been transferred than is needed for the
block alone, as some is transferred to the surroundings. This causes the calculated specific heat
capacity to be higher than for one kilogram (kg) of aluminium alone.However.in this
experiment we assume that all the heat supplied is absorbed by the aluminium block. Therefore,
the specific heat capacity of aluminium is constant which means it does not influence by any
factors.

12. 9.0 References
1. https://www.livescience.com/41995-how-do-solar-panels-work ( 6/12/17 by Michael
Dhar, Live Science Contributor.
2. https://www.saveonenergy.com/how-geothermal-energy-works/ (2018 by Save on
Energy)
3. https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=huKu6Euuu_l
4. https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zcpwrwx/revision/6
5. Lim Peng Chew, L. C. (2012). NEXUS SPM A+ Physics. In L. C. Lim Peng Chew,
NEXUS SPM A= Physics (pp.191-192). Lot 508, Jalan Perusahaan 3, Bandar Baru
Sungai Buloh, 47000 Selangor.:Sasbadi Sdn.Bhd.