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- 1. BY J AC K MC D ON ELL/ 11572610 HEALTH, SPORT & PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN AUSTRALIA Understanding the Health Status of Australian Youth
- 2. MAJOR HEALTH ISSUES THAT IMPACT THE HEALTH OF AUSTRALIAN YOUTH 1- In relation to primary school aged children the most prevalent health issues involved with the Australian youth include obesity, asthma and diabetes (Ruskin, Proctor & Reeves, 2013, Ch.9). 2- Physical activity within schools provides potential for young Australians to achieve better health outcomes. 3- Schools across Australia need to play a vital role in educating positive health roles for the children to implement in their daily lives. Figure 1: (DRSS Heart clinic, 2012) Figure 2: (Daga, 2014)
- 3. OBESITY ON AUSTRALIAN YOUTH 1- Obesity is the second highest contributor to the burden of health issues in Australia (AIHW, 2015). 2- Obesity does not only affect the children between the ages of 4 and 12 it also leads into adolescence and adulthood (AIHW, 2015). 3- Obesity is often caused by a number of individual, sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental factors that affect the lives of young Australians (Ruskin et al. (2013, Ch. 9). Figure 1: (ABS, 2013)
- 4. ASTHMA ON AUSTRALIAN YOUTH 1- Asthma affecting 10% of Australian children aged between 0-14 years of age, is a common condition that affects the passage of air from entering the lungs (AIHW, 2012, p.18). 2- An asthma action plan can be implemented to enhance the recovery process and decrease the likelihood of an attack(National Asthma Council, 2015). 3- Although still an issue among Australians, asthma is on the decline. However it is important not to get complacent (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch 9). Figure 2: (Flieser, 2015)
- 5. DIABETES IN AUSTRALIAN YOUTH • 1- Added to the National Health Priority Areas in 1997, Diabetes is a serious health condition that occurs when the body cannot regulate insulin as its main energy source (AIHW, 2012). • 2- In 2008 it was estimated that approximately 5700 children aged between 0 and 14 suffer type 1 diabetes (AIHW, 2012). • 3- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and lower socioeconomic individuals experience higher rates of diabetes (Ruskin et al., 2013.
- 6. HOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO HELP AUSTRALIAN YOUTH ACHIEVE BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES 1- Certain theories, beliefs and assumptions involving physical activity can encourage and often discourage students to participate in activates. 2- Motivation factors can contribute to physical inactivity. 3- Individuals are of the belief that living in rural or remote Ares can disadvantage health outcomes.
- 7. THE ROLE SCHOOLS CAN PLAY IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE AUSTRALIAN YOUTH • IMPROVING THE HEALTH STATUS OF YOUNG AUSTRALIANS 1- To improve the health status among schools, schools must adopt a more holistic approach towards achieving better health for young Australians. 2- Introducing a Breakfast Club in schools can promote healthy eating habits and encourage positive lifestyle choices. 3- Encouraging early sport classes before school.
- 8. THE ROLE SCHOOLS CAN PLAY IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH STATUS OF AUSTRALIAN YOUTH • IMPROVING THE HEALTH STATUS OF YOUNG AUSTRALIANS 1- Schools should aim for the required 60mins of exercise a day. 2- Encourage activities and exercises within the classrooms.
- 9. REFERENCES Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Causes of Death, Australia, Obesity (No. 3303.0). Retrieved from- http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/5D2583A806EB4B60CA25788400 127C98?opendocument Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Measures of Australia’s Progress. (No.370.0). Retrieved from- http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~ Chapter~Obesity%20(4.1.6.6.3) Asthma Australia. (2015). Statistics About Asthma. (Fact Sheet). Retrieved from- http://www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/national/about- asthma/what-is-asthma-/statistics Asthma Australia. (2015). What is Asthma. (Fact Sheet). Retrieved from- http://www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/national/about-asthma/what-is-asthma References continued in notes…
Editor's Notes
- 1- These three health related issues are labelled in the top nine ‘National Health Priority Areas’ in Australia. From the top nine issues, these priority areas are deemed to detriment the health of a young primary school aged student between the ages of 8-12 (Australian Institute of health and Welfare, 2015).
- Overview 1- Second to cardiovascular disease, obesity within the Australian population is the second largest health issue to impact the burden of disease across Australia (AIHW, 2015). According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015, studies indicate that 1 in 4 children aged between 4 and 12 are considered to be overweight or obese (AIHW, 2015). In 2014 the average kindergarten to year six class size was 24 students (Office of Education, 2014). With this statistic in mind, this accounts for around 6 students in each class across Australia to be considered as an overweight or obese child. For a child between the ages of 4 and 12, parents are somewhat responsible of the state of a child's weight. 2- Alarmingly, in most cases children with obesity in their childhood will continue into adolescence and adulthood. This continual cycle will continue into further generations unless it is addressed in their younger years of life (AIHW, 2004). Leading on from childhood, in adult years of life obesity can continue to cause harm and develop other health related issues. These issues include “coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, knee and hip problems and sleep apnoea” (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Evaluation At a young age with not understanding what is good and bad for their bodies it is seen as the parent’s responsibility. The parent needs to control and encourage healthy eating habits. Having parents who make poor health choices in terms of what they eat and how active they are, can ultimately enforce bad habits for the child to follow. Negative influences within a household develop a child's understanding of what normal is. For example, having takeaways frequently a week is what a child would consider to be normal. Being such a young age the children are far less educated than that of an adult in terms of the appropriate eating habits in order to stay healthy. By educating children at a young age of the good and bad associated with diet habits we can decrease the likelihood of a child being overweight or obese. Simply by encouraging the child to participate in weekly and weekend sports, it allows them to maintain an active routine. Patterns, Causes and Effects 3- As indicated in figure 4, the increased prevalence of obesity morbidity within the younger population of Australia and increased from 5.2% to 7.6% from 1997 to 2008 (ABS, 2013). From the 1 in 4 children experiencing obesity in their childhood, 2 in 3 then continue to be obese in their adult years of life. In adulthood obesity increases the chance of other health issues such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and knee and hip joint related issues (ABS, 2013). Figure 1 demonstrates a spike in the morbidity rates of obesity and highlights the continual rise through the Australian age brackets (ABS, 2013). Although the majority of obesity mortality rates occur when you are an adult: “the standardised death rate for obesity was 0.9 per 100,000 of population” (ABS, 2012), these statistics are caused from juvenile through to adolescent years. An unstable diet accompanied by little to no exercise is the major cause in morbidity rates being high (AIHW, 2015). These statistics are largely due to increases in fast food franchises as well as an increase of technology throughout Australia. With the increase of technology a reduced number of physically inactive in children was found to have developed into an obese child (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch. 9). Many parents often take the unhealthy option to save time and money which ultimately has a negative consequence on the child. Entwined with environmental factors, socioeconomically individuals living in lower socio-economical areas of Australia tend to make unhealthy choices when it comes to eating habits as they are 1.7 times as likely to be overweight (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch. 9). Certain peers, family and media sources can portray particular socio-cultural factors that influence the choices of a child (AIHW, 2012). Being influenced by peers and family members that live unhealthy lives can portray negative habits onto the child, therefore resulting in weight gain (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch. 9). Media sources such as fast food franchises can draw the child's attention into giving something appealing to the child. Giant fast food chain, McDonalds, would offer toys as part of their advertising poly. A boy or girl toy, media play an integral part in influencing the choices of your child (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch. 9). Finding the median of a happy and healthy life lies within certain influences, experiences and attitudes that revolve around the child (AIHW, 2015).
- Overview 1- Asthma is characterised by wheezing, shortness or rapid rates of breathing and a tightness in the chest (AIHW, 2012, p.18). The narrowing of airways is quiet a frightening experience for a child as it is often brought upon by physical activity, panic attacks, allergic reactions, stormy weather conditions and particular food additives (AIHW, 2012, p.18). When an asthma attack occurs as indicated in figure 2, the walls of the alveoli in the lungs constrict and narrow the passage of air to the lungs (Flieser, 2015). Obesity can also contribute to asthma as it increases the difficulty of breathing in daily activities or exercising. If asthma is not diagnosed and treated correctly, it can result in an asthma attack or even a fatality. Evaluation 1- The seriousness of asthma can often be over looked and taken lightly. To improve the education of this serious condition, schools should be educated and a policy should be developed to highlight the dangers and educate the children on Asthma. 2- Particular topics that should be addressed include what is asthma?, how do you manage it?, what strategies I can develop to decrease the chance and how to implement a asthma action plan?. Its essential that the parents of their respected children make teachers and staff known about the condition and the seriousness of their asthma. The asthma action plan allows first aid officers, bystanders, parents and teacher to help the sufferer if the likelihood of an attack were to occur (National Asthma Action council, 2015). When the child is first diagnosed it is up to the parents or guardians to educate the children and provide them with certain steroids, preventatives and inhalers to manage their diagnosis. It is encouraged that they are made aware themselves of certain measures and plans available to them in order to manage or prevent the onset. Patterns, Causes and effects In terms of Asthma morbidity, the prevalence of this condition, although still high, is steadily on the decline for Australian children (Ruskin et al, 2013, Ch.9). Between 2001 and 2008 the prevalence of this condition has decreased from 13.3% to 9.9% for children aged between 0 and 15. However asthma is at its peak from 5-9 years of age (AIHW, 2012). In 2012 a study from ‘Asthma Australia’ indicated that 394 deaths were from asthma and since then have remained the same (Asthma Australia, 2015). As you get older, asthma rates tend to decrease due to the fact that some individuals out grow asthma by developing stronger lungs (AHIW, 2015). An inequality exists as Indigenous Australians are twice as likely to have asthma than non indigenous Australians (Asthma Australia, 2015). For individuals with poorly controlled asthma it decreases their quality of life. Not having an asthma plan, regular general practitioner check ups and performing physical activity whilst having asthma and in extreme weather conditions will increase the danger of an attack occurring. Asthmatics that smoke or are around people who do, have the potential of bringing on an attack (Asthma Australia, 2015). In a child is bought up in a culture of parents who smoke the chance of poor lungs and the onset of asthma is likely to occur. According to ‘Asthma Australia’ children form poorer socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have asthma as they are less likely to receive appropriate treatment and preventatives (Asthma Australia, 2015). Environmental factors such as poor air pollution, cigarette smoke, mould, fumes from household cleaners and paints can disrupt the airways to the lungs and cause an asthmatic reaction (Ruskin et all, 2013, Ch.9). Other factors include cold temperatures, hot and humid conditions and stormy conditions can bring upon the onset of asthma (Ruskin et all, 2013, Ch.9).
- Overview 1- There are two types of diabetes that affect the Australian youth today. Type one diabetes is commonly known to sufferers as insulin dependant. It occurs when the pancreas can no longer produce the required amount of insulin for the body's normal function (Diabetes NSW, 2014). This is a result of the body’s immune system destroying the cells that are being produced by the pancreas (Diabetes NSW, 2014). Although, type one diabetes can occur at any age, it is more commonly prevalent in children and juveniles (Diabetes NSW, 2014). The rate of type one diabetes increasing in the younger population is believed to be genetically related, and in some cases it may be due to environmental factors that contribute to poor immune systems (AIHW, 2012, p.19). Although more prevalent in adults, type two diabetes is on the rise. It is characterised by a reduced level of insulin or an inability of the body to utilise that insulin effectively (AIHW, 2012, p.19). Type two is often a result of a number of lifestyle factors such as obesity, high consumption of alcohol and a lack of physical activity (AIHW, 2012, p.19). Explanation Type one diabetes is very difficult to mend or pin point the source of the problem. In comparison to type one, type two is largely to blame on the individual themselves. By simply making healthy eating habits, lessening the consumption of alcohol and maintaining a consistent amount of physical activity a day, the chance or risk of becoming a type two diabetes sufferer is severely diminished. For children of primary age, it is difficult for them to understand the habits of bad eating. This then steams to the parents as it is in some ways up to them to educate the children of eating habits and how they can bring upon the onset of diabetes. As children with diabetes are mostly dependant upon their parents and carers it is essential that the child understands the severity of the problem and is correctly educated. By heightening their awareness surrounding the problem the children then understand the seriousness of their condition. If the child is a diabetes sufferer, it is important that certain procedures are in place should an incident occur. Teachers, staff and other children should be also educated in the procedures of what steps need to be followed should a child fall into a diabetic coma. Plans and procedures should be implemented for each individual sufferer to enhance their safety. Patterns, Causes and effects 2- Unfortunately, the cases of diabetes in Australian youth are increasing. Australia is positioned in the top 10 countries in relation to the prevalence of the condition from ages 0-14, rising at an average rate of 2.8 percent (Diabetes Australia, 2012). In relation to mortality rates, diabetes is ranked in the top 10 for accounted deaths (Diabetes Australia, 2012). It accounts for around 3 percent of all deaths in Australia each year (Diabetes Australia, 2012). Lack of early prevention and intervention as well as a lack of cures is a result of high mortality rates. In comparison to the Australian youth, the general population have recorded 1 in 20 Australians suffer from diabetes. That accounts for 5 percent of the population of Australia. The diabetes death rate among Indigenous Australians is 3 times as high to that of non- Indigenous Australians. Also death rates lower socioeconomic groups death rates are twice as high. Diabetes is a gruelling disease that has many implications on the life of the sufferer and their families. For children they need to be made aware that they are not alone in their experience as others provide support for this lifestyle change. Once diagnosed with diabetes, both the individual and families change their lifestyle habits as result of the diagnosis. Certain eating habits, different physical activities and the families awareness about their child's insulin levels are all aspects that are new to families. The cost of diabetes is somewhat enormous. From insulin pumps, insulin pens, GP check ups and operation the cost is large for a family to cope with.
- Due to the recent trend and increase in the production of video games and technology the idea that children lack particular motivation may arise (NSW Heart Foundation, 2016). The younger generation is often blamed for its lack of motivation when it comes to physical activity, hence the increase of childhood obesity (NSW Heart Foundation, 2016). If this is the case for some children, they need to broaden their range of physical activity and alter their lifestyle in a way that for them hides the fact that they are exercising. For instance, riding their bike or walking may not seem much however it adds up effectively. Parents should encourage their children to give up at least 30 minutes of their ‘still’ time in exchange for physical activities. By doing this it will encourage the child to perform this on a regular basis, making a difference to achieve better health outcomes (NSW Heart Foundation, 2016). By encouraging children to perform in physical activities it benefits their social skills and social networks, self esteem, relaxation and overall mental health (NSW Heart Foundation, 2016). Children who have no interest in rugby league, Australian rules, cricket and soccer should take part in activities that they enjoy and also find challenging to an extent. Parents should aim to encourage their child to participate in school events such as swimming, athletics and cross country carnivals to achieve their best regardless of winning. By encouraging the students to participate in these events and to only achieve their best it boosts the child’s self-confidence tempting them to take challenges in different sports. Many people assume that during school hours, children are susceptible to less than 60 minutes of physical activity a day. According to the ‘World Health Organisation’ (2010), it is recommended that children between the age of 5 and 14 should exercise for around 60 minutes a day (World Health Organisation, 2010). By averaging around 60 minutes of physical activity a day this can lower the rates of obesity and decrease other health implications, therefore achieving better health outcomes (World Health Organisation, 2010). It is through PE classes and lunch and recess times that these active minutes are achieved (World Health Organisation, 2010). The ‘Northern Territory Government’ outlines that physical activity on a regular basis can help achieve a healthy body weight and minimise stress, anxiety and depression (Northern Territory Government, 2016). Drawing from this information it is understood that by regularly exercising can improve mental and physical health to achieve better health outcomes. Stigma arises when individuals live in rural or remote areas as they have fewer opportunities for physical activity. It is assumed that metropolitan areas have more access in terms of facilities available to them. In some instances this may be the case, however I disagree with this statement as I fell it should not be to blame due to the fact that an individual’s feels disadvantaged. Individuals living in rural or remote areas are 1.16 percent times more likely to be sedentary (National Rural Health Alliance, 2011).
- 1- When improving the health status of young Australians it is important that a more holistic approach is adopted which includes physical, emotional, mental, social and spiritual health. When promoting the health status of young people it allows the child to get active, make healthy choices, learn about healthy eating habits, become positive and play an active role within the community. 2- Breakfast is often known to Australians as the most important meal of the day (Brooks, 2014). 1 in 6 Australian students fail to eat breakfast before attending school (Brooks, 2014). By skipping the first meal of the day children can lose concentration, have a lack of energy for physical activity, have a poor academic performance throughout the day and have a tendency to snack on unhealthy foods (NSW Government, 2016). By encouraging a breakfast club before school, students can be educated about healthy eating habits and the importance of breakfast (Brooks, 2014). Students will see the breakfast club as the normal morning routine for weekdays continuing on during holidays and weekends. This will promote weekly healthy eating habits to be implemented on days off. Breakfast club can involve active learning and sharing health ideas and recipes for other students to take on board (Brooks, 2014). By having breakfast in the morning, it increases the child’s level of attention and increases their capacity to learn and stay involved in class time (Brooks, 2014). It also helps the child maintain a healthy weight range, decreasing the risk of obesity (Brooks, 2014). By eating a healthy breakfast this should encourage the children to make the appropriate eating decisions during lunch, dinner and snack time (Brooks, 2014). Ultimately the breakfast club should help the child enforce health eating habits, develop a positive and bright attitude towards learning and stimulate the body in readiness for physical activity. Particular implications arise when trying to develop this form of health improvement. Funding for healthy foods as well as finding teachers who are available 5 days a week could prove to be an issue. However, by conducting a rotation procedure between staff members or even some parents could make this issue resolved. 3- The benefits of exercising during the morning are significant. Along with burning off kilojoules, exercising can increase the verbal memory of the brain (Godman, 2014). By exercising in the morning before school, brain function of the children will be increased and allow for positive learning (Godman, 2014). Exercising helps stimulate the brain as it improves mood, sleep and reduces anxiety (Godman, 2014). Studies indicate that children who exercise have an improved memory, therefore it is pivotal that they have an exercise session in the morning before class. A morning exercise program can be conducted anywhere between half an hour to an hour before class and incorporates any form of exercise that is enjoyable for everyone. It is important that all children completing the class enjoy the exercise as it creates a positive experience for them. It can be from playing chases around a school to doing sprints in preparation for an athletics carnival, all forms of exercise can be incorporated. Again, the issue arises with staff shortages, however to promote a positive role model within the community, students can conduct a session whilst under parental supervision that allows them to act in a confident manner whilst share their chosen exercises or sports. In 2010, the ABC conducted a report of students who performed physical activity at the start of the day (Mercola, 2012). Students increased their test scores by double by simple exercising before school began (Mercola, 2012). .
- 1- Fitting in 60 minutes of the required minimum sport or exercise activities daily, can prove to be an issue. Struggling to fit in an hour of exercise whilst students are at school for 6 hours a day is a challenge. Certain programs can be introduced to make the time frame less of a hassle. Sporting clinics such as NRL, AFL, netball, cricket and swimming clinics are introduced into some schools across Australia today. These clinics can be run over lunch and slightly into class times which allows the students to be physically active for that hour whilst promoting healthy lifestyle choices. These development clinics can often encourage the child to take up the sport on weekends outside of the regulated clinics. These clinics run between 60 and 90 minutes. Another aspect that can be trialled is for staff during recess and lunch time to promote physical activity. Staff on duty during lunch breaks at the school may conduct games during these time periods which will allow the students to be physically active at the same time. Throughout the school day, by achieving the recommended 60 minutes, it allows the child to develop healthy exercise habits lowering their potential risk of obesity (World Health Organisation, 2010, p.18). 2- As children are experiencing higher rates of obesity, this can be due to the fact that during the 6 hours at school they are not getting the required amount of exercise. Within the boundaries of the classrooms, teachers can implement active breaks in their daily lessons (Kids Health, 2016). These exercises can include push ups, sit ups, star jumps and mountain climbers. Students can implement these exercises when adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing. High amounts of homework and an increase in technology is largely to blame (Kids Health, 2016). Regular bursts of exercise and physical activity can improve immune function, increase positive endorphins, encourage weight loss and reduce restlessness or hyperactivity which is essential when sitting down in a classroom for most of the day (World Health Organisation, 2010, p.19).
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