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Indigenous Australians Suffering Far More Health Inequities
- 1. Indigenous Australians are suffering far more health inequities than non-indigenous Australians Health is influenced by cultural factors, human biology, behaviours, socioeconomic, environmental factors and health interventions Being aware of health determinants prevents disease, illness and injury. Major health issues need to be addressed by parents, the government, schools and the individual (Quinn, 2012) (Olschwanger, 2015) THE THREE MAJOR HEALTH ISSUES: Obesity Asthma Mental Health
- 2. OBESITY (My Mommy Style, 2013) How healthy do your children eat? How much physical exercise are your children involved in? How many hours does your child spend on technology? What does your families diet consist of? How physically active are you? The Causes - Lack of physical activity - Overweight parents - Poor food choices - Genetics - Increase use of technology Mortality/ morbidity Childhood obesity increases the risk of being overweight in adulthood which can lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Young people are more likely to die and get sick/ill form circulatory diseases and cancer but obesity does increase the chance of depression and mental illness which can result in death. (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) Obesity is the 2nd highest contributor to disease (smoking is 3rd) Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013)
- 3. ASTHMA (Citizen News, 2011) (Khailalfat World, 2012) Does your child finds it hard to breath normally or when doing physical exercise? Do you, or other family members, smoke around yours children? Do you know anyone with asthma, if so would you know how to treat them? Mortality/Morbidity Since 2001, the prevalence of current asthma has declined in children and young adults but remained stable in adults aged 35 years and over, death by asthma has decreased substantially as there is improved health treatment for asthma suffers (Australian Government, 2015). Asthma factors • values and attitudes • smoking • wearing dusk masks • genetic and gender • cultural background • exposure to smoke Asthma effects 1 in 10 Australians which is equivalent to around 2.3 million (Australian Government, 2015 p. 5).
- 4. MENTAL ILLNESS (Indian Parent Society, 2015) (Fulwiler, 2013) Do you regularly ask how your child is going? Do you ask your child if they experience any form of bullying? Do you ask their teacher or peers if your child has experienced bullying? Do you have family conversations? Do all family members know how other family members are feeling? Have you taught your child how to cope with stress and breaking the mental health demeanour down? Mortality/ morbidity Mental illness is a leading cause of disability in youth, There is increasing levels of mental illness with stress being a major cause leading to both males and females sustaining a stable suicide rate. (Australian Government, 2015 p. 5). Patterns It is important to teach children how to deal with difficulties in life, as it becomes a life skill to help strengthen mental health. Poor mental health becomes ongoing in adulthood and can interfere with aspects of their lives.
- 5. ACHIEVING BETTER HEALTH FROM PHYSCIAL ACTIVITY (Nestle, 2014) (Poosc, 2015) How much physical activity does your child do a week? Are you involved in any physical activity with your child? Do you encourage your child to do sport/activities? Does the school your child attends incorporate physical activity in the school curriculum? - Linear relation between physical activity and health status - Physical activity leads to improvement in obesity rates, poor mental health and asthma control - “Decreased physical activity is the primary environmental influence of childhood obesity” (Deckelbaum & Williams, 2012, p. 242) - William Strong suggests that a greater amount of physical activity is necessary to achieve positive effects on children’s health and behavioural outcomes (Strong & Malina, 2005) INCREASING PHYSCIAL ACTIVITY - promoting physical activity - parents need to motivate children to get involved - Schools and out of school organisations need to come together.
- 6. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY • Are you and your child involved in sports together? • Do you promote physical activity throughout your household? • Have you educated your child about the benefits of Physical activity • Does your child not know how to be apart of physical activity? if so, can you encourage them to be more involved? (My Lush Sobriety, 2014) (WebMD, 2014) Physical activity can: (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) - Enhance self confidence - Enhance social skills - Build muscles and bones - Improve movement balance - Improve movement and balance Parents are encourage to make physical activity part of your child’s school day and time at home. 60 mins of moderate exercise per day is recommended for good health (Ruskin, Proctor &Neeves, 2013)
- 7. SCHOOLS RESPONSIBILITY TO IMPROVE CHILDREN’S HEALTH (The Guardian, 2015) (Kallista Primary, 2009) Are you involved in your child schools decision making process? What foods do you give your child to take to school? Does the school your child attends offer services to help parents gain more knowledge about children’s physical activity and health? Does your child have a positive attitude towards healthy eating, and how have your child’s attitude been influenced by the school?
- 8. BENEFITS OF SCHOOL PROGRAMS (Ameriqua, 2015) ) Do you utilise after school services such as milo cricket or little athletics? Does your child enjoy school activities such as swimming and running carnivals? Are they involved? Do you assist with Physical activity at your child's school e.g. help out in sporting carnivals? How often does your child’s school encourage physical activity in advertising/promotion? E.g. healthy eating signs and sport/physical activity events in newsletters? Keep moving strategy - Strengths Promotes physical activity. Allows being active throughout whole day. Breaks up the day for children. - Weakness Can be a loss of concentration. Loss of learning time. Could lead to disruptiveness. (Strauss, 2009) Utilising community resource strategy - Strengths Promotes physical activity after school. Utilises available resources. Children come involved with a healthy community. - Weakness Supervision needed at times which may be hard. Accessibility may be difficult. Cost to maintain facilities may affect some (Health, 2006)
- 9. SCHOOL PROGRAMS (Commonwealth, 2011) Do you have any influence on other parents in relation to their children's health and physical activity levels? Have you enquired about canteen menus at your child’s school? Does your child’s school offer healthy eating programs? How much physical activity is involved in your child’s average day at school? Promoting healthy eating strategy - Strengths Equality by improving health of every child. Provides good learning foundations as breakfast is most important meal of the day. Promotes healthy eating and good nutrition. - Weakness School needs to find a supportive organisation. Parent may become reliant on the program. Could affect learning hours as teachers make sure children get breakfast. Large availability of sport and physical activity programs - Strengths Promotes a wide range of physical activity for boys and girls. Teaches children fundamental movement skills. Accounts for very child through diversity. -Weakness Learning time could be affected. Children could be exhausted from all the physical activity. children could be disruptive due to all the physical activity (Lindfield East Public, nd)
- 10. CONCLUSION (Campo, 2012) Has this presentation changed your theory on you and your families eating habits? Has this presentation affects the amount of physical activity you and your child will do? How can you do more to have a positive impact on your child's health? Would to inform others about the effects not eating health and a lack of physical activity has on ones health?
- 11. Australian Government. (2014, July 3). Research and Statistics. Retrieved January 18, 2016, from Australian Government Department of Health: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-active-evidence.htm Australian Government. (2015). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 01 08, 2016, from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare:risk factors, diseases & death: http://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity/ Australian Government. (2015). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 01 09, 2016, from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: chronic respiratory conditions: http://www.aihw.gov.au/asthma/ Beyond Blue. (2015). beyond blue depression and anxiety. (B. Blue, Editor) Retrieved 01 09, 2016, from https://www.youthbeyondblue.com/footer/stats-and-facts Deckelbaum, R., & Williams, C. (2012, September 6). Childhood Obesity: The Health Issue. Obesity Research , 11(9), 239–243. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.125 Foodbank. (2001, June 10). The Breakfast Program. Retrieved January 2016, from Healthy Food: http://www.healthyfoodforall.com.au/school- breakfast-program/ Heath, G. (2006). The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review. Journal od Physical Activity and Health(3), 55. Lindfield East Public. (nd). Curriculum and Actitives. (N. Government, Producer) Retrieved January 22, 2016, from Lindfield East Public: http://www.lindfielde-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/curriculum-activities Ruskin, R., Proctor, K., & Neeves, D. (2013). Outcomes 2 personal development, health and education (5th ed.). Milton, QLD, Australia: Jacaranda, Wiley Brand. Retrieved 01 03, 2016 Story, M., & Nanney, M. (2009, March 11). Schools and Obesity Prevention: Creating School Environments and Policies to Promote Healthy Eating an Physical Activity. The Millbank Quarterly, 89(1), 71-100. Retrieved January 2016, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468- 0009.2009.00548.x/citedby Strong, W., & Malina, R. M. (2005, June). Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732–737. Retrieved January 21, 2016, from http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(05)00100-9/abstract?cc=y Taylor, B., & Sallis, J. (1985, March). The Relation of Physical Activity and Exercise to Mental Health. Public Health Rep, 195-202. Retrieved January 2016 Verstraete, S., & Cardon, G. (2006, January 23). Increasing children’s physical activity levels during recess periods in elementary schools: the effects providing game equipmen. Journal of Public Health, 16(4), 415–419 . doi:10.1093/l00 Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C., & Bredin, S. (2006, March 14). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ Medical Knowledge that Matters,
Editor's Notes
- Health Issues Impacting Australia’s Youth This presentation is based on the health of Australia’s youth and the factors which are affecting children’s health. Young Australians are becoming increasingly overweight and some children are suffering greatly from health issues such as asthma and mental illness. Throughout this slide show you will be able to assess your own parenting styles in relation to your child’s overall health and wellbeing. There are many factors affecting the health of young people, but it should be noted that indigenous Australians are suffering far more health inequities than non-indigenous Australians (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) The health of young people is influenced by the interaction of many health determinants such as cultural factors, human biology, behaviours, socioeconomic, environmental factors, and health interventions. (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) Being aware of these determinants is key for the prevention of disease, illness and injury (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013).The major health issues; obesity, asthma and mental illness are priorities which need to be addressed by parents, the government, schools and the individual. This presentation will show the effects that obesity, asthma, and mental health can have on children, examine the schools responsibility of improving the health of young students, and the importance of physical activity through a young child’s life.
- Obesity Overweight and obesity are defined by world health organisation as having a BMI (body mass index) greater than or equal to 25. Overweight and obesity is a serious issue for young Australians with 1 in 4 children being classed as obese in 2012 (Australian Government, 2013. Childhood obesity is the most important issue in Australia as it is having a damaging effect on the health as they grow older. Not only do children face short term affects from obesity, but also long term effects such as heart, respiratory and other diseases (Deckelbaum & Williams, 2012, p. 242). Parental responsibility plays a major role in obese and overweight children and needs to be considered when treating obesity. Parents needs to be educated on how to improve the diets of children and they themselves have to display good eating habits in order for their children to be healthy as well. Obesity and overweight should be the main focus of the Australian government as if changes are not made the future health of generation of young adults will decrease substantially placing huge burdens on the health system of Australia (Australian Government, 2013). The factors which affect childhood obesity include; (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) Individual – Gender, personal skills, attitudes and being physically active. Sociocultural- Family and peers, the media and religion Socioeconomic- Price of food, fees associated with being part of a sporting team and parents employment. Environmental- Poor geographic location have reduced physical activity and increased caloric intake, playing outside has diminished, physical education programs have been reduced (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013).
- Asthma Asthma is a long-term lung condition where children and adults have sensitive airways which react to triggers, leading to the airways swelling and becoming narrow. Asthma makes breathing very hard which effects peoples life as they find it hard to complete normal activities such as walking or running. Asthma is a major health issue as it interferes with Australian children’s daily living. Asthma is a health issue which seems to have declining death rates, therefore it is not a current priority like obesity, “the rate of all deaths due to asthma has remained stable since 2003, and there is a long-term declining trend in deaths due to asthma in those aged 5-34” (Australian Government, 2015 p. 5). Parents can have an impact on a child having asthma through their smoking habits and environmental factors (such as where you live e.g. dusty farms), although asthma mainly caused through inherited genes. Currently in Australia the is no real way of preventing inherited asthma but you can decrease the chance by the type of environment you live in so by working together, you and your doctor can design a step-by-step plan for living with your condition and preventing asthma attacks. Factors influencing asthma; (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) Individual- Values and attitudes, smoking and not wearing dusk masks, genetic and gender. Sociocultural- Cultural background, exposure to smoke, dust and poor living conditions. Socioeconomic- people with low SES and poor education Environmental- geographical location can affect your access to health services affecting ones asthma (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013).
- Mental Health This is the way we feel about ourselves, what is going on around us, and how we cope with the stresses of life. Mentally healthy children are able to use positive coping skills to deal with difficulties. Poor mental health significantly disrupts relationships, education and social interactions. Mental illness is a significant issue as approximately 14 per cent of Australian children experience poor mental health (Australian Government, 2015 p. 5). Mental illness is an important issu as suicide rates are increasing and is one of the leading causes of mortality rates in young children (Australian Government, 2015 p. 5). Parents play a major role in improving their child’s mental health, they need to be aware of their child’s mental health and regularly check up on them and ask them how they are feeling. There is not one particular solution to improving the mental health status of, yet there needs to be a great focus on making it okay and breaking down the poor demeanour associated with mental health issues. Currently in Australia the demeanour associated with mental health is trying to be broken down yet there needs to be large emphasis on parents communicating better with their children as it could have a positive effect on assisting the children to gain better health. Factors impacting mental health; (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013) Individual- attitudes, copying skills and personal experience Sociocultural- culture perceptions, cultures views, family and peers (bullying is a leading cause for suicides in Australia) Socioeconomic- economic status, socioeconomic status, parents employment and education Environmental- family, friends and where you come from (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013)
- Achieving Better Health Physical activity and sports play an important role in potentially enhancing the overall health and wellbeing of children (Warburton, Nicol, & Bredin, 2006). There is an evident linear relation between physical activity and health status, such that promoting physical activity in youth is desirable and will lead to improvements in childhood obesity rates, poor mental health and asthma control (Warburton, Nicol, & Bredin, 2006). William Strong and Robert M Malina argue that physical activity helps both mentally and physically (Strong & Malina, 2005). Most intervention studies used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 to 45 minutes duration 3 to 5 days per week (Strong & Malina, 2005). Strong and Malina suggest that a greater amount of physical activity would be necessary to achieve similar beneficial effects on health and behavioural outcomes in ordinary daily circumstances (typically intermittent and unsupervised activity) (Strong & Malina, 2005). The Department of Health place a large emphasis on promoting physical activity at home and school (Australian Government, 2014). As parents you should motivate your children to be involved in physical activity(Australian Government, 2014). Schools and out of school organisation needs to come together and create after school activities to promote physical activity as well (Australian Government, 2014). The article by Stefanie Verstraete and Greet Cardon suggests by providing gaming and sporting equipment it motivates students to partake in physical activity (Verstraete & Cardon, 2006). Verstraete and Cardon explain that increasing a child’s physical activity can improve their health and providing game equipment positively affected children’s activity level. Providing game equipment during recess periods was found to be the most effective in increasing children’s physical activity levels in an school environment (Verstraete & Cardon, 2006).
- Physical Activity Ron Ruskin, Kim Proctor and David Neeves convey the importance of physical activity plays in preventing the development of health risk factors or poor health. Physical activity can also enhance self-confidence and social skills, building strong hearts, muscles and bones, acquisition of fundamental motor skills, improve movement, balance, coordination and reaction time, enhance self-esteem, healthy weight management, prevention of cardiovascular disease and prevent some forms of cancer (Story & Nanney, 2009). There are a number of factors associated with the amount of physical activity done by children. Ruskin, Proctor and Neeves explain how the importance of physical activity can vary between cultures and also genders. Around the world today Physical activity is viewed differently by many countries which is having a major effect on the health of children (Ruskin, Proctor, & Neeves, 2013). An example of this would be in Asia, schooling is viewed as a place to learn rather than a place where physical activity should be incorporated into classroom teaching. Recommended amount of physical activity: You as parents and a school community needs to make physical activity a key part of the school day and at home as both boys and girls needs to be involved in 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity activity per day as the number of benefits associated with doing this amount.
- Schools play a major role in the health outcomes of children. Schools and especially the school your child is apart of needs to offer programs that play a positive role in promoting healthy eating and physical activity. Schools not only need to promote healthy eating and physical activity, but also needs to offer students and parents programs and activity to enhance ones knowledge on children's health. Schools can create after school programs and encourage health professionals to be involved in the school to teach parents and children the importance of being healthy. Programs like Healthy Harold and milo cricket are encouraged at schools but the most important strategies and programs are the ones listed in the next slides.
- There are a number of strategies that schools could adopt to improve your child’s health. I will mention the main 4 that I think has the most affect. Keep moving strategy - The ‘Keep Moving Strategy’ Is based in schools in America which focuses on encouraging students to keep moving throughout the day as physical activity links to an active mind and increases children’s overall health and wellbeing (Strauss, 2009). The strategy encourages students to not only be active in a physical education class, but in normal class as teachers take 5 minutes out of lesson to encourage students to move, dance and run around in order to keep the student healthy and active (Strauss, 2009). This strategy is a good idea as it keeps kids active throughout the whole school period yet it does effect the amount of learning time. Evidence has shown this strategy improves concentration levels and positively effects physical activity rates (Strauss, 2009). - Using Community Resources Encouraging children to get active in the community is another approach adopted by Canadian schools in order to better student’s health. In the article by Gregory Health evidence conveys that introducing students to community resources, like parks and pool, can enhance their physical activity improving present and future health. Health explains that when schools utilise the community surrounds, it encourages students to go back to those resources in their own time (Heath, 2006).This strategy utilises resources apart of the community and encourages physical activity with your family. The only issue is that some may find it hard to access the resources but in Australia there should be a number of parks and sports facilities close by (Heath, 2006)
- - School Breakfast Program The School Breakfast Program is a unique programs run by Foodbank Western Australia designed to ensure children receive the required nutrients from their breakfast. Evidence has showed that this program has contributed positively to student’s physical and mental health (Foodbank, 2001).This program has be introduced to over 430 schools and has significantly increased students awareness of healthy eating and student eating behaviours. This program needs a supportive foundation such as Woolworth, Coles or Foodbank to fund which could take time but the positive effects outweigh the time needed. Australian Schools should adopt this programme because it increase the health awareness of children and provides them with a great start to the day (Foodbank, 2001). - Wide Range of Sports and Activities Lindfield East Public School uses a strategy which boosts student’s motivation to partake in daily physical activity. The school offers a range of sports and activities through a physical activity program which promotes fitness and a healthy lifestyle. It aims to develop skills in movement, co-ordination and physical activity. Children are taught fundamental movement skills, dance, modified games and a large variety of other sporting skills (Lindfield East Public, nd). This strategy has proven to improve physical activity rates although learning time could be affected. More Australian schools should adopt this because it gets children moving and active as it will increase their motivation towards sport and physical activity (Lindfield East Public, nd).
- Conclusion Throughout this presentation, improving your kid’s health should be the main thing you take out of it. Children across Australia are suffering from obesity, being overweight, mental illness and asthma and as parent you need to take control and improve you children’s health. At home, socially and at school you need to encourage your children to be involved in as much physical activity as possible and to eat healthy food. By encouraging children to be physically active it will reduce the amount of time spent on technology improving your child’s physical, social and emotional health. Improving your child’s health should not be the only thing you take out of this presentation, you should also try to be physically active and healthy yourself and encourage the schools your children are apart of to promote physical activity and healthy eating. I hope you have answered all the questions throughout the slides and are willing to change your child’s and your own lifestyle in order to improve your families’ health.