Hearing Basics and Importance of Hearing
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This document provides information about various aspects of hearing assessment including: 1. Descriptions of the anatomy of the ear and auditory pathway. 2. Definitions of different types and degrees of hearing loss. 3. Explanations of common audiogram configurations and the interpretation of audiometric results. 4. Details about acoustic reflex testing, tympanometry, and the evaluation of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss components.
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This document discusses hearing loss, its types, causes, and methods of evaluation. It covers the following key points:
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Here are the key steps an audiologist would take to help Lily and her family:
1. The doctor would refer Lily to an audiologist for hearing tests to determine the severity and type of her hearing loss.
2. The audiologist would perform behavioral and objective tests to assess Lily's hearing ability and identify if she has a partial, mild, severe or profound hearing loss.
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Hearing loss ppt final
Here are the key steps an audiologist would take to help Lily and her family:
1. The doctor would refer Lily to an audiologist for hearing tests to determine the severity and type of her hearing loss.
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Hearing impairment ppt
The ear consists of the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is spiral-shaped and divided into three fluid-filled sections. Within the cochlea lies the organ of Corti, which transforms sound waves into neural signals. These signals travel through the cochlear nerve and into the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing. Hearing impairment can result from various causes that can be identified on imaging studies, including otitis media, cholesteatoma, fractures of the petrous bone, acoustic neuromas, and more. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery or use of a cochlear implant.
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1) Hearing loss in children can impact language development, academic performance, and social skills.
2) The document estimates that 1 to 3 per 1000 infants and 6 per 1000 children will have permanent sensorineural hearing loss.
3) Early identification of hearing loss before 6 months of age and prompt intervention is important to support auditory brain development and maximize outcomes for children.
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2. Middle ear assessment tools like tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing evaluate the function of the middle ear.
3. Evoked potential tests like ABR, ECochG and OAEs assess cochlear and neural hearing function without depending on behavioral responses. ABR in particular provides threshold information and can detect neurological abnormalities.
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Earmolds are custom molded to fit a patient's ear based on an ear impression in order to create a sound path from the hearing instrument to the ear canal and retain the hearing instrument. They come in occluding or non-occluding designs and use various materials, shapes, and bore sizes to optimize acoustic performance, comfort, and retention while fitting to the individual needs and preferences of the patient. Other coupling options besides custom earmolds include slim tubes with domes or receiver-in-canal hearing instruments.
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auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
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The document discusses understanding hearing impairment and provides information on several key topics:
1. Over 360 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss, including 32 million children. Early detection and management of hearing loss in infants is important.
2. Hearing loss can be classified based on age of onset, language development impact, location of impairment in the ear, and degree of loss. Causes include genetic factors, illness, injury, certain drugs, and age-related hearing loss.
3. Hearing impairment can impact vocabulary development, language skills, socialization, learning, and academic achievement. Deaf individuals are visual learners and develop concepts differently than those without hearing loss.
Pure tone audiometry
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Hearing impairment ppt
The ear consists of the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is spiral-shaped and divided into three fluid-filled sections. Within the cochlea lies the organ of Corti, which transforms sound waves into neural signals. These signals travel through the cochlear nerve and into the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing. Hearing impairment can result from various causes that can be identified on imaging studies, including otitis media, cholesteatoma, fractures of the petrous bone, acoustic neuromas, and more. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery or use of a cochlear implant.
American guideline in speech and language pathology
The document discusses the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and outlines their role in certifying speech-language pathologists and audiologists. It defines speech-language pathology and outlines the services they provide, including assessment, treatment, and referral for communication disorders. The document also discusses clinical documentation requirements and various types of communication disorders and treatments, such as for articulation disorders, aphasia, dysphagia, and more. It provides details on instrumentation, prosthetics, and other tools used in assessment and treatment.
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The document provides information about a workshop on speech sound disorders presented by Fouzia Saleemi. It discusses various types of speech sound disorders including articulation disorders, phonological disorders, childhood apraxia of speech, and dysarthria. It outlines the stages of the speaking process and various classification systems and intervention approaches for treating speech sound disorders in children, including core vocabulary therapy, cycles therapy, dynamic temporal and tactile cueing, and minimal pair therapies.
Hearing loss in children
1) Hearing loss in children can impact language development, academic performance, and social skills.
2) The document estimates that 1 to 3 per 1000 infants and 6 per 1000 children will have permanent sensorineural hearing loss.
3) Early identification of hearing loss before 6 months of age and prompt intervention is important to support auditory brain development and maximize outcomes for children.
rehabilitation of a deaf child (PGIMER CHANDIGARH)
This document discusses rehabilitation of deaf children. It defines types of hearing loss and outlines screening protocols for identifying childhood hearing impairment. Investigations for determining the cause of hearing loss are described, including recommended levels of testing. Guidelines are provided for managing and intervening with children who have mild to profound hearing loss, including approaches like hearing aids, remote microphone technology, and cochlear implantation. The importance of ongoing monitoring and family support is emphasized to facilitate a child's development.
Hearing Instrument Fitting Formulae History and Overview
The document discusses the history of hearing instrument fitting formulae. Initial formulae attempted to mirror audiograms or provide gain to reach the most comfortable listening level. Over time, researchers realized fitting should be based on loudness perception and individual needs rather than just audiogram results. Modern digital instruments allow customizing gain by frequency to better address pathologies. Fitting formulae still often rely on norms from non-pathological ears rather than individual testing and needs.
Introduction to Basic Audiology
Introduction to Basic Audiology posted at Cairo University Audiology Unit, Cairo University, the leading educational resource for Audiology in Egypt
2 audiological evaluation
The document provides an overview of audiological evaluation techniques, including:
1. Behavioral tests like play audiometry and pure tone audiometry that measure hearing sensitivity. Objective tests like ABR, OAEs, and electrocochleography are used for infants and difficult to test patients.
2. Middle ear assessment tools like tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing evaluate the function of the middle ear.
3. Evoked potential tests like ABR, ECochG and OAEs assess cochlear and neural hearing function without depending on behavioral responses. ABR in particular provides threshold information and can detect neurological abnormalities.
Earmold acoustics
Venting in earmolds serves several purposes: 1) To allow low-frequency signals to escape or enter the ear canal, 2) To decrease occlusion effects and pressure buildup, and 3) To allow for ear canal aeration. The size and shape of the vent impacts its acoustic properties - smaller vents have greater venting effects while larger vents decrease venting. Proper vent selection is important for hearing aid function and feedback as venting interacts with features like gain, noise reduction, and microphone directivity. Parallel vents are preferred over diagonal vents which can increase feedback.
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PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY.pptx
Pure tone audiometry (PTA) is used to measure hearing thresholds through pure tones. It involves testing air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) thresholds separately for each ear at different frequencies to determine the type and severity of hearing loss. PTA is done in a soundproof room using an audiometer to present tones through headphones for AC and a vibrator for BC. The results are plotted on an audiogram. PTA can identify conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing losses based on the thresholds and air-bone gap. It is useful for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and hearing aid selection. Masking of the non-tested ear is sometimes needed to avoid cross-hearing.
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This document summarizes various tests used to evaluate hearing. It discusses tests of hearing thresholds like pure tone audiometry to determine the type and degree of hearing loss. Other tests discussed include tympanometry to assess middle ear function, otoacoustic emissions to evaluate cochlear outer hair cell function, and electrocochleography and BERA to objectively measure electrical responses in the cochlea and auditory nerve. The document provides details on the principles, procedures, and interpretations of these common audiological tests used to evaluate hearing.
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This document discusses instrumentation used to measure acoustic signals and auditory function. It describes objective tests such as acoustic immittance, otoacoustic emissions, and auditory evoked potentials. Acoustic immittance involves measuring static immittance and tympanometry using a miniature speaker, microphone, and air pump. Tympanometry yields information about middle ear pressure and mobility. Normative data for tympanometric shape and peak pressure in adults and children is provided. The acoustic reflex involves contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to sound, which can be measured to assess conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.Audiology (pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry) .pptx
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The patient presented with increased hearing loss and tinnitus in the right ear following a right cortical mastoidectomy. Audiological assessment revealed a severe to profound mixed hearing loss in the right ear and normal hearing in the left ear. Tests results, including a short increment sensitivity index (SISI) score of 10%, positive tone decay of 30%, absent acoustic reflex, and positive acoustic reflex decay, suggest retrocochlear pathology in the right ear such as vestibulocochlear nerve damage.
BINAURAL BEATS IN IMPAIRED COCHLEA
This study investigated how acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss (ALHL) affects the perception of binaural beats (BBs). The researchers measured the frequency ranges where BBs were not perceived in 22 ALHL patients, 11 recovered ALHL patients, 5 high-tone hearing loss patients, and 14 normal controls. They found the frequency ranges were significantly wider in ALHL patients and narrowed with hearing recovery. The ranges did not differ between high-tone loss patients and controls, suggesting low-frequency damage affects BB perception by degrading frequency coding. Endolymphatic hydrops presence did not correlate with frequency range widths.
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Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
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1. Pure tone audiometry is an objective test that measures air and bone conduction thresholds to evaluate the type and severity of hearing loss. It is helpful for documentation and diagnosis.
2. Impedance audiometry objectively measures middle ear function through tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing. It can detect middle ear pathologies and is a fast screening test.
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This document provides information on various types and causes of deafness and hearing loss. It discusses conductive hearing loss, which occurs when sound transmission is impaired in the external or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by abnormalities in the inner ear, auditory nerve or central pathways. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Causes of hearing loss include conditions such as otitis media, noise exposure, certain drugs (ototoxicity), aging (presbycusis), and genetic syndromes. The document also covers classification of hearing loss and approaches to evaluating, diagnosing and managing different types of deafness and hearing impairment.
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The Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) test is used to determine a person's hearing threshold levels using pure tone pulses presented at standardized frequencies from 125-8000Hz. The threshold is the lowest sound level at which a person responds correctly to 50% of tones. Tones are presented one ear at a time through earphones to obtain the threshold for each ear separately. Special equipment including an oscillator, attenuator and earphones are used to generate and present the tones while masking noise may be used in the non-testing ear to prevent crossover. Multiple factors can influence PTA results including the testing environment, equipment calibration and placement, and the test method used.
Pta(sbo 3)
The Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) test is used to determine a person's hearing threshold levels using pure tone pulses presented at standardized frequencies from 125-8000Hz. The threshold is the lowest sound level at which a person detects 50% of tones. Specific test conditions include the type and presentation of tones. Tones are presented one ear at a time through earphones to determine if hearing loss is present and what type based on the audiogram configuration. Sources of error in PTA tests include physiological, psychological, methodological, physical/acoustic factors, and ambient noise levels.
7. Audiometry Dr. Krishna Koirala
Pure tone audiometry is used to measure a patient's hearing threshold levels through air and bone conduction tests. This assessment provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss. Results are plotted on an audiogram to diagnose conditions like conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss. Additional tests like speech audiometry, impedance testing, and brainstem evoked response audiometry provide further objective data about hearing ability and can help distinguish between cochlear and retrocochlear pathologies. Together, these audiological evaluations create a comprehensive profile of a patient's hearing to inform treatment decisions.
Audiometry for Undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students
Audiometry is one of the essential topic in MBBS.
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Noise
This document summarizes information about noise, sound level measurements, and the effects of noise on humans. It discusses how the decibel scale is used to measure sound intensity, how the loudness of sounds is quantified using phons and sones, and how long-term exposure to noise can cause both temporary and permanent hearing loss. It also outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards for permissible noise exposure limits in the workplace.
Noise
This document summarizes information about noise, sound level measurements, and the effects of noise on humans. It discusses how the decibel scale is used to measure sound intensity, how the loudness of sounds is quantified using phons and sones, and how long-term exposure to noise can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. It also outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards for permissible noise exposure limits in the workplace.
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This document summarizes the findings of a WHO survey of 76 member states on their capacity to provide hearing care. Key findings include:
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This document discusses integrating ear and hearing care into community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs. The goal is to establish universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support services for those with ear diseases and hearing loss. CBR programs aim to raise awareness of hearing loss issues, facilitate access to care, promote communication access and inclusion of those with hearing loss. Successful integration could result in communities with greater awareness of healthy ear practices and the needs of those with hearing loss, while empowering this group to participate fully in community life.
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Nearly half of young people aged 12-35 are at risk of hearing loss due to unsafe listening habits such as listening to personal audio devices at high volumes and being exposed to loud noises at entertainment venues. Manufacturers, event organizers, governments, medical professionals, and individuals all need to take steps to promote safe listening practices in order to prevent nearly 1 billion young people from experiencing disabling hearing loss. These groups should provide education on safe volume limits, enforce noise regulations, and encourage regular hearing tests.
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Concern is growing about the rising exposure to loud sounds in recreational settings such as nightclubs, discotheques, pubs, bars, cinemas, concerts, sporting events and even fitness classes. With the popularization of technology, devices such as music players are often listened to at unsafe volumes and for prolonged periods of time. Regular participation in such activities poses a serious threat of irreversible hearing loss.
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Physical impairment can not and should never be made a reason to undermine a person’s capabilities and/ or capacities to perform “normally” and even, excellently in his/her own field.
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Hearing Basics and Importance of Hearing
- 1. 1
- 2. ANATOMY OF THE EAR 2
- 4. 4
- 5. Arterial Supply of Inner Ear 5
- 6. 6
- 7. Outer & Inner Hair Cells 7
- 8. 8
- 11. Speech Banana 11
- 12. Normal: -10 to 25 dB Mild: 26 to 40 dB Moderate: 41 to 55 dB Moderately-Severe: 56 to 70 dB Severe: 71 to 90 dB Profound: > 90 dB Picture Adapted from: Bess, F.H., Humes, L.E., Audiology: The fundamentals, 2003. Degree of Hearing Loss 12
- 14. Type of Hearing Loss Sensorineural (SNHL) No air-bone gaps ≥15 dB gap between AC and BC thresholds Conductive (CHL) ≥15dB air-bone gap Consistent with middle ear pathology Maximum conductive component is 60dB 14
- 15. CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS ossicular discontinuity with intact TM - 50 to 60 dB ossicular discontinuity with perforated TM - 30 to 50 dB TM perforation - 10 to 30 dB otosclerosis - less than 50 dB 15
- 16. Degree, Type, Location Examples: Mild to severe sloping SNHL No location implies that loss affects all frequecies Severe high frequency SNHL Moderate to mild rising low frequency CHL Describing Results 16
- 18. RESONANCE FREQUENCY frequency at which a mass vibrates with the LEAST amount of external force VALUES: External Auditory Canal 3000 Hz Middle Ear 800 to 5000 Hz (mostly 1 to 2K) Tympanic Membrane 800 to 1600 Hz Osssicular Chain 500 to 2000 Hz 18
- 19. MASKING REQUIREMENT air conduction when test tone is 40 to 60 dB louder than bone thresholds of nontest ear bone conduction when there is any difference between air conduction and bone conduction thresholds masking dilemma occurs when there is bilateral 50 dB air-b0ne gaps and requires special audiometric techniques 19
- 20. TYMPANOGRAM A graphic representation of ear compliance in relation to static pressure changes 20
- 21. Normative Tympanometric Values EAR CANAL VOLUME (cm3) COMPLIANCE (ml) MEAN 0.5 0.7 90% RANGE 0.4 to 1.0 0.2 to 0.9 EAR CANAL VOLUME (cm3) COMPLIANCE (ml) MEAN 1.1 0.8 90% RANGE 0.6 to 1.5 0.3 to 1.4 Children Ages 3-5 years Adults Peak Pressure is typically WNL in the range of -150 to +25 daPA Compliance refers to mobility of tympanic membrane 21
- 22. TYMPANOMETRY TYPE A - Normal A. TYPE AS - "shallow" (otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis) B. TYPE AD - "deep" (ossicular discontinuity) TYPE B - "flat" (middle ear effusion, TM perforation) TYPE C - negative pressure (Eustachian tube dysfunction) 22
- 23. Type A Hypermobile ! Aging ! Atrophic scars ! Healed perforation ! Ossicular discontinuity Type A Type As Type Ad Hypomobility ! Otosclerosis 23
- 24. Type B ECV = 7.0 Type B ECV = 1.0 Type B ECV = 0.2 Type B Flat ! Perforated TM ! Patent PE tube Flat ! Middle ear fluid ! Serous Otitis ! Blocked PE tube Flat ! Impacted cerumen 24
- 25. Type C Type C Negative pressure ! Eustachian Tube dysfunction ! Developing otitis media ! TM retraction 25