The document outlines the components of organizational computing, detailing hardware and software aspects, including types of computing such as large-system, standalone, and network computing. It covers various input and output devices, the functionality of the central processing unit, and the structure of application and system software, including operating systems and language translators. Additional focus is on the relationships between user interfaces and programs, as well as addressing software engineering and managerial issues in application development.

1. Hardware & Software
Components

2. Organizational Computing
Input Devices
Processing
Secondary Storage Media
Output Devices

4. Hardware refers to the equipment in a
CBIS.
3 perspectives of organizational computing
are
• Large system computing
• Stand alone personal computing
• Network computing

5. In large-system computing configurations,
terminals are attached to a central
computer. The central computer performs
most computations and controls attached
peripherals such as printers.

6. Personal computers are used for individual
work. Stand alone systems are not linked
to other personal computers or large
systems.

7. In network computing, multiple
workstations allow users to share data
and computing resources, both local and
remote. Personal computer networks may
also be linked to large systems.

8. End user input devices
Pen-based technologies
Imaging and digitizing devices
Voice input devices
Special purpose input devices
• Source data automation
• Specialized keyboards
• Optical character recognition
• Magnetic ink character recognition

10. Central processing unit
Primary memory
Machine cycle –to process program
instruction
Sizing – bits, bytes, hertz, MIPS and
FLOPS
Parallel processing

11. Accessing data
Disk access speeds
Disk devices
Optical disks
Tape devices

12. Display devices
Screen resolution
Text and graphics
Monochrome/ color
CRT/ flat panel
Printers
• Print quality
• Solid font printers
• Dot matrix printers
• Ink jet printers
• Thermal transfer printers
• Laser printers
Special purpose output devices
• Plotters
• Voice output
• Film recorders
• Computer output microfilm

14. System Software
Application Software
Software Engineering & Tools
Trends regarding software
Management Concerns

15. Software
System
Software
Application
Software

16. Application software
• Easy-to-use programs designed to perform
specific tasks
System software
• Programs that support the execution and
development of other programs
• Two major types
Operating systems
Translation systems (compilers &
linkers)

17. Operating system and its components
• Supervisor/kernal
• Command-language interpreter
• BIOS
Existing operating system
• MS-DOS
• Macintosh
• Windows
• UNIX
• LINUX
Interleaving techniques in OS
• Multiprogramming
• Multitasking
• Timesharing
• Foreground/ background processing
• Virtual memory
• Multi processing
Language translators
• Compilers , interpreters and assemblers
Utility program
• Sorting, spooling and text editors

18. User interface
Operating
System
Device management
User interface
management

20. Computer Software Relationships
User
Interface
User Interface
User Interface
Application Programs
Operating System
Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS)
• needed for a computer to boot up
Computer Hardware

21. General purpose Application software
• Word Processing
• Spreadsheets
• File Managers and database management systems
Special Purpose Application Software
• Transaction Processing
• Analysis & Decision Making
• Planning, coordinating, Scheduling and organizing
• Retrieving and updating
• Reporting
• Writing
• Presentation
• Communication
• Training
Programming languages
• From low level to 4GLs

22. 1. Explain Software engineering and also
discuss CASE tools.
2. What are the managerial issues related
to software and application development.