This document summarizes information about noise, sound level measurements, and the effects of noise on humans. It discusses how the decibel scale is used to measure sound intensity, how the loudness of sounds is quantified using phons and sones, and how long-term exposure to noise can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. It also outlines Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards for permissible noise exposure limits in the workplace.
Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
This document discusses noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). It notes that NIHL is the second most common cause of acquired hearing loss. There are two types of NIHL - acoustic trauma from a single loud noise exposure, and gradually-developing hearing loss from extended exposure to loud noises over time. Loud noise damages the cochlea, especially the outer hair cells, resulting in a noise notch on audiograms between 3-6 kHz. Susceptibility to NIHL varies between individuals based on factors like middle ear function and prior noise exposure.
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
This document discusses pure tone audiometry, which is used to measure hearing sensitivity. It describes how sound is a pressure wave that travels through air and is detected by the ear. Pure tone audiometry tests hearing thresholds using pure tones of varying frequency and intensity delivered through air conduction or bone conduction. It outlines the ranges of normal hearing and different types and degrees of hearing loss. Clinical masking is also discussed to avoid inaccurate test results from sound traveling between the ears.
This document discusses occupational noise and its effects. It defines noise and sound, describes how the ear works, and identifies common sources of occupational noise like machinery. It explains that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. The document provides guidance on engineering controls, administrative controls, hearing protection, and compliance with regulations to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
Managing noise and preventing hearing loss, ohscmcvellore
Occupational hearing loss and prevention
Hearing loss can be caused by occupational noise exposure in various industries such as construction, manufacturing, and military. Noise from sources like power tools, machinery, and weapons can damage hearing over time. Musicians are also at risk from loud music. Prevention methods include monitoring noise levels, conducting audiometric testing, raising awareness of noise hazards, and using hearing protection like earplugs and earmuffs. Hearing loss is cumulative and permanent damage can occur even from moderate noise levels with regular exposure over years. Employers should implement noise control measures and hearing conservation programs.
The document discusses two occupational health hazards: noise and carbon monoxide. It describes the auditory and non-auditory effects of noise exposure, including temporary and permanent hearing loss. It also discusses the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, how carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, and its clinical effects like headache and nausea. Diagnosis involves measuring carboxyhemoglobin levels and treatment requires removal from exposure and supplying oxygen.
Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
This document discusses noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). It notes that NIHL is the second most common cause of acquired hearing loss. There are two types of NIHL - acoustic trauma from a single loud noise exposure, and gradually-developing hearing loss from extended exposure to loud noises over time. Loud noise damages the cochlea, especially the outer hair cells, resulting in a noise notch on audiograms between 3-6 kHz. Susceptibility to NIHL varies between individuals based on factors like middle ear function and prior noise exposure.
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
This document discusses pure tone audiometry, which is used to measure hearing sensitivity. It describes how sound is a pressure wave that travels through air and is detected by the ear. Pure tone audiometry tests hearing thresholds using pure tones of varying frequency and intensity delivered through air conduction or bone conduction. It outlines the ranges of normal hearing and different types and degrees of hearing loss. Clinical masking is also discussed to avoid inaccurate test results from sound traveling between the ears.
This document discusses occupational noise and its effects. It defines noise and sound, describes how the ear works, and identifies common sources of occupational noise like machinery. It explains that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. The document provides guidance on engineering controls, administrative controls, hearing protection, and compliance with regulations to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
Managing noise and preventing hearing loss, ohscmcvellore
Occupational hearing loss and prevention
Hearing loss can be caused by occupational noise exposure in various industries such as construction, manufacturing, and military. Noise from sources like power tools, machinery, and weapons can damage hearing over time. Musicians are also at risk from loud music. Prevention methods include monitoring noise levels, conducting audiometric testing, raising awareness of noise hazards, and using hearing protection like earplugs and earmuffs. Hearing loss is cumulative and permanent damage can occur even from moderate noise levels with regular exposure over years. Employers should implement noise control measures and hearing conservation programs.
The document discusses two occupational health hazards: noise and carbon monoxide. It describes the auditory and non-auditory effects of noise exposure, including temporary and permanent hearing loss. It also discusses the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, how carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, and its clinical effects like headache and nausea. Diagnosis involves measuring carboxyhemoglobin levels and treatment requires removal from exposure and supplying oxygen.
Workers can be exposed to a wide array of noise exposures doing different tasks. They also may be exposed to noise while at sporting venues or participating in variuos recreational activities. Evaluating noise exposure correctly is just as important as selecting the right controls. This presentation examines the physics of noise, how to measure it, who to include in a hearing conservation program, and what controls can be used to reduce the risk.
This document discusses how occlusion of the outer ear affects hearing. It defines occlusion as a blockage of the ear canal or auricle. Occlusion causes high frequency hearing loss and shifts low frequency thresholds above 95% occlusion. Audiograms show this effect varies by degree of occlusion. Occlusion worsens high frequency hearing loss fitted with hearing aids, increasing risk of recruitment and distortions due to amplified high intensities close to the eardrum. Managing recruitment is challenging with occluded ears.
Occlusion of the ear canal can have several effects. It causes increased sensitivity to low frequency bone conducted sounds due to a loss of the ear's resonant pattern and emphasis on low frequencies. This can lead to self-masking where low frequency sounds mask higher frequencies. It can also cause the user's own voice to sound louder due to increased bone conduction of their voice. Occlusion effects involve more than just changes in bone conduction thresholds and include neural effects as well.
NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS !
~ Shri.Dr.Ch.Ramanachary Ji, MS ENT,
Professor and HOD Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karimnagar, Telangana State, India
This document provides information on noise and vibration risk assessments in the workplace and solutions for risk reduction. It discusses measurement of noise levels, calculation of employee noise exposure, regulatory action levels and employer responsibilities. It also covers hand-arm vibration syndrome, measurement of vibration exposure, European thresholds for action/limit levels, and employer duties to control risks from vibration. Solutions discussed include engineered noise reduction, purchasing quiet equipment, exposure time reduction, and use of personal protective equipment.
This document provides information about various aspects of hearing assessment including:
1. Descriptions of the anatomy of the ear and auditory pathway.
2. Definitions of different types and degrees of hearing loss.
3. Explanations of common audiogram configurations and the interpretation of audiometric results.
4. Details about acoustic reflex testing, tympanometry, and the evaluation of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss components.
A pure tone audiometry test is used to find out actual hearing levels as well as type and degree of hearing loss by means of two pathways the Air conduction and Bone conduction.
This document discusses concepts related to loudness perception and discomfort for individuals with hearing loss. It defines key terms like dynamic range, loudness recruitment, most comfortable level, uncomfortable level, and loudness discomfort level. LDL testing involves using tones or noise to determine the level at which sounds become uncomfortably loud. LDLs measured in dB HL must be converted to dB SPL for real-ear comparison to hearing aid output, using RETSPL and RECD values. Comparing measured LDLs to real-ear saturation response can help ensure hearing aid output does not exceed discomfort levels.
Noise-induced hearing loss is the number one occupational disability and is generally caused by exposure to loud noises over time. It is permanent but preventable. Using hearing protection devices like earplugs and earmuffs can prevent noise exposure above safe levels from damaging hearing. Proper use and care of hearing protection, limiting exposure time to loud noises, and following safety guidelines are important to preserve long-term hearing ability.
The document discusses audiometry, which is the measurement of auditory function through pure-tone testing to determine hearing threshold levels using an audiometer. An audiometer is an electrical instrument that generates pure tones of known frequencies and intensities to test hearing in each ear separately through air conduction with earphones or bone conduction with a vibrator. It can also generate masking noise and test speech audiometry. An audiogram is a graph that shows individual hearing acuity as a function of frequency based on audiometry results.
This document discusses immittance audiometry, which uses non-invasive and non-behavioral measures to assess middle ear function and detect pathology. It describes the instrumentation used, including a probe tone oscillator and microphone. Immittance refers to how easily energy flows through the outer and middle ear. Tympanometry measures how acoustic immittance changes with air pressure in the ear canal. Normal tympanograms show a peaked shape around -100mm H2O. Acoustic reflex thresholds detect the lowest sound level that elicits a middle ear muscle contraction. Reflex decay testing assesses the muscle's response over time. These measures help evaluate the ear's conductive system without requiring patient responses.
The document discusses psychoacoustic audiometry and evoked physiological measurements of auditory sensitivity. It describes pure-tone audiometry techniques including equipment, testing procedures, sources of error, and clinical applications. Speech audiometry is also discussed as an important functional test that complements pure-tone audiometry by measuring speech recognition ability.
PURE TONE AUDIOMENTRY - 1. Pure-tone audiometry could be described as a behavioral test used to measure hearing sensitivity. The essence of PTA is to determine the threshold level for hearing in a patient. In addition it helps the audiologist at #DENOC to identify the degree (mild, moderate, severe, profound) of hearing loss.
IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - Impedance audiometry is done to determine the status of the #tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry.
Auditory Brain Stem Response - The Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) is a test to measure the brain wave activity in response to certain tones and is recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) - Is there any sound in your ear or head? #Tinnitus retraining therapy will help you to go out of from this problem.
Speech Audiometry - training to help people with #speech and #language problems to speak more clearly.
Pure tone audiometry is a test used to evaluate hearing thresholds across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones to a patient through headphones and determining the lowest volume they can detect at each frequency. Key information obtained includes the type, degree, and configuration of any hearing loss. PTA requires patient cooperation and provides an objective measure of hearing sensitivity. Proper testing conditions and techniques are important for accurate results.
The document summarizes key aspects of noise and hearing conservation including:
1) It defines sound and noise, and how they are measured in decibels and hertz. Excessive noise above 85 dB over 8 hours can cause hearing loss.
2) Engineering, administrative and personal protective controls are required if noise levels exceed permissible limits to reduce worker exposures.
3) A hearing conservation program including audiometric testing, training, and record keeping is required if workers are exposed to noise above 85 dB.
4) Hearing protection devices like earplugs and earmuffs must be properly selected, fitted, used and cared for to effectively protect hearing. Both employees and management have responsibilities in maintaining an effective hearing
NIHL is defined by National Code of Practice (2004) as hearing impairment arising from exposure to excessive noise at work, and is also commonly known as industrial deafness.
NIHL is entirely preventable but once acquired it is irreversible
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound that is loud or unpleasant. Sound becomes noise when it reaches unbearable levels and causes irritation or damage to the ear. The speed of sound depends on factors like the type of medium and temperature, traveling faster in liquids, solids, and at higher temperatures. Noise can harm hearing by causing temporary or permanent threshold shifts. The decibel scale is used to measure sound pressure levels, with prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 dB posing risk of noise-induced hearing loss. NIHL arises from repeated exposure in noisy areas and damages the inner ear over time.
This document discusses principles of sound, acoustics, and noise. It covers topics such as the nature of sound including sound waves, sound levels measured in decibels, noise, and architectural acoustics. It provides information on measuring sound absorption coefficients of materials and factors that influence sound absorption. Design considerations for auditorium acoustics are also discussed.
Farhat naz mphil ph environmental and occupational healthDrFarhat Naz
it contains bassic definition of noise vs sound, noise pollution, sources, factors affecting health whether human or animal, controlling measures of noise pollution, mitigation and legislation for noise pollution.
Workers can be exposed to a wide array of noise exposures doing different tasks. They also may be exposed to noise while at sporting venues or participating in variuos recreational activities. Evaluating noise exposure correctly is just as important as selecting the right controls. This presentation examines the physics of noise, how to measure it, who to include in a hearing conservation program, and what controls can be used to reduce the risk.
This document discusses how occlusion of the outer ear affects hearing. It defines occlusion as a blockage of the ear canal or auricle. Occlusion causes high frequency hearing loss and shifts low frequency thresholds above 95% occlusion. Audiograms show this effect varies by degree of occlusion. Occlusion worsens high frequency hearing loss fitted with hearing aids, increasing risk of recruitment and distortions due to amplified high intensities close to the eardrum. Managing recruitment is challenging with occluded ears.
Occlusion of the ear canal can have several effects. It causes increased sensitivity to low frequency bone conducted sounds due to a loss of the ear's resonant pattern and emphasis on low frequencies. This can lead to self-masking where low frequency sounds mask higher frequencies. It can also cause the user's own voice to sound louder due to increased bone conduction of their voice. Occlusion effects involve more than just changes in bone conduction thresholds and include neural effects as well.
NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS !
~ Shri.Dr.Ch.Ramanachary Ji, MS ENT,
Professor and HOD Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karimnagar, Telangana State, India
This document provides information on noise and vibration risk assessments in the workplace and solutions for risk reduction. It discusses measurement of noise levels, calculation of employee noise exposure, regulatory action levels and employer responsibilities. It also covers hand-arm vibration syndrome, measurement of vibration exposure, European thresholds for action/limit levels, and employer duties to control risks from vibration. Solutions discussed include engineered noise reduction, purchasing quiet equipment, exposure time reduction, and use of personal protective equipment.
This document provides information about various aspects of hearing assessment including:
1. Descriptions of the anatomy of the ear and auditory pathway.
2. Definitions of different types and degrees of hearing loss.
3. Explanations of common audiogram configurations and the interpretation of audiometric results.
4. Details about acoustic reflex testing, tympanometry, and the evaluation of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss components.
A pure tone audiometry test is used to find out actual hearing levels as well as type and degree of hearing loss by means of two pathways the Air conduction and Bone conduction.
This document discusses concepts related to loudness perception and discomfort for individuals with hearing loss. It defines key terms like dynamic range, loudness recruitment, most comfortable level, uncomfortable level, and loudness discomfort level. LDL testing involves using tones or noise to determine the level at which sounds become uncomfortably loud. LDLs measured in dB HL must be converted to dB SPL for real-ear comparison to hearing aid output, using RETSPL and RECD values. Comparing measured LDLs to real-ear saturation response can help ensure hearing aid output does not exceed discomfort levels.
Noise-induced hearing loss is the number one occupational disability and is generally caused by exposure to loud noises over time. It is permanent but preventable. Using hearing protection devices like earplugs and earmuffs can prevent noise exposure above safe levels from damaging hearing. Proper use and care of hearing protection, limiting exposure time to loud noises, and following safety guidelines are important to preserve long-term hearing ability.
The document discusses audiometry, which is the measurement of auditory function through pure-tone testing to determine hearing threshold levels using an audiometer. An audiometer is an electrical instrument that generates pure tones of known frequencies and intensities to test hearing in each ear separately through air conduction with earphones or bone conduction with a vibrator. It can also generate masking noise and test speech audiometry. An audiogram is a graph that shows individual hearing acuity as a function of frequency based on audiometry results.
This document discusses immittance audiometry, which uses non-invasive and non-behavioral measures to assess middle ear function and detect pathology. It describes the instrumentation used, including a probe tone oscillator and microphone. Immittance refers to how easily energy flows through the outer and middle ear. Tympanometry measures how acoustic immittance changes with air pressure in the ear canal. Normal tympanograms show a peaked shape around -100mm H2O. Acoustic reflex thresholds detect the lowest sound level that elicits a middle ear muscle contraction. Reflex decay testing assesses the muscle's response over time. These measures help evaluate the ear's conductive system without requiring patient responses.
The document discusses psychoacoustic audiometry and evoked physiological measurements of auditory sensitivity. It describes pure-tone audiometry techniques including equipment, testing procedures, sources of error, and clinical applications. Speech audiometry is also discussed as an important functional test that complements pure-tone audiometry by measuring speech recognition ability.
PURE TONE AUDIOMENTRY - 1. Pure-tone audiometry could be described as a behavioral test used to measure hearing sensitivity. The essence of PTA is to determine the threshold level for hearing in a patient. In addition it helps the audiologist at #DENOC to identify the degree (mild, moderate, severe, profound) of hearing loss.
IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - Impedance audiometry is done to determine the status of the #tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry.
Auditory Brain Stem Response - The Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) is a test to measure the brain wave activity in response to certain tones and is recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) - Is there any sound in your ear or head? #Tinnitus retraining therapy will help you to go out of from this problem.
Speech Audiometry - training to help people with #speech and #language problems to speak more clearly.
Pure tone audiometry is a test used to evaluate hearing thresholds across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones to a patient through headphones and determining the lowest volume they can detect at each frequency. Key information obtained includes the type, degree, and configuration of any hearing loss. PTA requires patient cooperation and provides an objective measure of hearing sensitivity. Proper testing conditions and techniques are important for accurate results.
The document summarizes key aspects of noise and hearing conservation including:
1) It defines sound and noise, and how they are measured in decibels and hertz. Excessive noise above 85 dB over 8 hours can cause hearing loss.
2) Engineering, administrative and personal protective controls are required if noise levels exceed permissible limits to reduce worker exposures.
3) A hearing conservation program including audiometric testing, training, and record keeping is required if workers are exposed to noise above 85 dB.
4) Hearing protection devices like earplugs and earmuffs must be properly selected, fitted, used and cared for to effectively protect hearing. Both employees and management have responsibilities in maintaining an effective hearing
NIHL is defined by National Code of Practice (2004) as hearing impairment arising from exposure to excessive noise at work, and is also commonly known as industrial deafness.
NIHL is entirely preventable but once acquired it is irreversible
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound that is loud or unpleasant. Sound becomes noise when it reaches unbearable levels and causes irritation or damage to the ear. The speed of sound depends on factors like the type of medium and temperature, traveling faster in liquids, solids, and at higher temperatures. Noise can harm hearing by causing temporary or permanent threshold shifts. The decibel scale is used to measure sound pressure levels, with prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 dB posing risk of noise-induced hearing loss. NIHL arises from repeated exposure in noisy areas and damages the inner ear over time.
This document discusses principles of sound, acoustics, and noise. It covers topics such as the nature of sound including sound waves, sound levels measured in decibels, noise, and architectural acoustics. It provides information on measuring sound absorption coefficients of materials and factors that influence sound absorption. Design considerations for auditorium acoustics are also discussed.
Farhat naz mphil ph environmental and occupational healthDrFarhat Naz
it contains bassic definition of noise vs sound, noise pollution, sources, factors affecting health whether human or animal, controlling measures of noise pollution, mitigation and legislation for noise pollution.
This slides tells about what are the consequences of noise;hearing loss and how it affects human being;protective devices for minimizing the risk level.
The document discusses the physiology of hearing. It covers the key components required for normal hearing including sound conduction through the ear canal, middle ear, and inner ear. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher and sound intensity transducer. The cochlea contains hair cells that transduce sound waves into neural signals. The basilar membrane varies in width and stiffness along its length to allow different frequencies to stimulate separate regions of the cochlea.
The tutorial provides a complete assessment of occupational and environmental noise risk assessment, engineering controls, and discussion regarding the need for hearing conservation program for at-risk workers. Occupational and environmental noise can affect hearing as well as stress the cardiovascular system and psychosocial aspects of worklife. Learn how to evaluate noise exposures and determine the best control measure. When noise controls cannot reduce or eliminate the risk, hearing conservations programs should be constructed to protect workers.
The document discusses the physiology of human hearing. It describes the key components required for normal hearing, including adequate sound stimulus, conduction through the ear, sensory transduction in the cochlea, neural transmission, and central auditory processing. The external ear collects and localizes sound. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher between air and cochlear fluids through lever action, area ratios, and hydraulic effects. This provides around 20dB of gain. The middle ear muscles protect hearing by attenuating loud sounds via the stapedius reflex.
The document discusses noise pollution, including its measurement, sources, effects, and control. It defines sound and noise, and explains how sound is measured in units such as frequency, intensity, and decibels. Common sources of noise pollution like traffic, construction, and industrial activities are identified. The effects of noise on hearing, health, communication, and work are outlined. Standards for acceptable noise limits in different areas are provided. Finally, the document discusses approaches to control noise pollution through modifications to noise sources, transmission paths, and receivers.
This document discusses noise exposure and its effects. It begins by differentiating between sound and noise, and identifying the noise levels that can affect the human ear in workplaces. It then outlines the objectives of understanding daily noise dose limits, Malaysian legislation requirements, and employer and employee responsibilities regarding noise. Next, it presents strategies for enforcing noise exposure regulations from 2018-2020, including establishing standards, promotion, training, and a three-tiered enforcement approach. It also provides data on reported occupational diseases in 2019, with the majority being noise-related hearing disorders. The document concludes by describing the types and effects of noise, including temporary threshold shifts, permanent hearing loss, and non-auditory impacts.
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) can be caused by exposure to loud noises over time. It typically affects higher frequencies initially and can be either temporary or permanent. NIHL is common in occupations with high noise exposure like manufacturing. The damage occurs through metabolic and structural changes in the inner ear from excessive noise stimulation. Prevention involves wearing hearing protection and implementing hearing conservation programs in noisy workplaces. Compensation claims for NIHL require proving long-term exposure to hazardous noise levels caused the observed hearing loss.
1. Sound level meters are devices used to measure sound pressure levels in decibels. They consist of a microphone, amplifier, frequency weighting filter, detector, and display. Common types are integrating and real-time meters.
2. Sound level meters have applications in environmental monitoring, occupational safety, entertainment, and product testing to ensure compliance with noise regulations and standards.
3. Regular calibration is important for sound level meter accuracy, as measurements inform regulatory limits on acceptable noise exposure.
Audiometry class by Dr. Kavitha Ashok Kumar MSU MalaysiaKavitha Ashokb
1. Pure tone audiometry is an objective test that measures air and bone conduction thresholds to evaluate the type and severity of hearing loss. It is helpful for documentation and diagnosis.
2. Impedance audiometry objectively measures middle ear function through tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing. It can detect middle ear pathologies and is a fast screening test.
3. Otoacoustic emissions are sounds originating from the cochlea that can help diagnose cochlear hearing loss through an objective, noninvasive test done in both children and adults.
The OSHA standard for noise requires at-workers to receive training on how noise affects them along with the controls to protect them from exposure and monitor their hearing. If this the type of training that you require to meet your regulatory obligations, contact us at The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. We have over 60 occupational health and safety course offering to help your workforce, public, and the environment
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics and psychoacoustics including:
1) The just noticeable difference or difference limen, which is the smallest difference between two sounds that can be perceived, and how it varies based on frequency and intensity.
2) How the minimum difference in frequency, intensity, and duration that can be perceived also varies based on the original frequency or intensity.
3) Key acoustic concepts such as wavelength, reflection, reverberation, periodic and aperiodic sounds, fundamental frequency, and resonant frequency.
Physiology of Hearing by Dr. Sudin Kayastha Sudin Kayastha
1) Sound is a vibratory energy that travels as pressure waves through a medium such as air, water or solid materials. In air at 20°C, sound travels at approximately 344 meters per second.
2) The inner ear converts sound waves into electrical signals that are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain. Key components of hearing include the outer, middle and inner ear. The middle ear provides impedance matching between air and cochlear fluids.
3) The cochlea contains the organ of Corti which converts sound waves into neural signals through the movement of hair cells. These signals are transmitted by the auditory nerve and processed at various levels of the central auditory system to analyze features
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
I. Sound is collected by the pinna and concentrated in the external auditory canal. The shape of the pinna helps localize sounds and the head shadow effect provides cues for left/right localization.
II. The middle ear efficiently transmits sound to the cochlea through the ossicular chain, providing impedance matching between air and fluid media. It amplifies sound pressure and frequency via the hydraulic effect and lever action.
III. Disorders of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, or middle ear muscles can impair the transmission of sound and cause conductive hearing loss. The stapedius and tensor tympani muscles protect the inner ear from high intensity sounds.
The document summarizes key aspects of human ear anatomy and function in three parts. It first describes the external, middle, and inner ear structures and their roles in conducting and processing sound. It then explains how sound waves are transmitted and interpreted by the cochlea. Finally, it outlines different types of deafness resulting from impairments to conductive or sensorineural components of hearing.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Noise
1. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
NOISE
NOISE: It is considered in an information-theory context, as “that auditory stimulus
or stimuli bearing no informational relationship to the presence or completion of the
immediate task”.
Human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies of sound. In general, we
are less sensitive to low frequencies (below 1000 Hz) and more sensitive to
higher frequencies.
Therefore, a low-frequency tone must have more intensity than a higher
frequency tone to be of equal loudness.
SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
Because of the very large range of sound intensities encountered in the normal human
environment, the decibel scale has been chosen. In effect, it is the logarithmic ratio of
the actual sound intensity to the sound intensity at the threshold of hearing of a young
person. Thus, the sound pressure level (L) in decibels (dB) is given by:
L = 20 log10Prms/Pref
Where: Prms = Root-mean-square sound pressure in microbars.
Pref = Sound pressure at the threshold of hearing of a young person at
1000Hz (0.0002 microbars).
Since sound pressure levels are logarithmic quantities, the effect of the coexistence of
two or more sound sources in one location requires that a logarithmic addition be
performed as follows:
LTOT = 10 log10(10L
1
/10
+ 10L
2
/10
+ ..)
Where: LTOT is the total noise.
L1 and L2 are the two noise sources.
Sound-pressure meters built to American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
specifications contain frequency-response weighting networks (designed A, B and C).
2. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
Each network electronically attenuates sound of certain frequencies and produces a
weighted total sound-pressure level.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for
daily occupational noise limits (1974) has selected the A scale (dBA). This is
because the A scale is the closest to approximating the response
characteristics of the human ear.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL INDICES OF LOUDNESS OF THE SOUND:
The Phon and Sone
EXPERIMENT:
(1600 Hz pure tone at different sound-pressure levels “The reference sound”)
Compared with various pure tones and let the subjects adjust intensity.
e.g.: 60-dB, 1000 Hz tone – 60 phons
Note: The phon does not tell us about the relative loudness but tells us about the
subjective equality of various sounds.
ONE SONE: Is the loudness of 1000-Hz tone of 40 dB.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHONS AND SONES:
40 phons = 1 sone
50 phons = 2 sones
60 phons = 4 sones
70 phons = 8 sones
30 phons = 0.5 sone
20 phons = 0.25 sone
Every 10 phons above 40 phons double the sones.
40-phon sound is 4 times as loud as a 20-phon sound.
3. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL:
The Environment Protection Agency (1974) concluded that the long-term average
sound level (Leq) was the best measure for the magnitude of environmental noise.
Note: Leq is constant and depends on the time interval and acoustic events occurring
during that period.
NOISE AND LOSS OF HEARING: (Nerve Deafness and Conduction Deafness)
1. NERVE DEAFNESS: Usually results from damage or degeneration of the hair
cells of the organ of Corti in the cochela of the ear. The nerve Deafness is
typically uneven, being greater in the higher frequencies than in lower ones.
e.g.: Normal deterioration of hearing through aging.
Continuous exposure to high noise may cause Nerve Deafness.
2. CONDUCTION DEAFNESS: It is caused by some condition of the outer or
middle ear that affects the transmission of sound waves to the inner ear.
Conduction Deafness is more even across frequencies and does not result in
complete hearing loss. It is only a partial loss because airborne sound waves strike
the skull and are transmitted to the inner ear by conduction through the bones of
the skull. This type of deafness can sometimes be arrested or even improved.
- Hearing aids are more useful in this type (i.e. Conduction Deafness) than
they are when deafness is caused by nerve damage.
MEASURING HEARING:
1. SIMPLE HEARING TESTS: These include a voice test, a whisper test, a coin-
click test, etc.
This test lacks the Standardization.
4. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
2. AUDIOMETER TEST: They are of two types:
a. Reproduces through earphone, pure tones of different frequencies and
intensities. Determine for each frequency tested the lowest intensity
that can just barely be heard (i.e. threshold).
b. Speech audiometer ( Direct speech or a recording speech is reproduced
to earphones or to a loudspeaker and intensity is controlled)
HEARING LOSS:
1. NONOCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS:
a. Presbycusis: hearing loss due to normal aging
b. Sociocusis: due to an occupational noise sources.
e.g.: television, traffic…etc.
2. OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS: The hearing loss from continuous
exposure, over time, to a noise that is considered occupationally related.
After exposure to continuous noise of sufficient intensity there is some
temporary hearing loss which is covered a few hours or days after exposure.
However, with additional exposure the amount of recovery gradually becomes
less and less and the individual is left with some permanent loss.
Note: Temporary hearing loss however can also have serious consequences if a
person depends on auditory information in the performance of a job or task.
3. TEMPORARY HEARING LOSS FROM CONTINUOUS NOISE:
The measurement of hearing loss must take place at a fixed time after
exposure to be comparable. Traditionally, this has been done 2 min. after
the end of exposure.
5. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
Any shift in threshold is called the temporary threshold shift at 2 min.
(TTS2).
Some sound levels (called effective quiet) will not produce any measurable
TTS2 regardless of the duration (60-65 dBA).
For 80-105 dBA; TTS2 increases in the proportion to the Log of the sound-
pressure level (SPL).
Although both the Growth and Recovery of TTS2 are proportional to the
Log of Time, recovery takes longer time.
The maximum TTS2 is produced not at the frequency of the exposure
noise, but at frequencies well above the exposure noise.
Note: TTS2 depends on individual differences.
4. PERMANENT HEARING LOSS FROM CONTINUOUS NOISE:
With repeated exposure to noise of sufficient intensity, a permanent threshold
shift (PTS) will gradually appear.
With further noise exposure, the hearing loss at 4000Hz continues and spread
over a wider frequency range.
Note: It is widely accepted that average TTS from an 8-h exposure to noise in
young, normal ears is similar in magnitude to the average permanent threshold
shift found in workers after 10 to 20 years exposure to the same levels of noise.
5. HEARING LOSS FROM NONCONTINUOUS NOISE:
(Include Intermittence, but steady Impact noise, etc.)
Heavy doses→ Hear loss
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF NOISE:
IN SHORT TERM → a start to response characterized by muscle contractions, blink
and a head jerk movement. In addition larger and slower breathing movements, small
6. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
changes in heart rate and dilation of pupils occur. Also, a reduction in the diameter of
blood vessels in the peripheral regions, particularly skin.
→ All these are transient and settle back to normal or near normal very
quickly.
→ Repeated measures; diminishes the magnitude of response.
IN LONG TERM → Repeated Exposure → Stress
Over 95 dBA of noise: Adverse effects on health.
e.g.: Hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, complaints of headache, etc.
EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PERFORMANCE:
They are not clear.
With the possible exception of tasks that involve short-term memory, the
level of noise required to obtain reliable performance effect is quite high
(generally > 95 dBA).
Performance of simple, routine tasks may show no effect and often will
even show an improvement as a result of noise.
The detrimental effects of noise are usually associated with tasks
performed continuously without rest pauses and difficult tasks that place
high demands on perceptual and/or information processing capacity.
If task-related acoustic ones are present and noise masks them, a
decrement may well result.
Note: The level of noise required to exert measurable degrading effects on
performance is, with the exception of short-term memory tasks, considerably
higher than the highest levels that are acceptable by other criteria, such as
hearing loss and effects on speech communications. Thus the noise levels are
kept within reasonable bounds in terms of, say, hearing loss considerations;
the probabilities of serious effects on performance would be relatively
nominal.
7. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
Noise Exposure Limit Permissible Noise Exposure (OSHA)
L: Sound level dBA T: Permissible Time*
e.g.: 95 dBA- 3.5 h 80 32
105 dBA- 0.5 h 85 16
85 dBA- 4.0 h 90 8
95 4
100 2
105 1
110 0.5
115 0.25
120* 0.125*
125* 0.063*
130* 0.031*
* T=8/2(L-90)/5
TWA = 90
100
log61.16
D
Noise Dose = 5.163)
0.16
0.4
0.1
5.0
0.4
5.3
(100 = D
Time Weighted Average (TWA) 93.5 dBA > 85 dBA
OSHA The TWA= 85 dBA, as the action level or the point at which
employer must implement a continuing effective hearing conservation
program. The program must include exposure monitoring, audiometric testing,
hearing protection employee training and record keeping.
OSHA A noise dose of 100 percent (TWA=90dBA) is designated as the
permissible exposure level or the point at which the employee must use
feasible engineering and administrative controls to reduce noise exposure.
8. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
IMPULSE NOISE: a standard is available see table below:
Peak sound-pressure level, dB
P
Maximum number of impulses per 8 hours
10[16- (p/10)]
140 100
135 316
130 1,000
125 3,162
120 8,913
115 31,623
112.4 57,600
Source: Mark S. Sanders & Ernest J. McCormick.
INFRASONIC NOISE (< 20 Hz) There are no national or international standards for
permissible exposure limits to infrasonic noise. Von Gierke and Nixon (1976) present
a review of the effects of infrasound and conclude that it is not subjectively perceived
and has no effect on performance, comfort, or general well-being. To protect the
auditory system, however, they recommend 8-hours exposure limits ranging from 136
dB at 1 Hz to 123 dB at 20 Hz. If the level is increased 3 dB, then the permissible
duration must be halved.
ULTRASONIC NOISE (> 20000 Hz):
Limit 110 dBA for frequencies 20000 Hz
THE ANNOYANCE OF NOISE: Annoyance Loudness
Loud noises are usually more annoying than soft noises but there are exceptions.
It is measured by subjects rating noises on a verbal scale.
9. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
Some Factors That Influence The Annoyance Quality Of Noise
Acoustic factors Nonacoustic factors
Sound level Past experience with the noise
Frequency Listener’s activity
Duration Predictability of noise occurrence
Spectral complexity Necessity of the noise
Fluctuations in sound level Listener’s personality
Fluctuations in frequency Attitudes toward the source of the noise
Risetime of the noise Time of year
Time of day
Type of locale
The day-night level (Ldn) is used by the Environmental Protection Agency to
rate community exposure to noise:
Ldn= Leq24 hours + correction of 10 dB added to noise levels occurring in the
night time (10 p.m. to 7 a.m.).
Generally, a normalized Ldn of 55 dBA or lower will not result in complaints.
Note: It must be remembered, however, that these predictions are not precise, but
rather are only rough indications of the probable community reaction.
HANDLING NOISE PROBLEM:
a. FIRST PHASE: Measuring the noise itself.
b. SECOND PHASE: Determine what noise level would be acceptable, in terms
of hearing loss, annoyance, communications, etc.
NOISE CONTROL: A noise problem can be controlled by attacking the noise at the
source, along its path, from the source to the receiver and at the receiver.
CONTROL AT THE SOURCE:
Maintenance
Isolation
Quieter equipment selection
10. Reference: Mark S. Sanders and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors Engineering
and Design. McGRAW-HILL, 7’TH Edition.
CONTROL ALONG THE PATH:
High frequency noise is more directional than low frequency noise and is more
easily contained and deflected by barriers.
(e.g.: Full enclosures are not necessary to reduce high frequency noise. A
single wall, shield or barrier placed between source and receiver will deflect
much of this noise).
Adding sound absorption materials to walls.
CONTROL AT THE RECEIVER:
Use of hearing protection (e.g.: hearing protection devices: Insert type or
muffle type)
Audiometric testing Reduce exposure times for those showing signs
HEARING PROTECTION & SPEECH COMMUNICATION:
They affect communications.