Hashing is the process of converting a given key into another value. A hash function is used to generate the new value according to a mathematical algorithm. The result of a hash function is known as a hash value or simply, a hash.
In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next. It is a data structure consisting of a collection of nodes which together represent a sequence.
Hashing is the process of converting a given key into another value. A hash function is used to generate the new value according to a mathematical algorithm. The result of a hash function is known as a hash value or simply, a hash.
In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next. It is a data structure consisting of a collection of nodes which together represent a sequence.
Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
Do the following program in C++- Create a item class... with and i.pdfahntagencies
Do the following program in C++
- Create a item class... with and integer key and value
- Create a Hash class, that has an array of can input a item and uses a hash algorithm to place it
in a array of item nodes.
Include the necessary functions...
-Use CHAINING with pointers, when there is a collision.
-Have a function that prints out the array to verify the hashing and collision code works...
Explain each entry you insert into the hash table...
Solution
#include
using namespace std;
const int TABLE_SIZE = 128;
/*
* HashNode Class Declaration
*/
class HashNode
{
public:
int key;
int value;
HashNode* next;
HashNode(int key, int value)
{
this->key = key;
this->value = value;
this->next = NULL;
}
};
/*
* HashMap Class Declaration
*/
class HashMap
{
private:
HashNode** htable;
public:
HashMap()
{
htable = new HashNode*[TABLE_SIZE];
for (int i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++)
htable[i] = NULL;
}
~HashMap()
{
for (int i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; ++i)
{
HashNode* entry = htable[i];
while (entry != NULL)
{
HashNode* prev = entry;
entry = entry->next;
delete prev;
}
}
delete[] htable;
}
/*
* Hash Function
*/
void Display()
{
for (int i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; ++i)
{
HashNode* entry = htable[i];
while (entry != NULL)
{
cout<<\"Key \"<key<<\" Value \"<value<next;
//delete prev;
}
}
}
int HashFunc(int key)
{
return key % TABLE_SIZE;
}
/*
* Insert Element at a key
*/
void Insert(int key, int value)
{
int hash_val = HashFunc(key);
HashNode* prev = NULL;
HashNode* entry = htable[hash_val];
while (entry != NULL)
{
prev = entry;
entry = entry->next;
}
if (entry == NULL)
{
entry = new HashNode(key, value);
if (prev == NULL)
{
htable[hash_val] = entry;
}
else
{
prev->next = entry;
}
}
else
{
entry->value = value;
}
}
/*
* Remove Element at a key
*/
void Remove(int key)
{
int hash_val = HashFunc(key);
HashNode* entry = htable[hash_val];
HashNode* prev = NULL;
if (entry == NULL || entry->key != key)
{
cout<<\"No Element found at key \"<next != NULL)
{
prev = entry;
entry = entry->next;
}
if (prev != NULL)
{
prev->next = entry->next;
}
delete entry;
cout<<\"Element Deleted\"<key == key)
{
cout<value<<\" \";
flag = true;
}
entry = entry->next;
}
if (!flag)
return -1;
}
};
/*
* Main Contains Menu
*/
int main()
{
HashMap hash;
int key, value;
int choice;
while (1)
{
cout<<\"\ ----------------------\"<>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
cout<<\"Enter element to be inserted: \";
cin>>value;
cout<<\"Enter key at which element to be inserted: \";
cin>>key;
hash.Insert(key, value);
break;
case 2:
cout<<\"Enter key of the element to be searched: \";
cin>>key;
cout<<\"Element at key \"<>key;
hash.Remove(key);
break;
case 4:
hash.Display();break;
case 5:
return 0;
default:
cout<<\"\ Enter correct option\ \";
}
}
return 0;
}
==================================================================
Output:
akshay@akshay-Inspiron-3537:~/Chegg$ g++ hash.cpp
akshay@akshay-Inspiron-3537:~/Chegg$ ./a.out
----------------------
Operations on Hash Table
----------------------
1.Insert element into the table.
HashMap is a part of Java's collection.. It provides the basic implementation of Map interface of Java. It stores the data in (Key, Value) pairs. To access a value key should be known. This ppt dives deep into the internal working of Hashmaps.
Assignment4 Assignment 4 Hashtables In this assignment we w.pdfkksrivastava1
Assignment4
Assignment 4: Hashtables
In this assignment we will use a rhyming dictionary and loading it into a hashtable and using the
hashtable ADT(abstract data type) to implement a bad poetry generator.
Objectives
TODO #1: Implement a hashtable
TODO #2: Loading the dictionary
Optional:
TODO #3: Removing unrhymable words
Testing
Testing can be done through Maven with the command,
mvn test
To run more specific tests, run the command
mvn -Dtest=AssignmentTest#TESTCASEHERE test
where TESTCASEHERE is the test case you want to run. These test cases can be found in
src/test/java/AssignmentTest
Ex: mvn -Dtest=AssignmentTest#test_2_puts test
The results can be found in the command line or in target/surefire-reports/AssignmentTest.txt
after execution.
Part of grading will be these test cases.
Alternatively,
You can use the main method found in RhymingDict.java. In fact, the test cases are dervied from
that main method.
To Do 1: Implementing a Hashtable
Youll be implementing a hashtable class called MyHashtable. It implements the interface
DictionaryInterface.
The hashtable youll be making will use Strings as the keys and Object as the values. Similar to
linked lists, by storing Object as values, you can store any kind of object in the hashtable.
To implement a hashtable:
Use a protected inner class inside MyHashtable called Entry. This inner class stores Key/Value
pairs. So it has two fields:
String key
Object value
It also should have a constructor for initializing the key and value.
Your hashtable will define three protected fields (remember that protected means that the field can
only be accessed from within the class or by any child class of the class).
int tableSize - the size of the array being used by the hashtable
int size- the number of key/value entries stored in the hashtable
MyLinkedList[] table - an array of MyLinkedList. The reason that each element of the array is a
linked list is to store multiple entries which collide, that is, for which the hash for the different keys
is the same index in the table.
Youll be implementing the following methods on MyHashtable
public boolean isEmpty()
Returns true if the hashtable is empty, false otherwise. You can use the size field to determine this
easily.
public int size() Returns the size (number of key/value pairs stored in the hashtable). Theres more
info about how to implement this method below.
public Object put(String key, Object value)
Adds a new key/value pair to the hashtable. If the key has been previously added, it replaces the
value stored with this key with the new value, and returns the old value. Otherwise it returns null.
public Object get(String key) Returns the value stored with the key. If the key has not previously
been stored in the hashtable, returns null. Theres more info about how to implement this method
below.
public void remove(String key) Removes the key/value pair associated with the key from the
hashtable. Theres more info about how to implement this method below.
pub.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. List of contents
● Introduction
○ Hashing
○ Linear probing
○ Basic operation
● Data structure
○ Data item
○ Hash method
3. List of contents
● implementation and Algorithm
○ Search operation
○ Insert operation
○ Delete operation
● Performance Runtime
○ Best, Average and worst cases.
● Execution
4. Introduction
Hashing :
● Hashing is a technique to convert a range of key values into a range of
indexes of an array.
● We're going to use modulo operator to get a range of key values.
● Consider an example of hash table of size 20, and the following items
are to be stored. Item are in the (key,value) format.
(1,20)
(2,70)
(42,80)
(4,25)
(12,44)
(14,32)
(17,11)
(13,78)
(37,98)
5. Introduction
Linear probing :
it may happen that the
hashing technique is used to
create an already used index
of the array, In such a case,
search the next empty
location in the array by
looking into the next cell until
found an empty cell.
6. Introduction
Basic operation :
Search Searches an element in a hash table.
Insert inserts an element in a hash table.
delete Deletes an element from a hash table.
7. Data structure :
Define a data item having some data and key,
based on which the search is to be conducted
in a hash table.
struct DataItem {
int data ;
int key ;
};
DataItem :
Hash method :
Define a hashing method to compute the
hash code of the key of the data item.
int hashCode(int key)
{
return key % SIZE;
}
9. Search Operation
Whenever an element is to be
searched, compute the hash code of the
key passed and locate the element
using that hash code as index in the
array.
Use linear probing to get the element
ahead if the element is not found at the
computed hash code.
struct DataItem *search(int key) {
//get the hash
int hashIndex = hashCode(key);
//move in array until an empty
while(hashArray[hashIndex] != NULL) {
if(hashArray[hashIndex]->key == key)
return hashArray[hashIndex];
//go to next cell
++hashIndex;
//wrap around the table
hashIndex %= SIZE;
}
return NULL;
}
10. Insert Operation
Whenever an element is to be inserted,
compute the hash code of the key
passed and locate the index using that
hash code as an index in the array.
Use linear probing for empty location, if
an element is found at the computed
hash code.
void insert(int key,int data) {
struct DataItem *item = (struct DataItem*)
malloc(sizeof(struct DataItem));
item->data = data;
item->key = key;
//get the hash
int hashIndex = hashCode(key);
//move in array until an empty or deleted cell
while(hashArray[hashIndex] != NULL &&
hashArray[hashIndex]->key != -1) {
//go to next cell
++hashIndex;
//wrap around the table
hashIndex %= SIZE;
}
hashArray[hashIndex] = item;
}
11. Delete Operation
Whenever an element is to be deleted,
compute the hash code of the key
passed and locate the index using that
hash code as an index in the array.
Use linear probing to get the element
ahead if an element is not found at the
computed hash code.
When found, store a dummy item there
to keep the performance of the hash
table intact.
struct DataItem* delete(struct DataItem* item)
{
int key = item->key;
//get the hash
int hashIndex = hashCode(key);
//move in array until an empty
while(hashArray[hashIndex] !=NULL) {
if(hashArray[hashIndex]->key == key) {
struct DataItem* temp =
hashArray[hashIndex];
//assign a dummy item at deleted position
hashArray[hashIndex] = dummyItem;
return temp; }
//go to next cell
++hashIndex;
//wrap around the table
hashIndex %= SIZE; }
return NULL;
}
12. Performance Runtime
It's impossible to know in advance how many collisions you will get with your hash function, as
well as things like needing to resize.
This can add an element of unpredictability to the performance of a hash table, making it not
true O(1).
However, virtually all hash table implementations offer O(1) on the vast, vast, vast majority of
inserts. This is the same as array inserting - it's O(1) unless you need to resize, in which case it's
O(n), plus the collision uncertainty.