This document defines and describes computers and their components. It begins by defining a computer as a device that accepts digital data as input and processes it according to stored instructions. It then categorizes different types of computers and describes their typical uses. The rest of the document details the major hardware and software components of computers, including input/output devices, storage, the central processing unit, and system and application software. It provides examples for each component.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their components and how they work. It defines a computer as a device that accepts digital data as input and manipulates it according to programmed instructions. Computers are categorized based on their size and intended users, ranging from desktops for individuals to mainframes for large organizations. The document describes the basic anatomy of a computer including hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It also discusses software and different types like operating systems and application programs.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems that support applications and hardware. Finally, it provides examples of common hardware components, like printers and disk drives, and software, like operating systems and web browsers.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems and utilities. The document also lists common computer sizes from PDAs to mainframes and provides examples of input, output, storage, and connection devices.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems that support applications and hardware. Finally, it provides examples of common hardware components, like printers and disk drives, and software, like operating systems and web browsers.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, bus, and software. It covers the evolution of computers from first to fifth generation machines and how their capabilities have increased over time due to advances in integrated circuits and processing power. The document also defines different types of computers, memory, storage, operating systems, and application software.
The document defines a computer as a programmable machine that can execute a prerecorded list of instructions. It describes the four main functions of a computer as input, output, processing, and storage. It also provides details on common input components like keyboards and mice, output components like monitors and speakers, storage components like hard drives and USB drives, and processing components like the CPU and motherboard. The document discusses types of computers and provides labeled diagrams of a computer's back panel and motherboard.
The document discusses the key functions and components of operating systems. It describes how operating systems control hardware, load and run programs, manage memory and storage, provide a user interface, handle interrupts and device drivers, and include security features. Some examples of popular operating systems are also given, such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Chrome OS, and Unix variants.
This document provides an overview of the basic components and functioning of a computer system. It discusses:
- The four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware are the physical components, software are programs, data is raw facts, and users are people operating the computer.
- Looking inside the machine, it describes the main hardware components: the CPU for processing, memory for temporary data storage, input/output devices, and storage devices.
- Software in the form of system programs and application programs bring the machine to life by controlling computer functions and enabling tasks.
- The stored-program concept introduced by Von Neumann established the basic architecture still used in most modern computers
This document provides an overview of computers, including their components and how they work. It defines a computer as a device that accepts digital data as input and manipulates it according to programmed instructions. Computers are categorized based on their size and intended users, ranging from desktops for individuals to mainframes for large organizations. The document describes the basic anatomy of a computer including hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. It also discusses software and different types like operating systems and application programs.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems that support applications and hardware. Finally, it provides examples of common hardware components, like printers and disk drives, and software, like operating systems and web browsers.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems and utilities. The document also lists common computer sizes from PDAs to mainframes and provides examples of input, output, storage, and connection devices.
This document defines hardware and software, describes categories of each, and provides examples of common hardware and software components. It defines hardware as physical computer components like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. The document categorizes hardware into input, output, storage, processing, and connection devices. It describes two main types of software: application software for specific tasks, and system software like operating systems that support applications and hardware. Finally, it provides examples of common hardware components, like printers and disk drives, and software, like operating systems and web browsers.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, bus, and software. It covers the evolution of computers from first to fifth generation machines and how their capabilities have increased over time due to advances in integrated circuits and processing power. The document also defines different types of computers, memory, storage, operating systems, and application software.
The document defines a computer as a programmable machine that can execute a prerecorded list of instructions. It describes the four main functions of a computer as input, output, processing, and storage. It also provides details on common input components like keyboards and mice, output components like monitors and speakers, storage components like hard drives and USB drives, and processing components like the CPU and motherboard. The document discusses types of computers and provides labeled diagrams of a computer's back panel and motherboard.
The document discusses the key functions and components of operating systems. It describes how operating systems control hardware, load and run programs, manage memory and storage, provide a user interface, handle interrupts and device drivers, and include security features. Some examples of popular operating systems are also given, such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Chrome OS, and Unix variants.
This document provides an overview of the basic components and functioning of a computer system. It discusses:
- The four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware are the physical components, software are programs, data is raw facts, and users are people operating the computer.
- Looking inside the machine, it describes the main hardware components: the CPU for processing, memory for temporary data storage, input/output devices, and storage devices.
- Software in the form of system programs and application programs bring the machine to life by controlling computer functions and enabling tasks.
- The stored-program concept introduced by Von Neumann established the basic architecture still used in most modern computers
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
A computer consists of both hardware and software. The hardware includes input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, primary memory like RAM and ROM, secondary memory like hard drives for permanent storage, and output devices like monitors and printers. Software includes system software that controls the hardware and application software for specific tasks. Computers process data by accepting input, processing it according to instructions, producing output, and storing information.
Connecting Hardware Peripherals Level 1 Ver 2 - Copy.pdfEYOHAICTMEDIA
The document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, classifications, and connectivity devices. It defines a computer and describes its key features. It then discusses computer hardware and software, categorizing hardware as internal or external and describing common software types. The document classifies computers based on size and capacity, purpose, and hardware design. It also defines and provides examples of common peripheral devices for input, output, storage, and connectivity. In closing, it outlines various port types for connecting peripheral devices to computers.
1) The document discusses the basics of computer systems, including the four main parts: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the components and functions of computer hardware, software, and how they work together in the information processing cycle.
2) Key hardware components include processors, memory, input/output and storage devices. Common software types are system software like operating systems and applications.
3) The information processing cycle involves inputting data, processing it, outputting results and storage, with the goal of converting data into useful information.
The document provides information on the fundamentals of digital computers. It defines a computer as a device that performs calculations at high speeds using binary code. The key components of a computer are described as the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and output unit. Various storage devices used in computers are also explained, including hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, tape, mobile storage media, smart cards, and Blu-ray discs. The roles of the system clock, word length, and bus width are outlined.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components presented by Dr. Akhlas Ahmed. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer that perform input, processing, storage, and output. The advantages of hardware for organizations are described as improving productivity, increasing revenue, reducing costs, and enabling collaboration. The main hardware components discussed include the central processing unit, memory, input devices, output devices, and secondary storage.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions of hardware, software, and data. It examines the roles of the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses operating systems and application software, as well as best practices for maintaining computer systems and components. The document concludes with a brief section on ergonomics.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. Charles Babbage is considered the father of the computer. Generations of computers were based on vacuum tubes and digital circuits.
2. Computers play a major role in business, education, government, science and many other fields. The main parts of a computer are the input, output, central processing unit (CPU), memory, motherboard, and storage devices.
3. Software such as operating systems and applications direct the computer's processor to perform tasks. Programming languages like C++ and Java make complex programming simpler. Networks allow computers to share information and resources.
The document provides information on installing and configuring operating systems and peripheral devices for a computer system. It defines key components of the computer including the CPU, memory, control unit, and arithmetic logical unit. It describes operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, and Linux and explains how to install Windows. It also defines common peripheral devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, and monitor. It provides details on installing and connecting peripheral devices like a CD-ROM drive and connecting power and data cables.
This document provides an overview of computer components and software. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate it according to programmed rules, produce output from that processing, and store results. The central processing unit (CPU) contains a control unit that interprets instructions and an arithmetic logic unit that performs logical and arithmetic processes. Input and output devices allow entering and presenting data. Primary storage like RAM stores active data and software, while secondary storage like hard disks store inactive data. The document outlines types of computer systems and peripherals, input and output technologies, and categories of system and application software.
This document provides an introduction to computers. It describes the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, motherboard, and peripheral devices. It also discusses input and output devices, ports, software types, and common uses of computers in daily life such as communication, documentation, and entertainment. The advantages and disadvantages of computer usage are outlined.
Computer software is used to analyze data. There are three main types of software: system software that controls computer operations like the operating system; application software designed for specific tasks like word processing; and programming software that helps developers create other software. Hardware are the physical parts of a computer while software are the instructions that direct the hardware. Together, hardware and software work to accept input, process data, and produce output.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, produce output, and store results. The main components of a computer are the processor, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and software. There are different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, desktops, and laptops. Computer networks connect computers to allow sharing of resources and data over local and wide areas. The largest computer network is the Internet, which also includes the World Wide Web for accessing web pages through a browser. Common computer applications and uses include email, shopping, messaging, entertainment, information access, and electronic commerce.
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce output. It has hardware components like the CPU and memory that execute instructions, as well as software programs. A computer is fast, accurate, can store large amounts of data, and work diligently for long periods without breaks. It has no intelligence or feelings. An operating system coordinates between the user and hardware and allows programs to run. Common functions of operating systems include task scheduling, memory management, and handling input/output.
This document provides an introduction to computers including the types, generations, parts, and functions. It discusses the various types of computers including desktops, laptops, palmtops, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It then describes the four generations of computers from the first to fourth generation and the characteristics of each. The document also outlines the main parts of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users.
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Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
A computer consists of both hardware and software. The hardware includes input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, primary memory like RAM and ROM, secondary memory like hard drives for permanent storage, and output devices like monitors and printers. Software includes system software that controls the hardware and application software for specific tasks. Computers process data by accepting input, processing it according to instructions, producing output, and storing information.
Connecting Hardware Peripherals Level 1 Ver 2 - Copy.pdfEYOHAICTMEDIA
The document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, classifications, and connectivity devices. It defines a computer and describes its key features. It then discusses computer hardware and software, categorizing hardware as internal or external and describing common software types. The document classifies computers based on size and capacity, purpose, and hardware design. It also defines and provides examples of common peripheral devices for input, output, storage, and connectivity. In closing, it outlines various port types for connecting peripheral devices to computers.
1) The document discusses the basics of computer systems, including the four main parts: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the components and functions of computer hardware, software, and how they work together in the information processing cycle.
2) Key hardware components include processors, memory, input/output and storage devices. Common software types are system software like operating systems and applications.
3) The information processing cycle involves inputting data, processing it, outputting results and storage, with the goal of converting data into useful information.
The document provides information on the fundamentals of digital computers. It defines a computer as a device that performs calculations at high speeds using binary code. The key components of a computer are described as the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and output unit. Various storage devices used in computers are also explained, including hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, tape, mobile storage media, smart cards, and Blu-ray discs. The roles of the system clock, word length, and bus width are outlined.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components presented by Dr. Akhlas Ahmed. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer that perform input, processing, storage, and output. The advantages of hardware for organizations are described as improving productivity, increasing revenue, reducing costs, and enabling collaboration. The main hardware components discussed include the central processing unit, memory, input devices, output devices, and secondary storage.
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including definitions of hardware, software, and data. It examines the roles of the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses operating systems and application software, as well as best practices for maintaining computer systems and components. The document concludes with a brief section on ergonomics.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. Charles Babbage is considered the father of the computer. Generations of computers were based on vacuum tubes and digital circuits.
2. Computers play a major role in business, education, government, science and many other fields. The main parts of a computer are the input, output, central processing unit (CPU), memory, motherboard, and storage devices.
3. Software such as operating systems and applications direct the computer's processor to perform tasks. Programming languages like C++ and Java make complex programming simpler. Networks allow computers to share information and resources.
The document provides information on installing and configuring operating systems and peripheral devices for a computer system. It defines key components of the computer including the CPU, memory, control unit, and arithmetic logical unit. It describes operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, and Linux and explains how to install Windows. It also defines common peripheral devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, and monitor. It provides details on installing and connecting peripheral devices like a CD-ROM drive and connecting power and data cables.
This document provides an overview of computer components and software. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate it according to programmed rules, produce output from that processing, and store results. The central processing unit (CPU) contains a control unit that interprets instructions and an arithmetic logic unit that performs logical and arithmetic processes. Input and output devices allow entering and presenting data. Primary storage like RAM stores active data and software, while secondary storage like hard disks store inactive data. The document outlines types of computer systems and peripherals, input and output technologies, and categories of system and application software.
This document provides an introduction to computers. It describes the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, motherboard, and peripheral devices. It also discusses input and output devices, ports, software types, and common uses of computers in daily life such as communication, documentation, and entertainment. The advantages and disadvantages of computer usage are outlined.
Computer software is used to analyze data. There are three main types of software: system software that controls computer operations like the operating system; application software designed for specific tasks like word processing; and programming software that helps developers create other software. Hardware are the physical parts of a computer while software are the instructions that direct the hardware. Together, hardware and software work to accept input, process data, and produce output.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, produce output, and store results. The main components of a computer are the processor, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and software. There are different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, desktops, and laptops. Computer networks connect computers to allow sharing of resources and data over local and wide areas. The largest computer network is the Internet, which also includes the World Wide Web for accessing web pages through a browser. Common computer applications and uses include email, shopping, messaging, entertainment, information access, and electronic commerce.
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce output. It has hardware components like the CPU and memory that execute instructions, as well as software programs. A computer is fast, accurate, can store large amounts of data, and work diligently for long periods without breaks. It has no intelligence or feelings. An operating system coordinates between the user and hardware and allows programs to run. Common functions of operating systems include task scheduling, memory management, and handling input/output.
This document provides an introduction to computers including the types, generations, parts, and functions. It discusses the various types of computers including desktops, laptops, palmtops, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It then describes the four generations of computers from the first to fourth generation and the characteristics of each. The document also outlines the main parts of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users.
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2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER….
A COMPUTER IS A DEVICE THAT ACCEPTS INFORMATION (IN THE
FORM OF DIGITALIZED DATA) AND MANIPULATES IT FOR SOME
RESULT BASED ON A PROGRAM OR SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONS ON
HOW THE DATA IS TO BE PROCESSED. COMPLEX COMPUTERS ALSO
INCLUDE THE MEANS FOR STORING DATA (INCLUDING THE
PROGRAM, WHICH IS ALSO A FORM OF DATA) FOR SOME NECESSARY
DURATION. A PROGRAM MAY BE INVARIABLE AND BUILT INTO THE
COMPUTER (AND CALLED LOGIC CIRCUITRY AS IT IS ON
MICROPROCESSORS) OR DIFFERENT PROGRAMS MAY BE PROVIDED TO
THE COMPUTER (LOADED INTO ITS STORAGE AND THEN STARTED BY
AN ADMINISTRATOR OR USER). TODAY'S COMPUTERS HAVE BOTH
KINDS OF PROGRAMMING.
3. COMPUTER CATEGORIES
• Personal digital assistant (PDA):
a small hand-held computer that
performs simple tasks
• Tablet computer:
a pen-based computer that
provides the screen capabilities
of a PDA with the functional
capabilities of a notebook
4. COMPUTER CATEGORIES
• Desktop computer
• Minicomputer - designed to meet
the computing needs of several
people simultaneously in a small to
medium-size business environment
• Notebook computer:
a fully functional computer
designed to be carried around
5. • Mainframe computer -
designed to meet the
computing needs of hundreds
of people in a large business
environment
• Supercomputers - the fastest,
most powerful, and most
expensive type of computer
7. ANATOMY OF COMPUTER AND ITS
WORKING
• Hardware – physical aspects of computers,
telecommunications, and other information technology devices
• Example: Keyboard, monitor
• Software -a general term for the various kinds of programs
used to operate computers and related devices
• Example: Microsoft Excel
8. SIX CATEGORIES OF HARDWARE
• Input Device
• Output device
• Storage device
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Telecommunications device
• Connecting device
9. COMMON INPUT DEVICES
Input device is a tool used to capture information and
commands
• Keyboard
• Point-of-sale (POS)
• Microphone
• Mouse
• Pointing stick
11. COMMON OUTPUT DEVICES
Output device is equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the
results of information processing
• Monitors
Cathode-ray tubes (CRTs)
Flat-panel displays
Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors
Gas plasma displays
12. COMMON OUTPUT DEVICES
• Printer
Inkjet printers - make images by forcing ink droplets through
nozzles
Laser printers - form images using an electrostatic process,
the same way a photocopier works
Multifunction printers - scan, copy, and fax, as well as print
15. 15
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
• RAM - temporary storage that
holds the current information,
the application software
currently being used, and the
operating system software
16. •Memory
• A large collection of circuits, each capable of storing bit
• Cells (words): manageable units; typical size is 8 bits (1
byte), some machines are 16 bits (2 bytes) and some
are 32 bits or 64 bits
• Byte (8 bits), KB (kilobyte, 103 210 bytes), MB (Megabyte, 106
220 bytes), GB (Gigabyte, 109 230 bytes). Note: k ≠ K
because 1000 ≠ 1024.
17. 17
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• CPU - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the
program instructions and coordinates how all the other
hardware devices work together.
• Control unit - interprets software instructions and tells the
other hardware devices what to do, based on the software
instructions
• Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic
operations and all logic operations
• CPU Speed
• Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per
second
• Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per
18. • “brain” of a computer, consisting of
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic calculations (addition,
subtraction...) and logic decisions (>, <, =, ...)
• Control Unit (CU): decodes each machine instruction and sends signal to
other components for carrying out the instruction.
• An integrated circuit (IC) that is a full central processing unit is called a
microprocessor (p); a CPU’s current instruction and data values are
stored temporally inside the CPU in special high-speed memory location
called registers.
• CPU speed: ? MHz (M: Mega = 106, Hz=1/sec);
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU),
20. 20
COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE
• Connectivity software
• enables a computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer
• Web browser software
• enables a computer to surf the Web
• E-mail software
• enables electronic communication with other people by sending and
receiving e-mail
21. 21
WIRELESS CONNECTION
• Infrared also called IR or IrDA (infrared data association) - uses
red light to send and receive information
• Bluetooth - standard for transmitting information in the form
of short range radio waves over distances of up to 30 feet and
is used for purposes such as wirelessly connecting a cell phone
or a PDA to a computer
• WiFi (wireless fidelity) - standard for transmitting information
in the form of radio waves over distances up to about 300 feet
22. 22
CONNECTING DEVICES
• Connecting devices enable the hardware to communicate with
each other
• A parallel connector is used to plug a printer into a system box
• Parallel connector interfaces with a parallel port that is connected to an
expansion card
23. 23
BUSES, EXPANSION SLOTS, EXPANSION
CARDS; PORTS, CONNECTORS
• Expansion bus - moves information from the CPU and RAM to all of
the other hardware devices
• Expansion slot - a long skinny socket on the motherboard into which
an expansion card is inserted
• Expansion card - a circuit board that is inserted into an expansion
slot
• Ports - simply the plug-ins found on the outside of the system box
into which a connector is plugged into
• Popular connectors include:
• USB (universal serial bus)
• Serial connector
• Parallel connector
27. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• System Software includes the Operating System and all the
utilities that enable the computer to function.
• System software is a term referring to any computer software
which manages and controls the hardware so that application
software can perform a task.
• Example
• Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter.
28. APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
• Application Software includes programs that do real work for
user.
• Example:
• Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database
Management System etc.,
29. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE:
• Open source software (OSS) is computer software whose
source code is available under a license that permits users to
use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in
modified or unmodified form.
• It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner.
• Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape, Apache, etc.,
30. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Operating System:
• Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually
work.
• It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
• The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
• OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the
machine hardware.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
31. PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE
• Proprietary software (also called non-free software) is software
with restrictions on using, copying and modifying as enforced
by the proprietor. Restrictions on use, modification and
copying is achieved by either legal or technical means and
sometimes both.
• Proponents of proprietary software are Microsoft.
• Ex: CAD, Nortan Antivirus etc.,
32. SYSTEM SOFTWARE (CONT.):
• Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a program in one
language – the source language and translates into an
equivalent program in another language – the target language.
Source
Languages
Target Languages
‘C’ language ‘C’ language
‘Pascal’ language Machine language
FORTRAN language
C++ language
ADA language
33. SYSTEM SOFTWARE (CONT.):
• Loader: A loader is the part of an operating system that is
responsible for loading programs into memory, preparing them
for execution and then executing them.
• The loader is usually a part of the operating system's kernel
and usually is loaded at system boot time and stays in memory
until the system is rebooted, shut down, or powered off.
• In Unix, the loader is the handler for the system call execve().
34. SYSTEM SOFTWARE (CONT.):
• Linker: A linker or link editor is a program that takes one or
more objects generated by compilers and assembles them into
a single executable program.
• Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library.
The objects are program modules containing machine code and
information for the linker.
• The linker takes care of arranging the objects in a program's
address space.
35. SYSTEM SOFTWARE (CONT.):
• Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that translates and
executes instructions written in a computer programming language
line-by-line, unit by unit etc.,
• An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or parse, instructions
written in the source language.
• Example: Lisp systems, etc.,
36. APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing,
and printing documents. Word processors will normally have the
following capabilities built into them:
• Spell checking
• Standard layouts for normal documents
• Have some characters appear in bold print, italics,
or underlined
• Center lines, make text line up on the left side of
the paper, or the right side of the paper
• Save the document so it can be used again
• print the document.
Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word
37. APPLICATION SOFTWARE (CONT.…):
Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are designed to use
numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of
spreadsheets include:
• Budgets
• Payrolls
• Grade Calculations
• Address Lists
The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel
and Lotus 123.
38. APPLICATION SOFTWARE (CONT.…):
Graphic Presentations: The presentation programs can
make giving presentations and using overheads easier. Other uses
include:
• Slide Shows
• Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer
monitor
• Using Sound and animation in slide shows
The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft
PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.
39. APPLICATION SOFTWARE (CONT.…):
Database Management System (DBMS):
• A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to store, access,
and process data into useful information.
• Database programs are designed for these types of applications:
• Membership lists
• Student lists
• Grade reports
• Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find what you need
quickly and accurately.
• Example: Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.