Pure tone audiometry
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Pure tone audiometry uses pure tones of single frequencies to test a patient's hearing thresholds through air and bone conduction testing. Air conduction testing evaluates the function of the outer, middle and inner ear by presenting tones from 250Hz to 8kHz through headphones. Bone conduction testing from 250Hz to 4kHz assesses inner ear function by presenting tones to the mastoid bone. The lowest intensity level at which the patient hears 50% of the tones is considered their threshold, which is plotted on a graph with frequency on the x-axis and decibels on the y-axis to evaluate the type, degree and configuration of any hearing loss.
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Impedance audiometry
Impedance audiometry provides objective information about the state of the middle ear by delivering tones into the ear and measuring how much sound is absorbed and reflected by the tympanic membrane. Parameters like static compliance, external canal volume, and middle ear pressure are assessed to evaluate middle ear function. Abnormal results can indicate conditions like middle ear effusion, negative middle ear pressure, ossicular problems, or eustachian tube dysfunction. Impedance audiometry is useful for diagnosing issues like malingering, estimating pure tone thresholds in children, and localizing lesions in cases of facial paralysis.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
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This document discusses acoustic immittance testing, specifically tympanometry. It begins by defining key terms like acoustic immittance, impedance, and admittance. It then describes the process of tympanometry testing including instrumentation, measurement of static compliance, and interpretation of results. Common tympanogram shapes are classified according to systems like Jerger-Liden and Feldman. The document also notes factors that can affect tympanometry and limitations of the test. In summary, tympanometry is a quick, non-invasive test that assesses middle ear function by measuring acoustic immittance at varying ear canal pressures.
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Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry is used to measure hearing thresholds using an audiometer. It generates pure tones of varying frequencies and intensities that are delivered to the patient's ears through headphones or bone conduction to determine the softest level they can hear at different frequencies. The results are plotted on an audiogram to identify the type and degree of any hearing loss. It is an important subjective test that provides frequency-specific information but relies on the patient's responses.
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Impedance audiometry
Impedance audiometry provides objective information about the state of the middle ear by delivering tones into the ear and measuring how much sound is absorbed and reflected by the tympanic membrane. Parameters like static compliance, external canal volume, and middle ear pressure are assessed to evaluate middle ear function. Abnormal results can indicate conditions like middle ear effusion, negative middle ear pressure, ossicular problems, or eustachian tube dysfunction. Impedance audiometry is useful for diagnosing issues like malingering, estimating pure tone thresholds in children, and localizing lesions in cases of facial paralysis.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
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A pure tone audiometry test is used to find out actual hearing levels as well as type and degree of hearing loss by means of two pathways the Air conduction and Bone conduction.
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Pure tone audiometry is used to measure hearing thresholds using an audiometer. It generates pure tones of varying frequencies and intensities that are delivered to the patient's ears through headphones or bone conduction to determine the softest level they can hear at different frequencies. The results are plotted on an audiogram to identify the type and degree of any hearing loss. It is an important subjective test that provides frequency-specific information but relies on the patient's responses.
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This document provides information about masking techniques used during audiometric testing. It defines masking and explains that the goal is to prevent the non-test ear from participating. Interaural attenuation values are discussed as well as when masking is needed for air and bone conduction tests. Types of masking noise, appropriate levels of noise, and risks of undermasking and overmasking are covered.
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Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
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This document discusses assessment of hearing through various tests and examinations. It provides information on:
1) Key facts about prevalence of hearing loss globally and projections for 2050 from WHO data.
2) Components of patient history taking and examinations for hearing assessment, including audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry.
3) Interpretation of audiometry results and how to identify types of hearing loss like conductive, sensorineural, and mixed based on air and bone conduction thresholds.
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- Early hearing tests were crude, using sounds like clapping. Modern clinical tests include finger friction, watch, speech recognition, and tuning fork tests.
- Tuning fork tests like Rinne and Weber are still commonly used due to their ease and ability to provide a rough estimate of hearing loss. Rinne compares air vs. bone conduction while Weber compares bone conduction between ears.
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1. Pure tone audiometry is an objective test that measures air and bone conduction thresholds to evaluate the type and severity of hearing loss. It is helpful for documentation and diagnosis.
2. Impedance audiometry objectively measures middle ear function through tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing. It can detect middle ear pathologies and is a fast screening test.
3. Otoacoustic emissions are sounds originating from the cochlea that can help diagnose cochlear hearing loss through an objective, noninvasive test done in both children and adults.
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Videostroboscopy is a useful technique for evaluating the larynx. It uses synchronized flashing light passed through an endoscope to visualize vocal fold vibration in slow motion. This allows examination of vocal fold biomechanics, laryngeal mucosa, and mucosal vibration. Videostroboscopy can detect vocal fold lesions and other pathologies, helping to plan surgery and treatments for voice problems. The procedure involves calibrating a microphone, inserting a rigid or flexible endoscope, and having the patient phonate so vocal fold vibration can be observed. Common findings include vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules, which impact mucosal wave and glottic closure.
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This document discusses various causes and characteristics of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss can be acquired from wax, foreign bodies, ear canal atresia, tympanic membrane perforations, or middle ear problems. Sensorineural hearing loss can be acquired from noise exposure, medications, infections, genetic syndromes, or presbycusis. Characteristics of conductive hearing loss include better bone conduction, negative Rinne test, and gap between air and bone conduction thresholds. Characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss include poorer bone conduction, positive Rinne test, and greater than 60 dB loss with poor speech discrimination. Treatment options are discussed depending on the cause.
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2. Middle ear assessment tools like tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing evaluate the function of the middle ear.
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Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
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1) Key facts about prevalence of hearing loss globally and projections for 2050 from WHO data.
2) Components of patient history taking and examinations for hearing assessment, including audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry.
3) Interpretation of audiometry results and how to identify types of hearing loss like conductive, sensorineural, and mixed based on air and bone conduction thresholds.
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- Audiology evolved after WWII due to many soldiers suffering hearing loss from weapons. This led to the formation of aural rehabilitation centers.
- Early hearing tests were crude, using sounds like clapping. Modern clinical tests include finger friction, watch, speech recognition, and tuning fork tests.
- Tuning fork tests like Rinne and Weber are still commonly used due to their ease and ability to provide a rough estimate of hearing loss. Rinne compares air vs. bone conduction while Weber compares bone conduction between ears.
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1) Tuning fork tests are standard clinical tests used to evaluate hearing. The Rinne and Weber tests compare air and bone conduction to determine the type of hearing loss.
2) The Rinne test involves placing a vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid bone and then over the ear canal. A positive test indicates normal hearing while a negative test suggests conductive hearing loss.
3) The Weber test places a vibrating tuning fork in the middle of the head. If sound is heard equally, hearing is normal or there is bilateral deafness. If it lateralizes to the deafer ear, there is conductive hearing loss, while sensorineural hearing loss causes it to lateralize to the better hearing ear
Hearing Conservation Training Program by U.S. Navy’s Public Safety Center
The Navy Hearing Conservation Program aims to prevent noise-induced hearing loss. It involves identifying noise hazardous areas, implementing engineering controls to reduce noise levels when possible, posting hazard signs, providing hearing protection, and conducting medical monitoring with audiograms. Key program elements include conducting sound level surveys to determine hazardous noise areas, considering engineering controls first before resorting to personal protective equipment, using double hearing protection in very loud areas over 104dB, and giving all naval personnel baseline and periodic audiograms.
Introduction to audiological assessment.pptx
The patient presented with increased hearing loss and tinnitus in the right ear following a right cortical mastoidectomy. Audiological assessment revealed a severe to profound mixed hearing loss in the right ear and normal hearing in the left ear. Tests results, including a short increment sensitivity index (SISI) score of 10%, positive tone decay of 30%, absent acoustic reflex, and positive acoustic reflex decay, suggest retrocochlear pathology in the right ear such as vestibulocochlear nerve damage.
7. Audiometry Dr. Krishna Koirala
Pure tone audiometry is used to measure a patient's hearing threshold levels through air and bone conduction tests. This assessment provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss. Results are plotted on an audiogram to diagnose conditions like conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss. Additional tests like speech audiometry, impedance testing, and brainstem evoked response audiometry provide further objective data about hearing ability and can help distinguish between cochlear and retrocochlear pathologies. Together, these audiological evaluations create a comprehensive profile of a patient's hearing to inform treatment decisions.
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Hearing Conservation Training Program by U.S. Navy’s Public Safety Center
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Fungal sinusitis a review
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
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5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
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Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
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Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
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Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
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Pure tone audiometry
- 1. Pure tone audiometry The Basics - Dr.R.Malarvizhi
- 2. Pure tones Single frequency Aims Any definite auditory disorder HL – C/S/N SN- Cochlear/retrocochlear Degree of hearing dysfunction
- 3. Procedure- Air conduction Caliberation of instrument Noiseless environment Position of headphones Instructions to patient Technique Conventional ASHA
- 4. AC testing – headphone/ear phone – stimulus of 250 hz to 8k hz Reflect status of outer, middle & inner ear BC testing –250 hz to 4k hz to mastoid process inner ear
- 5. Threshold is defined as the lowest intensity level (dB) at which patient hears stimulus 50% of the time Pure tones Frequency x axis and dB on y axis
- 6. Bone conduction Compression / Distortional bone conduction Inertial Osseotympanic
- 7. Procedure- Bone conduction Caliberation of instrument Noiseless environment Placement of bone conduction vibrator Mastoid placement Frontal placement Technique
- 8. Masking Use of a noise source placed into the non-test ear to prevent participation of NTE
- 12. Conductive or sensorineural Degree PTA (dB HL) Magnitude of hearingl loss 0-15 Normal 16-25 Slight 26-40 Mild 41-55 Moderate 56-70 Moderately severe 71-90 Severe >90 Profound
- 18. Clinical tests with pure tone audiometer Weber’s test using Bone vibrator Bing test or occlusion test Gelle’s test