The document provides information about the various components that make up a computer system. It discusses the hardware components including the monitor, modem, system unit, mouse, speakers, printer, keyboard and motherboard. It also describes the software that controls the computer including operating systems and application software. Finally, it outlines the main parts that comprise the system unit such as the central processing unit, power supply, fan, heat sink, video card and hard drive.

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Page 1 BRD
Back BoardBack Board
LPTLPT
Com ProtCom Prot
Serial ProtSerial Prot
Print ProtPrint Prot
VGAVGA
Game ProtGame Prot
USBUSB
PS2PS2
Line InLine In
Line OutLine Out
MicaMica
Key BoardKey Board
MouseMouse
PCIPCI
AGPAGP
CMOSCMOS
Front BoardFront Board
On BoardOn Board
Hard Disk IDEHard Disk IDE
Floppy IDEFloppy IDE
SMPSSMPS
ProcesserProcesser
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
Primary SDPrimary SD
Secondary SDSecondary SD
RAMRAM
ROMROM
Chip SetChip Set
HDDHDD
CDCD
DVDDVD
BRDBRD
Chip SetChip SetCPUCPU
Extra Case FanExtra Case Fan
Zip DriveZip Drive
Floppy DriveFloppy Drive
Power CardPower Card
Power SupplyPower Supply
FanFan
Heat SinkHeat Sink
Video CardVideo Card
ModemModem
Sound CardSound Card
Ribbon CableRibbon Cable
Mother BoardMother Board
CD-Rom or
DVD Drive
CD-Rom or
DVD Drive
HDDHDD
MonitorMonitor
ModemModem
System
Unit
System
Unit
MouserMouser
SpeakerSpeaker
PrinterPrinter
Keyboar
d
Keyboar
d
ComputerComputer North BridgeNorth Bridge
South BridgeSouth Bridge
Audio PortAudio Port

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The term computer is used to describe a device made up of electronic and electro mechanical computers.
The computer itself cannot perform any task and is referred to as hardware.
A computer system consists of three elements
I. Hardware.
II. Software
III. User
I. Hardware
The physical components which you can see, touch and feel in the computer system are called
"Hardware". Example monitor, keyboard, mouse etc...
II. Software
Software is used to describe the instruction that tells the computer how to perform a task. Software is
categorized
1) System Software {Example. Operating System, Compliers, Editors etc...}
2) Application Software {Example. MS-Word, Excel, Accounting Packages etc...}
III. User
Users who use operate the computer and also create computer software instructions...
MS-Word
MS-Excel
Accounting Packages
Operating System
Compliers
Editors
System Software Application Software
Keyboard
Monitor
Mouse
UsreHardware Software
Computer
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Main Parts of computer
1. Monitor
A monitor or display is electronic visual display for computer. The
monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The
display device in modem monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid
crystal display (TFT-CD) thin pane, while older monitors use a cathode
ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.
2. Modem
A modem modulates outgoing digital signals from a computer or other digital
device to analog signals for a conventional copper twisted pair telephone line and
demodulates the incoming analog signal and converts it to a digital signal for the
digital device
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3. System Unit
Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the
processing power of the computer.
Power Supply
A power supply changes normal household electricity into electricity that a
computer can use.
Fan
A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer
case used for active cooling, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the
case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heat
sink to cool a particular component.
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Heat sink
A heat sink is a device that is attached to a microprocessor chip to keep it from
overheating by absorbing its heat and dissipating it into the air
Video card
The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send
graphical information to a video display device such as monitor or projector.
Modem
A modem is essentially a phone that is in your computer that allows you to connect
to a network like an internet service provider over the phone line.
Sound card
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an
internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output
of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer
programs
Ribbon cable
A "Ribbon cable" (also known as multi-wire planar cable) is a cable with
many conducting wires running parallel to each other on the same flat plane. As a
result the cable is wide and flat. Its name comes from the resemblance of the cable
to a piece of ribbon.
Motherboard
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The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also
known as the main board or system board.
CD-Room or DVD drive
DVD-ROM stands for read-only memory and refers to a drive that can read DVD
discs. The advent of DVD-ROM drives has made it easier for computer users to access
large amounts of data as well as providing a medium for watching video.
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not
writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 “Yellow
Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form
of binary data
Hard Drive
A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk
drive," those stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on
an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
Power card
The system unit was hotter than usual so I thought that the PSU encountered some
overheating.
Floppy drive
The floppy drive reads data from, and writes data to, a small disk. The most
common type of floppy drive is the 3.5" drive, followed by the 5.25" drive, among other
sizes
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Zip drive
A Zip drive is a small, portable disk drive used primarily for backing up and
archiving personal computer files
Extra case fan
You have searched for "Extra Case Fans" . You might be interested in the
following threads:
• Extra Case Fans for Antic Two Hundred Case
• Help with Cooling in HAF 912 case
• First time buying gaming comp. $4000 system off of Cyber power
• New System
• Will these 2 fans be enough to cool my sly system?
4. Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-
dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse
consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more
buttons.
5. Speaker
Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a
computer that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker.
6. Printer
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text or graphics of
documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as
paper or transparencies.
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7. Keyboard
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style
keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to
act as mechanical levers or electronic switches
Motherboard
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The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together. The CPU, memory, hard
drives, optical drives, video card, sound and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard
directly or via cables.
1. Chipset
A chipset is a collection of chips or circuits that perform interface and peripheral functions for the
processor. There are two types of bridges
1. Northbridge.
2. Southbridge.
1. Northbridge
Northbridge is control high speed devices. i.e., Processer, RAM, AGP {Accelerated Graphics Port} and
etc... It is also called as Graphics Memory Controller Hub {GMCH}. It is controller that interconnects the CPU
to memory via the Front Side Bus {FSB}. The Northbridge may include a display controller, obviating the need
for a separate display adapter.
2. Southbridge
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Southbridge controls low speed device. i.e., USB Bus, CD, Floppy and etc... Earlier chipsets supported
the ISA bus in the Southbridge.
2. Switch Mode Power Supply {SWPS}
A switched -Mode Power Supply {Switching-mode power supply, SMPS or Switcher} is an electronic
power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
AT {Advance Technology}:
The older supply used by AT systems has two 6-pin connectors (labeled P8 & P9) that connect to the
system board. It is possible to connect P8 & P9 round the wrong way — if this happens then the system board
will fry!
ATX {Advance Technology Extinction}:
ATX style PSUs use a single 20-pin adaptor, but may also sport auxiliary connectors for system boards
requiring higher currents. The main connector carries 12V, 5V and 3.3V supplies.
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BTX {Balanced Technology Extended}:
BTX was intended to replace the ATX form factor. It offers better airflow but has been largely shunned
by manufacturers. Technically, a 20-pin ATX connector can be plugged straight into a 24-pin motherboard
socket, leaving pins 11, 12, 23, and 24 unconnected
Micro BTX:
3. Processor
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a
computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit {CPU}. The processor in
a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor. It is made with same
conductors {transistors, Flap Flops, Registers}.
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Processors are two types. There is
1. Slate Processer
2. Socket Processer.
How processor works
Speed of Processor
Process with Speed
4004 4 Bit 108 KHz
Pentene/ P-Pro 32 Bit 33 – 133 MHz
P-2 Coleen/ Xeon 32 Bit 133 – 450 MHz
P -3 Coleen/ Xeon 32 Bit 450 MHz – 1.3 GHz
P -4 Coleen/ Xeon 32 Bit 1.3 – 3.8 GHz
P- 4 Extinction 64 Bit 1.3 – 4.2 GHZ
Cache Memory
Cache is a integrated temporary buffer. Its stores frequently and recently used instructions. It is also
working along with speed of the processer.
Proce
ssor
CPU
RAM
Interim Bus Adders P6 Data Bus Power
Data I/O (or) Front Side Bus (FSB)
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L1 cache 8KB – 512 KB
L2 cache 64KB – 2 MB
L3 cache 512KB – 4 MB
4. Storage Devices
Storage device is a hardware device capable of storing information. There are two storage devices used in
computer; a primary storage device such as computer RAM, ROM and secondary storage device such as a
computer hard drive.
Primary Storage
Internal Memory, Main Memory and primary Memory is a storage location that holds memory for short
periods of time while the computer running. Primary storage memories are RAM, ROM Cache and etc…
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is a form of computer data storage it takes the form of integrated circuits that allows stored data to be
accessed in an order with a worst case performance of constant time. The first RAM modules to come into the
market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s and early 1970s. RAM’s are mainly classified
into two types. One is static RAM and another one is Dynamic RAM.
Static RAM
It is used multiple transistors, typically four to six, for each memory cell but doesn’t have a capacitor in
each cell. It is used primarily for cache.
Storage Devices
Primary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Devices
RAM
Static RAM (S-RAM) Dynamic RAM (D-RAM)
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Dynamic RAM
D-RAM has memory cells with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing.
Extended Data Output RAM (EDO RAM)
EDO RAM is a type of RAM chip that improves the time to read from memory on faster microprocessors such
as the Intel Pentium.
D-RAM
EDO RAM SD RAM DDR RAM DDR2 RAM RD RAM
EDO RAM
8 Bit RAM 32 Bit RAM
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With - 8 Bit with - 32 Bit
Speed - 8 MHz Speed - 32 MHz
Capability - 8 MB Capabilities - 32 MB
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SD RAM)
SD RAM is generic name for various kinds of dynamic random access memory (D RAM) that are
synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for.
With - 64 Bit
Speed - 33 – 133 MHz
Capability - 32 – 512 MB
Pines - Front – 1 to 84
Back – 85 to 168
Double Data Rate RAM (DDR RAM)
DDR RAM is a type of very fast computer memory. DDR RAM is based on the same architecture as SD
RAM, but utilizes the clock signal differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount of time.
With - 64 Bit
Speed - 233 – 433 MHz
Capability - 128 MB – 1 GB
Pines - Front – 1 to 93
Back – 92 to 184
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Double Data Rate 2 RAMS (DDR2 RAM)
DDR2 allows higher bus speed and requires lower power by running the internal clock at half the speed
of the data bus.
With - 64 Bit
Speed - 533 – 833 MHz
Capability - 256 MB – 2 GB
Pines - Front – 1 to 121
Back – 120 to 240
Ram bus Dynamic RAM (RD RAM / DDR3 RAM)
RD RAM is a memory sub-system that promises to transfer up to 1.6 Billion bytes per second.
With - 64 Bit
Speed - 233 – 433 MHz
Capability - 128 – 1 GB
Pines - Front – 1 to 93
Back – 92 to 184
2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
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ROM is a class of storage medium used in computer and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM
cannot be modified or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute
firmware.
Programmable ROM
P ROM or Field programmable read-only memory (FP ROM) or One-time programmable Non-volatile
memory (OTP NVM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is a locked b a fuse or antiques.
 Never update the program.
Erasable Programmable ROM
It is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power. Supply is switched off. In other words, it
is non-volatile.
 Only once update the program
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
It is type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amount
of data that must be saved when power is removed.
ROM
P ROM EP ROM EEP ROM
P ROMP ROM
GlassGlass
DICDIC
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 Update many time the program.
Secondary Storage
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
In a personal computer, a HDD is the mechanism that controls the positioning, reading, and writing of
the hard disk, which furnishes the largest amount of data storage for the PC. Although the hard disk drive (often
shortened to "hard drive") and the hard disk are not the same thing, they are packaged as a unit and so either
term is sometimes used to refer to the whole unit.
Secondary Storage Device
Magnetic Storage Device Optical Storage Device
Floppy, Magnetic Tape, Power
Tape, HDD and etc…
CD, DVD, BRD and etc…
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Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
ATA is the official name that American National Standards Institute group X3T10 uses for what the
computer industry calls Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE).
Parallel ATA
PATA, also known as Parallel is a type of internal computer port that attaches to hard drives and other
devices. PATA has been replaced by the faster, sleeker port technology known as Serial ATA, or SATA.
Virtually all devices are now made to conform to the SATA standard.
Speed: 33- 133 MHz
Data Transforming Rate: 150 MBps
RPM: 3400 – 7200
Pines: 40 P
Serial ATA
Serial ATA is a new standard for connecting hard drives into computer systems. As its name implies,
SATA is based on serial signaling technology, unlike current IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) hard drives
that use parallel signaling.
HDD
ATA SCSI
ATA
P ATA S ATA
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SATA has several practical advantages over the parallel signaling (also called Parallel ATA or PATA)
that has been used in hard drives since the 1980s. SATA cables are more flexible, thinner, and less massive than
the ribbon cables required for conventional PATA hard drives. SATA cables can be considerably longer than
PATA ribbon cables, allowing the designer more latitude in the physical layout of a system. Because there are
fewer conductors (only 7 in SATA as compared with 40 in PATA), crosstalk and electromagnetic interference
(EMI) are less likely to be troublesome. The signal voltage is much lower as well (250 mV for SATA as
compared with 5 V for PATA).
Speed: 233- 2500 MHz
Data Transforming Rate: 480 MBps
RPM: 7600 – 10000
Pines: 7 P
Advantages of SATA over PATA
There are two types of hard drive connections that a computer could have: Parallel ATA (PATA) and Serial
ATA (SATA). SATA is most commonly used in nearly all computers today, due to below mentioned
advantages.
Advantages
Increased data transfer rate
The primary reason SATA is used over PATA is because of the increased data transfer speeds with that
SATA. PATA is capable of data transfers speeds of 66/100/133 MBs/second, whereas SATA is capable
of 150/300/600 MBs/second. The speed differences are due to the various flavors of PATA and SATA,
with the fastest speeds being the latest version of each currently available. You'll notice that SATA's
slowest speed is still faster than PATA's fastest speed. The improved speed of SATA allows for
programs to load faster, as well as pictures and larger documents. For video game enthusiasts, faster data
transfer speeds can mean better gaming experiences (i.e. smoother game-play).
Easy cable management and cable length
Another advantage of SATA over PATA is the length of the cable connecting the hard drive to the
computer motherboard. The max length of a PATA cable is 18-inches, whereas a SATA cable can be up
to 3.3 feet (1 meter) in length. This allows for more flexibility on where a hard drive can be mounted in a
computer case.
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Increased airflow
SATA cables are also smaller in size than a PATA cable, allowing for increased airflow inside the
computer case and decreased heat buildup. This can help improve the overall life of a computer.
Support for more drives
There are typically four to six SATA connections on a computer motherboard, allowing for multiple
SATA hard drives to be hooked up. There are usually only two PATA connections on a computer
motherboard that supports a total of four PATA hard drives.
Disadvantages
Drivers and support
There are only a few small disadvantages of SATA over PATA. One disadvantage is that SATA hard
drives will sometimes require a specific driver to be loaded to a computer when installing an operating
system, in order for the computer to utilize the SATA hard drive. This has more recently been rectified
by allowing a SATA hard drive to act like a PATA hard drive, thus eliminating the need for the specific
driver to be loaded. However, some SATA functionality will be lost in order to gain this mimic
functionality.
Older operating systems such as Windows 95 and 98 that were released long before SATA was
introduced will also not support SATA drives.
One drive per cable
Another disadvantage with SATA is that the cable allows for only one SATA hard drive to be connected
at a time. Whereas a PATA cable allows for hooking up two PATA hard drives per cable
SCSI
SCSI (pronounced SKUH-zee and sometimes colloquially known as "skuzzy"), the Small Computer
System Interface, is a set of ANSI standard electronic interfaces that allow personal computers to communicate
with peripheral hardware such as disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners faster and
more flexibly than previous interfaces. Developed at Apple Computer and still used in the Macintosh, the
present set of SCSIs are parallel interfaces. SCSI ports continue to be built into many personal computers today
and are supported by all major operating systems.
In addition to faster data rates, SCSI is more flexible than earlier parallel data transfer interfaces. The
latest SCSI standard, Ultra-2 SCSI for a 16-bit bus can transfer data at up to 80 megabytes per second
(MBps).SCSI allows up to 7 or 15 devices (depending on the bus width) to be connected to a single SCSI port
in daisy-chain fashion. This allows one circuit board or card to accommodate all the peripherals, rather than
having a separate card for each device, making it an ideal interface for use with portable and notebook
computers. A single host adapter, in the form of a PC Card, can serve as a SCSI interface for a laptop, freeing
up the parallel and serial ports for use with an external modem and printer while allowing other devices to be
used in addition.
Although not all devices support all levels of SCSI, the evolving SCSI standards are generally
backwards-compatible. That is, if you attach an older device to a newer computer with support for a later
standard, the older device will work at the older and slower data rate.
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The original SCSI, now known as SCSI-1, evolved into SCSI-2, known as "plain SCSI." as it became
widely supported. SCSI-3 consists of a set of primary commands and additional specialized command sets to
meet the needs of specific device types. The collection of SCSI-3 command sets is used not only for the SCSI-3
parallel interface but for additional parallel and serial protocols, including Fiber Channel, Serial Bus Protocol
(used with the IEEE 1394Firewire physical protocol), and the Serial Storage Protocol (SSP).
A widely implemented SCSI standard is Ultra-2 (sometimes spelled "Ultra2") which uses a
40MHz clock rate to get maximum data transfer rates up to 80 MBps. It provides a longer possible cabling
distance (up to 12 meters) by using low voltage differential (LVD) signaling. Earlier forms of SCSIs use a
single wire that ends in a terminator with a ground. Ultra-2 SCSI sends the signal over two wires with the data
represented as the difference in voltage between the two wires. This allows support for longer cables. A low
voltage differential reduces power requirements and manufacturing costs.
The latest SCSI standard is Ultra-3 (sometimes spelled "Ultra3")which increases the maximum burst
rate from 80 Mbps to 160 Mbps by being able to operate at the full clock rate rather than the half-clock rate of
Ultra-2. The standard is also sometimes referred to as Ultra160/m. New disk drives supporting Ultra160/m will
offer much faster data transfer rates. Ultra160/m also includes cyclical redundancy checking (CRC) for ensuring
the integrity of transferred data and domain validation for testing the SCSI network.
Currently existing SCSI standards are summarized in the table below.
Technology
Name
Maximum Cable
Length (meters)
Maximum
Speed
(MBps)
Maximum
Number of
Devices
SCSI-1 6 5 8
SCSI-2 6 5-10 8 or 16
Fast SCSI-2 3 10-20 8
Wide SCSI-2 3 20 16
Fast Wide SCSI-2 3 20 16
Ultra SCSI-3, 8-bit 1.5 20 8
Ultra SCSI-3, 16-bit 1.5 40 16
Ultra-2 SCSI 12 40 8
Wide Ultra-2 SCSI 12 80 16
Ultra-3 (Ultra160/m) SCSI 12 160 16
Speed: 633 MHz
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Data Transforming Rate: 600 MBps
RPM: 10000 - 15000
Pines: 50 P, 68 P and 80 P.
Compact Disc (Spelled Disk)
A CD is a small, portable, round medium made of molded polymer (close in size to the floppy disk) for
electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other information in digital form.
Tape cartridges and CDs generally replaced the phonograph record for playing back music. At home, CDs have
tended to replace the tape cartridge although the latter is still widely used in cars and portable playback devices.
Initially, CDs were read-only, but newer technology allows users to record as well. CDs will probably
continue to be popular for music recording and playback. A newer technology, the digital versatile disc (DVD),
stores much more in the same space and is used for playing back movies.
Some variations of the CD include:
 CD-ROM
 CD-i
 CD-RW
 CD-ROM XA
 CD-W
 Photo CD
 Video CD
File System: CDFS (Compact Disc File System).
Source: Laser Light.
Capacity: Single Side Single Layer 700 MB
Single Side Double Layer 800 MB
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DVD
DVD is an optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided, one-layered
disk, which is enough for a 133-minute movie. DVDs can be single- or double-sided, and can have two layers
on each side; a double-sided, two-layered DVD will hold up to 17 gigabytes of video, audio, or other
information. This compares to 650 megabytes (.65 gigabyte) of storage for a CD-ROM disk.
DVD uses the MPEG-2 file and compression standard. MPEG-2 images have four times the resolution
of MPEG-1 images and can be delivered at 60 interlaced fields per second where two fields constitute one
image frame. (MPEG-1 can deliver 30 no interlaced frames per second.) Audio quality on DVD is comparable
to that of current audio compact discs.
Formats:
 DVD-Video is the format designed for full-length movies that work with your television set.
 DVD-ROM is the type of drive and disc for use on computers. The DVD drive will usually also play
regular CD-ROM discs and DVD-Video disks.
 DVD-RAM is the writeable version.
 DVD-Audio is a CD-replacement format.
 There are a number of recordable DVD formats, including DVD-R for General, DVD-R for Authoring,
DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+R.
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DVD was originally said to stand for digital video disc, and later for digital versatile disc. The current
official stance of the DVD Forum is that the format should just be referred to as DVD.
File System: UDFS (Universal Disk Format / File System).
Source: Red Laser Light.
Capacity: Single Side Single Layer 4.7 GB
Single Side Double Layer 8.5GB
Double Side Single Layer 9.4 GB
Double Side Double Layer 17.1 GB
Blue Ray Disk (BRD)
BD is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The plastic disc is 120 mm in
diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blue-ray Discs
contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video
discs. Triple layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.
File System: UDFS (Universal Disk Format / File System).
Source: Blue Laser Light.
Capacity: Single Side Single Layer 25 GB
Single Side Double Layer 54GB
Double Side Single Layer GB
Double Side Double Layer 200 GB
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5. Back Panel
Line/ Local Printer Terminal (LPT):
LPT is the usual designation for a parallel port
connection to a printer or other device on a personal computer.
The data transfer rates were limited to 150KBPs in the forward
direction (Compatibility / Centronic Mode) and 50KBPs in the
reverse direction (Nibble and byte modes).
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Comport:
Serial Port:
A serial port is a serial communication physical interface
through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time serial
port common bit rates include 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200,
38400, 57600 and 115200 bit/s.
Printer Port:
A parallel port is a type of interface found on
computer for connecting various peripherals.
Video Graphics Adopter (VGA):
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VGA refer specifically to the display hardware first
introduced with the IBM PC/2 line of computers in 1987, but
through its wide spread adoption has also come to mean either an
analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-Subminiature
VGA.
Game Port:
The game port is a device port found on IBM PC compatible
systems throughout the 1980s and 1990s. It was the traditional
connector for joystick input devices until superseded by USB in the
21st
century.
Universal Serial Bus (USB):
USB is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that
defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus
for connection, a communication and power supply between computers
and electronic devices.
USB Type Speed Release Date
USB 1.0 1.5 Mbps January 1996
USB 1.1 12 Mbps September 1998
USB 2.0 480 Mbps April 2000
USB 3.0 5 Gbps November 2008
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Personal System Connection 2 (PS2):
The PS2 is a 6-pin Mini-Din connector used
for connecting some keyboard and mouse. Mouse
colored is Green and Keyboard is Purple.
Audio Port:
Line-In: This port is where sound from an external source enters the
card, such as recording from a tape recorder. On many sound cards this
port is light blue.
Line-Out: Where sound is output; usually to head phones or stereo
speakers. On many cards this port is lime green
Mica: Microphone port, usually pink.
6. On Board
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE):
IDE is a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard’s data paths or bus and the
computer’s disk storage devices.
IDE
Hard Disk IDE Floppy IDE
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Hard Disk IDE:
Total  36 Pines.
Floppy IDE:
Total  33Pines
7. Front panel
A front panel was used on early electronic computers to display and allow the alteration of the state of
the machine's internal registers and memory. The front panel usually consisted of arrays of indicator
lamps, toggle switches, and push buttons mounted on a sheet metal face plate.
19 Pines19 Pines
20 Pines20 Pines
17 Pines17 Pines
16 Pines16 Pines
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8. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
Conventional PCI (PCI is an initialize formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect, part of the PCI
Local Bus standard and often shortened to PCI) is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.
The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor, but in a standardized format that is independent of any
particular processor. Devices connected to the bus appear to the processor to be connected directly to the
processor bus, and are assigned addresses in the processor's address space.
Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such
as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. PCI video cards replaced ISA and VESA cards, until
growing bandwidth requirements outgrew the capabilities of PCI; the preferred interface for video cards
became AGP, and then PCI Express. PCI video cards remain available for use with old PCs without AGP or
PCI Express slots.
9. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
The AGP is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer’s motherboard,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Originally it was designed as a successor to
PCI type connections. Since 2004 AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe). By
mid-2009 PCIe cards dominated the market; AGP cards and motherboards were still produced, but OEM driver
support was minimal. By 2010 few new motherboards had AGP slots. No new motherboard chipsets were
equipped with AGP support, but motherboards continued to be produced with older chipsets with support for
AGP.
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10.Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS)
CMOS is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used
in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also
used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data converters, and highly
integrated transceivers for many types of communication. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are
high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal, a
characteristic of all electronic circuits. Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that
uses electric energy.
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11.Jumper Pins
In a computer, a jumper is a pair of prongs that are electrical contact points set into the
computer motherboard or an adapter card . When you set a jumper, you place a plug on the prongs that
completes a contact. In effect, the jumper acts as a switch by closing (or opening) an electrical circuit. Jumpers
can be added or removed to change the function or performance of a PC component. A group of jumpers is
sometimes called a jumper block.
Jumper pins (points to be connected by the jumper) are arranged in groups called jumper blocks, each
group having at least one pair of contact points. An appropriately sized conductive sleeve called a jumper, or
more technically, a jumper shunt, is slipped over the pins to complete the circuit.
Partition
Partition a process of electronically on logically HDD space is sub divided into group slanders.
Dos Partition:
It was used only Windows Operating System Loading
Partition
Dos Partition Non-Dos Partition
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Non-Dos Partition:
It was used only other Operating System Loading (Linux, UNIX, etc…).
Primary Non-Dos Partition:
It creates the C drive.
Extended Non-Dos Partition:
It creates the Logical drives like D,E,F, etc…
How to partition ur hard disk with CMD
Step 1: open CMD.
Step 2: type diskpart
Step 3: type list vol.
Step 4: sel vol in my case in foin to chose da volume that I want to partition.
Step 5: type sel vol it says vol 2 is knoe selected.
Step 6: type shrink desired-wat eva amount u wnt in my case in goin to do 12000 press enter wait for a
few seconds it says it’s done.
Knoe go to start left click on my computer click manage select disk management. It’s 11GB.
Non-Dos Partition
Primary Extended
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Formation
Formatting is a process which creates traces and sectors or creates a file system. Formatting is two types
one is Low-level formatting and another one is High-level formatting. Low-level formatting is used only
manufactures. Manufactures was Creates the Takes, Segments, Sectors. High-level formatting is used only
Users. Users can create the File System.
File system is a sequential method of Reading and Writing files in the storage. There are many types of
file system are there. These are Windows File System, Dos File System, Etc…
Windows File System will be classified in to 4 types. These are FAT, NTFS, CDFS and UDFS.
File Allocation Table (FAT):
FAT 12  Floppy’s -- It support 16MB.
FAT 16  HDD -- It support 02GB
FAT 32  HDD -- It support 04TB
It is used up to windows XP version only.
New Technology File System (NTFS):
It is used Windows XP Service 2 onwards.
Compact Disk File System (CDFS):
It is used only CD.
User Defined File System (NTFS):
It is used in DVD and BRD.
Windows XP Formatting Process:
Before the install/reinstallation of Windows XP, I highly recommend that you download Service Pack 3
“for multiple computers” and burn it onto a CD. The download is approximately 316.4MB. If you choose not to
do this step, your system could become infected with a virus or worm exploiting the vulnerabilities that Service
Pack 3 fixes. I also recommend that you do NOT have your system connected to the Internet until after the
installation of Service Pack 3. This means that you cannot activate your XP installation during setup, but you
can accomplish that task following a reboot after Service Pack 3 is installed.
1) Shall we begin?
After configuring the system for booting from a CD, the Windows Setup screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
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2) Welcome to Setup.
The “Welcome to Setup” screen appears with the option of Continuing Setup, Repair a previous installation, or
Quitting.
Press ENTER to Continue Setup.
You may also choose R to Repair or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
3) Windows XP Licensing Agreement.
The “Windows XP Licensing Agreement” screen, otherwise known as “EULA,” displays the legal in’s and
out’s of this particular software package.
You may press F8 to signify that you agree with the terms, hit ESC if you do not agree and PAGE UP or PAGE
DOWN to scroll through each screen. Note: If you do not agree to the terms, setup will quit and reboot the
system.
4) Insert the previous version.
As this is an Upgrade, a previous qualifying product is required to be inserted in the CD drive to continue. Even
though Microsoft states that “Windows 95″ cannot be upgraded to XP Home, the CD is good enough for a clean
install.
At this point, the options include pressing ENTER to Continue or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
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5) Hard drive partition information.
Hard drive partition information is now displayed. This varies with each systems hardware configuration.
This example already has a partition defined. I will choose not to use this and create a new one by
pressing D. You may skip this and the next few steps if you do not have any partitions defined.
At this point, the options include pressing ENTER to install on the selected partition, D to Delete the selected
partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
6) Warning screen.
After pressing D to delete the selected partition, a warning screen appears explaining the pitfalls of deleting it.
This particular screen only appears when the partition selected to be deleted is formatted as a bootable system
partition. Other partitions will display the next screen.
I want this to happen, so I press ENTER to continue.
The options include pressing ENTER to continue, or ESC to Cancel.
7) Confirmation screen.
A confirmation screen that displays the logical drive, what file system the partition is currently using, the size in
MB and controller information
Options include L to delete the partition and ESC to cancel the action.
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8) No partitions have been previously defined.
If no partitions have been previously defined, this screen will be displayed. You may section your hard drive in
as many partitions as you wish by selecting C to Create a Partition and then entering in a value less then the
total available. Here, I will create a Partition in the highlighted, unused portion.
Select the partition you wish to install to using the UP arrow and DOWN ARROW keys.
Press ENTER to use the highlighted partition and Install, C to Create a Partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the
system.
9) Enter in the partition size.
Enter in the partition size in MB within the displayed minimum and maximum. I chose the default or maximum
available here.
You may choose ENTER to create the new partition or ESC to cancel the action.
10) Continue to create partitions.
Continue to create partitions until all space is used or the configuration meets your requirements.
Note: a small portion will be unavailable to partition. This is normal. In this example, it is 2 MB.
I chose drive C: or Partition1 to install the Operating System.
You may choose ENTER to install to the selected partition, D to Delete the highlighted Partition, or F3 to Quit
and reboot the system.
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11) Format the partition.
Since this OS supports NTFS, format the partition with it. If you do not, many folder and file security features
will be unavailable. Note: If you are dual booting your system, a previous OS will not be able to read the local
information. This is a fact with Windows 9x and Me. If you have a requirement to view this partition from
another OS installed on the system, do not format it as NTFS. Also, the boot partition must be formatted with
FAT32 if you wish to dual boot. I have found no problems accessing a NTFS partition mapped as a network
drive from an older OS.
Select what format you wish to use by pressing the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys.
Press ENTER to confirm your selection and Continue or ESC to Cancel.
12) Setup formats the partition.
Watch the progress bar as Setup formats the partition, or get up and get a soda. It may take awhile.
13) Creating File List.
Setup is now figuring out what files to copy over to the hard drive.
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14) Setup copies various files.
After the partition are finished formatting, Setup copies various files to support booting from the hard drive and
continue on.
15) Creates various information files.
Setup then creates various information files required to continue on with setup.
16) Press ENTER to Restart.
The first reboot and the end of the blue background has arrived. If you are impatient, press ENTER to Restart
before the 15 seconds expire.
ENTER to Restart the Computer is the only option available.
17) Windows XP boot screen.
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The new Windows XP boot screen is displayed.
18) Windows XP Installation.
If you have installed Windows before, this type of screen will look familiar.
Sit back. It may be awhile.
19) Faster and more reliable.
Every Windows OS that comes out has the same claim. Faster and better. It is subject to debate whether or not it
could get “any worse.”
20) Region and Input Languages.
A little while later, you will be prompted with options of configuring your Region and Input Languages. The
default was fine for me, so I selected Next.
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Options include Customize button, Details Button, plus the standard Back and Next.
21) Enter in your Name.
Enter in your Name and optional Organization information, then select the Next button.
22) 25 digit Product Key.
Thought you could get away from it? Think again.
Enter your unique 25 digit Product Key that came with your CD, then select the Next button.
23) Enter a Computer name.
The “suggested” name for the computer is always really whacked out. Choose one that meets your needs.
Select Next to Continue.
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24) Date, Time and Time Zone.
Configure the proper information for the Date, Time and Time Zone here.
25) Network Settings Dialog.
The Network Settings Dialog is next. Under usual circumstances, the Typical settings are fine.
Choose your method and select the Next button.
26) Display Settings Pop-up.
Windows XP no longer likes the “default” resolution of 640 x 480 and prompts you of that fact.
Select OK to continue.
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27) Please wait.
800 x 600 is a wonderful thing, however, I chose to have it time out and return to 640 x 480 for this guide.
28) The Welcome Screen.
The “Welcome Screen” will now appear while Windows XP Home continues to load in the background.
29) Display Settings Pop-up.
Since the initial screen resolution is set to 640 x 480, a balloon dialog appears. You may click the pop-up
balloon to raise the resolution up to 800 x 600 automatically.
For the rest of this guide, I chose to ignore it.
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30) Windows XP tour.
Click the balloon dialog to start a tour of Windows XP.
Even if you do not wish to see the information, you should click on the balloon to get rid of the annoyance in a
timely fashion.
31) Windows XP Tour dialog.
Windows XP Tour dialog popup is shown.
Select the Cancel button to never see it again.
32) Activate.
A little reminder also appears in the task bar about activating.
30 Days and the OS will no longer allow logon.
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33) .NET Passport Wizard.
Double-Click the Messenger Icon in the bottom right (system tray) and the “.NET Passport Wizard” dialog
appears.
Select Cancel to not sign up for Passport at this time.
34) Windows Messenger.
With the .NET Passport Wizard gone, the Windows Messenger is opened.
35) Windows Messenger Tools
Select Tools, then Options
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36) Messenger Preferences.
In the Options window, select the Preferences Tab.
Uncheck “Run this program when Windows starts” and “Allow this program to run in the background.”
Of course, if you wish to keep Windows Messenger, do not do this step.
37) Close Messenger.
Now you can select the Close button and Messenger will be unloaded from memory.
38) That is all!
That’s all there is to it! I hope this guide helped you out or gave you a sneak peek at what is to come. More
information
about Windows XP is located HERE!
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Windows 7 Formatting Process:
Take note: Regardless of flavor of Windows 7 or if it is 32/64-bit that you will be installing, the steps
listed here are the same. The only difference would be which product key is entered to determine which flavor
of 7 is installed.
This guide assumes a “clean” installation and not an “upgrade” from a previous OS. Ensure that you
backup all of your important files (documents, music, etc) to CD/DVD/another hard drive before following
these steps.
If you are using Hard Disks in a ACPI or RAID setup, you will first need to download the latest Windows 7
compatible (32-bit or 64-bit) for your particular hardware before installing clean. Check with your chipset/hard
drive controllers manufactures web site for the latest drivers/information before starting.
This guide is for OEM (purchased separately from the computer) and retail versions of Windows 7.
Installation instructions specific to computers with “recovery partitions” or recovery DVD’s are very different.
Consult your manufactures instructions for details.
Selecting the image in the guide loads a larger version.
1) Shall we begin?
After configuring the system for booting from a DVD, the Windows Setup screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
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2) Progress Bar.
The next screen is a more graphical progress bar indicating Windows 7 is still working in the background.
3) Option Selections.
The first options you will come across are selections for Language, Time and currency format, and Keyboard
layout.
Make your selections by using the pull down menus and press the Next button.
4) Install Now.
Here we have the option of repairing a previous installation or “Install Now.” Since this is a clean installation of
Windows 7 and not a repair, Install Now is the proper choice.
Highlight the “Install Now” button to continue to the next screen.
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5) Please Wait.
Windows 7 is working in the background. This may take several minutes depending on the system.
6) License Agreement.
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.
After reading the agreement, check the box next to “I accept the license terms” and select Next button.
7) Option Selections.
Here we would be able to choose an “Upgrade” install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows,
such as Vista) or a “Custom” (clean) install.
Select the whole box containing “Custom (advanced)” to continue to the next screen.
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8) Hard Drives.
This is where you can select which hard drive/partition to install Windows 7 on. Since this system only has one
hard drive, only one place Windows 7 can go. Advanced options are shown in the next screen shot.
This is also where you would install drivers for your ACPI/RAID/SATA controller by using the “Load Driver”
option. After the installation of the ACPI/RAID/SATA drivers, your hard drives should appear as shown on the
right.
If no additional drivers are needed, select the Next button.
9) Advanced Options.
The advanced options allow creation of multiple partitions and the option of formatting existing partitions.
After finishing your particular partition configuration that you desire, select the Next button.
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10) Installing.
Here is where Windows 7 installs major components of the OS. This process can take 10 to 60 minutes
depending on the system.
11) Reboot.
Here we see the system needing to reboot to continue installation tasks.
You can hit the Restart Now button or just allow the reboot to happen automatically after several seconds.
12) Setup Registry Entries.
Here we see progress as Windows 7 updates the registry settings. This process may take several minutes before
going to the next screen.
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13) Starting Services.
Windows 7 starts up required services at this point in the setup process.
14) Installation Continues.
Windows 7 continues to install at this screen.
15) Another Reboot.
After initial setup is complete, another reboot is required with no user input.
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16) Starting Windows.
This is the screen you will be greeted with upon each boot. Windows 7 is starting up
17) First Use.
Setup is now preparing the system for initial booting. Unlike the previous screen capture, you will not see this
on each boot.
18) Video Test.
Here is where Windows 7 tests the systems video performance to see if Aero will be enabled or not. This test
will only last a few minutes.
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19) Account Creation.
Here is where the initial account creation happens. This user will have full administrator privileges and
automatically be logged in after setup is completed.
Enter in your user name and computer name as you would like it to be identified on the network and then select
the Next button.
20) User Password.
This screen prompts you to enter a password for the account that you just created. I highly recommend that you
password your account. Enter it twice, and then include a “password hint” to help remind you of what it is if
you misplace or forget it. You, of course, should not enter in your actual password in this field, but a subtle
reminder to jog your memory.
After this information is entered, select the Next button.
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21) Product Key.
Windows 7 now asks you to enter the product key that was included with your purchase. This key determines
what features and which version will be installed on the system. 32 and 64-bit versions have the same product
key.
I highly recommend unchecking “Automatically activate Windows when I’m online”. The reason is that you
only have a finite amount of times that you may activate online. After this limit is reached, you will need to call
Microsoft directly to have them activate your installation. This can be a big hassle, especially when you are in a
hurry to get the computer back up and running. Windows 7 will nag you every so often to activate upon logging
in, but this is a minor nuisance compared to the phone call method of activating Windows 7. After verifying that
everything works as you intend, you can activate and know that you could have avoided problems later on if
you let Windows 7 do it right after logging in for the first time.
30 days is the intended grace period before requiring activation with retail versions, even with this method.
However, you can boost that number up to 116 days using the following method:
Open up a command prompt with administrator privileges
Type:
Slmgr -rearm
After a reboot, you will have an additional 30 days to ensure everything is running properly. You can perform
this action up to 3 times with the current Windows 7 retail release, bringing the required activation time to 116
days, if the Software License Manager is invoked at the end of the required activation period (on the 29th day).
I would recommend not waiting until the 30th day to run the command, thus 116 days total and not 120.
After this information is entered, select the Next button.
22) Use Recommended Settings.
This is where Automatic Updates and problems and reports solutions are offered as an option. I recommend to
most users to “Use Recommended Settings” here. These options can always be changed later.
Make your selection to continue to the next screen.
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23) Time and Date.
Ensure that your time zone is entered correctly and make adjustments as necessary. Also ensure the proper time
is set. This information is extracted from the BIOS settings, so if the time was set correctly in a previous
installation of Windows (or most any other OS), it should still be correct here.
After this information is verified, select the Next button.
24) Network Profile.
Here, you can select the “general” security measures put in place for your particular network. Most people will
want to use “Home network” for desktop installations or “Public network” for a portable system, like a laptop.
Make your selection to continue to the next screen.
25) Network Connecting.
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Windows 7 is now connecting to the network. This is where your initial IP address is acquired and internet
connectivity is verified.
26) Finalizing Settings.
Windows 7 is finally… finalizing settings. This should only take a few moments to complete.
27) Welcome.
Not much to say here. Just wait some more.
28) Desktop Setup.
Your initial desktop is setup here. This process will take a few moments, but only happen once.
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29) The Desktop.
Windows 7 is now finished being installed and are greeted with the desktop. It is worth noting that you did not
need to log in this time, but after rebooting (or logging off), you will see the login screen and you must enter the
user name and password created earlier to return to this point.
Windows Vista Formatting Process:
This guide assumes a “clean” installation and not an “upgrade” from a previous OS. Ensure that you
backup all of your important files (documents, music, etc) to CD/DVD/another hard drive before following
these steps.
If you are using Hard Disks in a RAID or ACPI setup, you will first need to download the latest Vista
compatible (32-bit or 64-bit) for your particular hardware before installing clean. Check with your chipset/hard
drive controllers manufactures web site for the latest drivers/information before starting.
1) Shall we begin?
After configuring the system for booting from a CD/DVD, the Windows Setup screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
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2) Progress Bar.
The next screen is a more graphical progress bar indicating Windows Vista is still working in the background.
3) Option Selections.
The first options you will come across are selections for Language, Time and currency format, and Keyboard
layout.
Make your selections by using the pull down menus and press the Next button.
4) Install Now.
Here we have the option of repairing a previous installation or “Install Now.”
Highlight the “Install Now” button to continue to the next screen.
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5) Please Wait.
Windows Vista is working in the background. This may take several minutes depending on the system.
6) Product Key.
This screen is where you enter your product key or “CD Key” as it is sometimes called.
An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure
everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of
time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.
After entering your product key, press the Next button.
7) License Agreement.
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.
After reading the agreement, check the box next to “I accept the license terms”.
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8) Option Selections.
Here we would be able to choose an “Upgrade” install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows,
such as XP) or a “Custom” (clean) install.
Select the whole box containing “Custom (advanced)” to continue to the next screen.
9) Hard Drives.
This is where you can select which hard drive/partition to install Vista on. Since this system only has one hard
drive, only one place Vista can go. Advanced options are shown in the next screen shot.
This is also where you would install drivers for your ACPI/RAID/SATA controller by using the “Load Driver”
option. After the installation of the ACPI/RAID/SATA drivers, your hard drives should appear as shown on the
right.
If no additional drivers are needed, select the Next button.
10) Advanced Options.
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The advanced options allow creation of multiple partitions and the option of formatting existing partitions.
After finishing your particular partition configuration that you desire, select the Next button.
11) Installing…
Here is where Vista installs major components of the OS. This process can take 10 to 60 minutes depending on
the system.
12) Reboot.
Here we see the system needing to reboot to continue installation tasks.
You can hit the Restart Now button or just allow the reboot to happen automatically after several seconds.
13) First Time.
Here we see a “…” progress as Vista tries to start for the first time. This process may take several minutes
before going to the next screen.
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14) Completing Installation.
Vista continues to install at this screen. Depending on system, another reboot or two may happen before the
next screen is displayed
15) Account Creation.
Here is where we create the first user account for the system and select an icon to be displayed on the login
screen. Ensure you password your account.
After finishing entering your information and icon selection, select the Next button.
16) PC Name.
Here is where we can name the system for networking purposes. By default, it uses the account name entered in
the previous step and adds “-PC” to it. We can also select a background for the desktop.
After making your selection, select the Next button.
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16) PC Name: (Image 4.1)
17) Updates.
Here we can configure Windows Update with several options. I suggest “Use recommended options” or the top
option for most PC users.
18) Time Settings.
Here is where you can set the time and daylight savings time options.
After configuring your time zone, clock settings and date, select the Next button.
19) Network Configuration.
Vista now asks our network configuration by asking “Home, Work or Public Place.”
Descriptions are expanded on screen so I will not go into them here.
Make your selection to continue to the next screen.
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20) Thanks!
On this screen, we are thanked by Bill G. for installing Windows Vista.
After you are done being thanked, select the Next button.
21) PC Performance.
Vista now checks the system performance to automatically configure a few options. This may take several
minutes while the system does this and it will only do it this one time.
22) Login.
We are finally greeted with the login screen, however, there is still more configuration to come.
Enter in your password that you used previously during the install process and hit ENTER or the little blue
arrow to login.
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23) Desktop Setup.
Your account profile starts being created here starting with your personal desktop configuration. More happens
on the next screen. This process will also take several minutes, but only happen once.
24) Account Profile.
Vista now sets up profile configurations for Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player as well as a few
more Windows applications. This could take several more minutes but we are almost there!
25) Welcome Screen.
Vista is installed!
On this screen, we are presented with our system configuration as well as several different options.
I hope you enjoyed this install guide and I thank you for reading!
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Linux Formatting Process:
Installing Linux operating system is very easy. You can install it either from CD/DVD, USB Sticks,
Network or using ISO images. Here we are using Compact Disc to install the operating system on your
machine. First enable the Boot from Compact Disc option in your BIOS setting and it is must. There are
numerous Linux distributions are available, here we are using Red hat Enterprise Linux. It contains 5 CDs.
Insert the CD-1 and let it booting
Booting Red hat Linux Operating System
Linux booting process
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Linux Booting Process
Welcome to Red hat Enterprise Linux
Redhat
Enterprise Linux Screen
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Click Next to continue the installation
Select
The language, by default English USA
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Language
Select the appropriate keyboard for the system (normally all are using US English ). Click Next to continue.
Select
Your time zone from the list. Click Next to continue.
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Time Zone
Set the root user (super user) password.
This
operation will override any previous installation choices about which drives to ignore. Click yes to first
time install the operating system and it will erasing all data
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For Beginners, automatic partitioning is recommended and click Next to proceed
Automatic Partition
The GRUB boot loader wil be installed on /dev/sda. Click Next to continue [ad#Amazon mini 4]
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GRUB Bootloader
You may set the IP address on your on host. Let it be automatically via DHCP first. You may configure
the IP address later. Click Next to continue
IP Address Configuration
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Enable HTTP check box in the firewall settings ( if you want enable it else leave it )
The
default
installation environment includes recommended package selection
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The settings are all over and click Next to fire up the installation.
Start the installation
Linux is format the drive and installing the fresh operating system
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Take out CD-1 from the tray and insert the CD-2 to install
Installation of CD-2 is over and takes out CD-2 from the tray and inserts the CD-3 to install.
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Do the same process for the remaining CDs too and the video hardware can be automatically detected.
Click next to continue.
Your Monitor can be automatically detected.
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If need fix the color depth and the resolution of the screen and select the type of login you can choose
either graphical mode or text mode.
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Congratulations you have been installed the Linux Operating system successfully. Remove the CD from
the tray and click exit. The System will reboot now.
After rebooting the system, Linux operating system welcomes you for the final setup
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Read the license agreement carefully and proceed
Set the date and time and click Next button to continue
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A sound card has been detected and checks the sound by clicking on the play test sound button.
The setup will register your system with an account from red hat network. I you like to register now
select yes else skip this with no option.
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If you have any additional packages to install select the appropriate option and proceed.
The setup is finished now.
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Enter the user name and password to login the account.
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Enjoy the Red hat Enterprise Linux
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Maser Mentis
8 Bites --- 1 Byte
1024 Bytes --- 1 KB
1024 KB --- 1 MB
1024 MB --- 1GB
1024 GB --- 1 TB
1024 TB --- 1PB
1024 PB --- 1 EB
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