Hw notes- aim Technologies

2014
Organized By MSME
Development Institute
Visakhapatnam.
In Association with AIM
Technologies- Kakinada
ESDP On Computer Hardware Maintenance & Networking
From 27-08-2014 To 08-10-2014 at Kakinada

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Hardware: The physical parts of the computer system that is
electrical, electronic and mechanical parts of the computer system are
known as hardware.
Common Components:
Hardware comprises all of the physical part of the computer such as
Monitor, CPU, motherboard, ram, CD-Rom, printer, scanner, hard disk,
flash drive (AKA pen drive), processor, PCI buses, floppy disk, power
supply, VGA card, sound card, network interface card, peripherals,
joystick, mouse, keyboard, foot pedal, computer fan, camera, headset
and others.
The good news is that all computers have certain common components. What makes each one
different are the specifications of the components, the amount and type of memory installed, the
hard drive capacity, and the additional components installed, which you decide on, that enhance
the function of the computer. Every computer must have a few essential components.
Main Components:
The three main components of a personal computer:
1. System Unit
2. Monitor
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
Compiled By
S.A. Rahman
Director
AIM Technologies
Cell: 98480 49486

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The System Unit
The Case
The first decision we have to make is the type of case that we want our computer to have. The
case also comes with the power supply needed to power itself, along with the other components
that we add. The two styles that we have to choose from are a desktop or a tower case. All this
decision is based on is your personal preference. One type of case will not out-perform the other.
Sam prefers a mid-size tower case.
System Unit Case
The system unit is the entire computer as a whole. This includes the case and all the hardware
that is installed inside. The rest of these pages will cover what is contained in the system unit.
A typical PC consists of a case or chassis in the desktop or tower case and these components.
Motherboard
• CPU
• Computer Fan
• RAM
• BIOS
• Digital Circuitry
• Computer Fan
• PCI Slots
Media
• CD-Rom
• DVD-Rom
• Combo box
• Joystick
• BD-Rom drive

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Internal storage
• Hard disk (ATA & SATA)
• Data array controller
• Floppy disk
Other Peripheral Devices
• Mouse
• Modems
• Digital Camera
• Sound, Video Cards
• Printer
Output Devices
• Printer
• Scanner
• Monitor
• Speakers
• Headset
• Video output devices

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The Main board
Mother Board: The motherboard is the largest Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in your
computer with SMT (Surface Mount Technology), acts as an interface to all the peripherals
attached to the computer system.
Selecting the main board is next. Every system has one: The motherboard is the largest circuit
board in your computer. It generally houses the CPU chip (brains of your computer), the
controller circuitry, the bus, memory (RAM – Random Access Memory) and sockets for
additional boards, which are actually called daughter boards. If you have a desktop computer, the
motherboard is generally the one at the bottom of the computer's case. If you have a tower-
configuration case, it's along one of the vertical sides.
The Motherboard Guide
The motherboard is the foundation of any PC. All the critical subsystems, including the CPU,
system chipset, memory, system I/O, expansion bus, and other critical components run directly
off the motherboard. Likewise, the interconnections among these components are laid into the
motherboard itself.
The main board is possibly the most important part of the computer. It manages all transactions
of data between CPU and the peripherals. It houses the CPU and its second level cache, the
chipset, the BIOS, main memory, I/O chips, ports for keyboard, serial I/O, parallel I/O, disks and
plug-in cards.
The first decision you have to make before buying a motherboard is nowadays which CPU and
then which chipset you're gonna use and which motherboard to choose. There's no doubt about it
- you really should go for a brand motherboard, preferably a brand that's present on the web,
because that is by far the best way to get the latest Flash BIOS update, drivers and information
about the board you might require.
Add-Ons
It is becoming pretty common to use a few more cards in your system than only a graphics card.
A gaming system without a modem, ISDN or network card is certainly not worth being called a
gaming system anymore, simply due to the fact that the only real gaming experience is generated
by multiplayer games, my beloved Quake II is only one of many others. Hence it's not out of the
world if I expect that any network card should work flawlessly in any motherboard.
People who buy expensive Pentium IV systems are certainly making a smart move when
investing in SCSI rather than EIDE. SCSI still offers the highest disk performance, a great
upgradeability for e.g. CDROMs, CD-recorders, scanners, streamers ... and last but not least a
very low trouble level. Thus I do appreciate if motherboards that are targeted towards expensive
high end systems have got a SCSI adapter already onboard, a RAID port is even better, and it's
almost perfect if it's even Adaptec's latest U2W SCSI adapter, as e.g. on DFI's new BX board.
The least I would expect however, is that any

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SCSI adapter runs flawlessly in any board.
A sound system is nowadays a basic component of any PC. Thus I'd appreciate if there's either a
decent sound system onboard or the board works fine with older ISA soundcards as well as the
new PCI soundcards. In case of the latter it's useful having the new 'SBLink' onboard, which
enables compatibility to the old ISA SoundBlaster standard.
All in all do I think it's not really asked too much that a modern motherboard can host all these
components together at the same time. If it doesn't, it may be as fast as it wants, it will still be
pretty useless for any home or office user, system integrator or OEM.
Main board

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Micro Processors, and Socket Types
Micro processor, also called CPU (Central Processing Unit), is a major component of a micro
computer. We discuss various CPUs starting from Pentium IV, and onwards.
• Socket 478
• Socket 370
• Slot 1
Socket 478:
Socket 478 is a PGA socket used by Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor family (not all P IV family
processors support Socket 478)..
Socket type: Socket 478 (mPGA478B)
Front Bus Frequencies: 400 MHz - 800 MHz (100 MHz - 200 MHz QDR)
Socket size: 1.38" x 1.38" (3.5 x 3.5 cm)
Number of contacts: 478
Compatible package types:
478-pin micro FC-PGA
478-pin micro FC-PGA2
Compatible processors:
Processors Intel Pentium 4 (1.4 - 3.4 GHz)
Intel Celeron (1.7 - 3.2 GHz)
Celeron D (to 3.2 GHz)
Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (3.2, 3.4 GHz)

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This socket has currently been replaced with socket 775.
Socket 370:
Socket 370 (PGA370) is a PGA socket compatible with Intel Celeron and Pentium III processors
in Pin Grid Array (PGA) package.
Socket 370 Processor package
Supported Processors include the following:
Intel Celeron (PPGA, 300–533 MHz)
Intel Celeron (FC-PGA, 533–1100 MHz)
Intel Celeron (FC-PGA2, 900–1400 MHz)
Intel Pentium III (FC-PGA, 500–1133 MHz)
Intel Pentium III Tualatin (FC-PGA2)
Celeron Tualatin (FC-PGA2)
VIA C3 (FC-PGA
Slot 1:
Slot 1 is a Slot-type connector. This connector is compatible with Pentium II family of
processors, and some of low-end Celeron processors. Pentium III was the last microprocessor
family that used the Slot 1.
Pentium IV family of processors does not use Slot 1.
Number of Contacts: 242

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The Hard Disk Drive
Selecting the storage devices is next. For long term storage you need a Hard Disk Drive (HDD).
The HDD stores your programs and files. You can’t take it with you when you leave your
computer; it is an internal drive. HDD’s come in various sizes to choose from. Sam recommends
a GODZILLA sized HDD. HDD capacities available in the market are
40 GB to 400 GB.
Hard Disk Drive
The Floppy Disk Drive
In order to take your files with you, you will need a secondary storage device. A 3.5" Floppy
Disk Drive (FDD) is typical but limited to the amount of space one diskette can hold. One
Floppy diskette can only hold 1.44 Mb of information on it.
Floppy Disk Drive Floppy Diskette - 1.44 Mb
The ZIP Disk
Moving up the popularity charts in secondary storage is the ZIP disk drive. A single ZIP disk has
the capacity of 70 floppy diskettes, that’s 100 Mb for those of you in the back. Larger files that
are too big for a floppy are now
Easily stored and transported via the ZIP disk.

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The CD-ROM / DVD Drive
Every system unit assembled today includes a CD-ROM (Read Only Memory) drive. It consists
of a spindle that revs up the disc, a laser that flashes onto the disc's uneven surface, a prism that
deflects the laser beam, and a light-sensitive diode that reads the flashing light. There are many
choices. CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, or DVD-ROM. Your choice will definitely affect the total
price of your system unit.
CD-ROM
The Video Card
The Pentium II mainboard has an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) expansion slot for installing
an AGP video card. The video card interfaces the monitor to the mainboard. An AGP card will
allow game and 3D application developers to store and retrieve larger, more realistic textures in
system memory rather than video memory, without incurring a dramatic performance hit. A 64-
bit AGP video card with 4Mb of RAM is a great choice for your computer.
Video Card
The Sound Card

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Installing a soundboard is the only way to create quality sound output. It provides high-quality
stereo sound. A "multimedia" PC usually includes a sound card, and one of the best known is the
SoundBlaster by Creative Labs.
Sound Card
The Network Card
If you would like to hook your computer up to another computer you will need a Network
Interface Card (NIC). A NIC is an adapter card that physically connects one computer to a
network cable and to another computer that has the same type of NIC. Sam says that this is
mainly common in businesses and in University Computer Labs where everyone can access the
same server.
Network Card
The Modem
device that you connect to your computer and to a phone line, that allows the computer to talk to
other computers through the phone system. Basically, modems do for computers what a
telephone does for humans.
I n order to go online and surf the web, or check E-mail, you will need a modem to connect to an
Internet Service Provider (ISP). A modem is an electronic circuit which can modulate and de
modulate.
Modem

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The Monitor
All computers are connected with some type of display. We mainly use a
available in different types and sizes. When we purchase a new computer, a monitor
is not always included. Understanding the concepts of a good monitor will help u
purchase one, or evaluate the monitor that may come with our system unit. Some of these key
concepts that need to be looked at are:
Installing a motherboard:
Installing a motherboard seems to be very easy, but there are many tricks involved in the process.
If your motherboard isn't correctly installed you will face problems like overheating and system
crashes (computer "freezing", "locking", "resetting"
guide on how to correctly install your motherboard, avoiding such troubles.
Matching Holes
The motherboard is installed in the computer case. The first step is to
the metallic plate where the motherboard is screwed to. Normally this plate can be removed from
the case by unscrewing it from the back end of the case and sliding it. You must remove it from
the case to install the motherboard on
12
All computers are connected with some type of display. We mainly use a
. Understanding the concepts of a good monitor will help u
concepts that need to be looked at are: pixels refresh rate, resolution, and size.
CRT Monitor
Assembling a PC
Installing a motherboard:
(computer "freezing", "locking", "resetting" – you name it). This tutorial is a step
The motherboard is installed in the computer case. The first step is to open the case and locate
the case to install the motherboard on it. This plate has several holes, as you can see on Figure 1.
All computers are connected with some type of display. We mainly use a monitor. Monitors are
. Understanding the concepts of a good monitor will help us to either
size.
you name it). This tutorial is a step-by-step
open the case and locate
it. This plate has several holes, as you can see on Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Metallic plate where the motherboard will be screwed to.
The motherboard has also several holes, as you can see on Figure 2 (we've drawn red arrows to
point you where the holes are located).
click to enlarge
Figure 2: Holes on the motherboard.
You should lay down the motherboard on the metallic plate and check which holes from the
metallic plate match the holes on the motherboard, as we show on Figure 3. As you can see by
comparing Figures 1 and 2, the metallic plate has more holes than needed. On the holes on the
metallic plate that matched a hole on the motherboard, you will install a nut screw (more on that
in a few moments). On the holes that don't match a hole on the motherboard, you will simply
leave it away. Sometimes you will find some holes on the motherboard that don't match any hole
on the plate. That's normal too. On Figure 3 you can see a hole on the motherboard that doesn't
match any hole on the plate.

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click to enlarge
Figure 3: Matching the holes on the metallic plate with the holes on the motherboard.
Together with the case come a lot of small pieces. From these pieces you will need screws and
screw nuts to install the motherboard. For now, take the screw nuts and install them on all the
plate holes that matched a hole on the motherboard. They can be easily installed by turning them
clock wise using your thumb and index finger.
click to enlarge
Figure 4: Screw nuts, screws and washers that come with the case.

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Figure 5: Metallic plate after installing the screw nuts.
Locating the DIMM slots
Note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover,
After removing the cover the first thing to do is to locate the DIMM slots on your motherboard.
fig 1.1 below gives you an idea of what you are looking for.
Unless you are installing a new motherboard then your slots will already have at least one DIMM
module installed, if this is the case then install the new memory module into the empty slot next
to the module that is already installed.
If your motherboard does not have any memory installed then refers to your motherboard's
manual for details about which slot to use.
Note: Motherboards vary; although there are three slots in our example your motherboard may
have a different amount of slots.
DIMM Installation
When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to
touch the gold coloured contacts as this can damage the memory.
Take a look at the images below on the right, as you can see we have pointed out certain parts of
the DIMM memory module and the DIMM slot.
In Fig 1.2 the notches we have marked as A are used for
the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later).
The notches we have marked as B are used to align the
memory module with the DIMM slot keys C as shown in
Fig 1.3
In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your
finger push these into the down position as shown in Fig
1.3 this allows the memory to be inserted.

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DIMM Installation II
Now you are ready to install the module, ensuring the
notches line up with the keys see Fig 1.4 gently but
firmly push the memory into the slot until it is seated
fully, the ejector clips should rise to the vertical position
as shown in Fig 1.5.
Now your memory is installed, ensure you haven't
loosened any cables while you have been working and
also ensure that the memory module is fully seated and
the ejector clips are in the vertical position.
Replace the cover of your PC, connect your peripherals and boot the machine (turn it on - don't
kick it :o)) your BIOS should recognize the memory instantly, to check this you can go to the
control panel of your operating system (windows/Unix).
If your machine just beeps at you when you turn it on then the chances are that the memory is not
inserted correctly, if this is the case disconnect all peripherals and follow the steps again.

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Locating the PCI slots
Note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover.
When the cover is removed, the first thing to do is to locate the PCI slots on your motherboard,
different motherboards have different amounts of PCI slots, for example you may already have a
PCI card installed, in which case just choose an empty slot to install your new PCI card.
you can see an example of a PCI slot in fig 1.1 below:
In fig 1.2 above you can see a typical PCI card, we have pointed out an alignment notch (A), and
this is used to align the card with the slot. If you take a look at the slot in fig 1.1 you can see how
it is aligned with the card.
Install modem/sound card/Ethernet card
Once you have chosen which PCI slot you want to use, remove the "blank" from the back of the
case to make room for the card. If you are unsure how to remove the "blanks" see your PC case's
manual.
Guide to PCI card installation.
Many components use the PCI slots in a PC, the most common
of which are modems, sound cards and Ethernet (network)
cards.
This guide will take you through the installation process with
the use of photos and text.
To install your PCI card you will need:
• Compatible modem, Ethernet card, sound card or other
PCI card.
• Cross-point (Philips) Screwdriver suitable for your PC
case.
• Fixing screw (usually comes with the case).
• Anti-Static Wrist-strap (if available).

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note: Blank refers to a small piece of metal that is inserted into the back of the case, in alignment
with the PCI slots. Most blanks are fixed into position with a screw, but different cases use
different methods.
Next, align the card with the slot and gently but firmly push the card into position.
Once the PCI card is seated firmly into place fig 1.3, insert the fixing screw fig 1.4, check to
make sure nothing has been loosened during installation and then replace the case cover.
Locating the AGP slot
Note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover.
Note: - If you are upgrading your current video card then you will have to remove it first, to take
the old card out remove the fixing screw (for an example see fig 1.4) and then gently lift the card
out of the slot, they can be stubborn but if you gently lift one end at a time it will eventually come
out (treat it like a loose tooth).
Welcome to my guide to video card installation.
Most modern video cards use the AGP interface as it offers
better performance than the PCI interface; this guide will take
you through installing an AGP video card with the aid of text
and images.
To install your video card you will need:
• Compatible AGP video card.
• Cross-point (Philips) Screwdriver suitable for your PC
case.
• Fixing screw (usually comes with the case or if
upgrading use old screw).

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We have provided an example of an AGP slot
in fig 1.1; your AGP slot may differ but only
slightly.
Notice the alignment key that we have pointed
out in fig 1.1; this is used to align the video
card with the AGP slot to ensure correct
installation.
In fig 1.2 you can see an example of an AGP
video card and we have pointed out the
alignment notch.
Installing the video card
Next take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot paying careful attention
to the alignment notch, when it is aligned correctly press gently but firmly until the card is seated
fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 1.3).
When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw fig 1.4 and check to
make sure you haven't loosened anything during installation.
Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.
When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card automatically, it
may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video card, insert the CD and follow
the on-screen instructions to install the video card driver.
If your machine makes a series of beeps when you turn it back on then the video card may be
inserted incorrectly, again make sure the card is fully inserted into the AGP slot.

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To install your CD burner you will need:
• Compatible CD Recorder or DVD drives (IDE).
• 4 securing screws (supplied with your CD Recorder / DVD Writer).
• Cross-point (Philips) Screwdriver suitable for your PC case.
• IDE Cable (if required).
Starting the Installation
Note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover, see
CD Writer Back Panel
Next draw your attention to the back panel of the CD Recorder.
Note the section we have pointed out in fig 1.2 above, this is the jumper selection that
depicts what the drive will be in the IDE configuration, some CD Writers work best when
they are the master, others work fine regardless, always consult the manufacturer’s
instructions that came with your CD Writer.
There are 3 options, Cable Select, Slave, and Master.
Selection is done by means of a jumper; the option you choose will depend on your
The first step (after removing the case covers) is to remove
the "blank" plastic front from the position in which you want
to install the CD writer (fig 1.1), if you have a CD-ROM
drive installed then if possible leave a gap in-between the
CD-ROM and the CD-WRITER, this will enable a sufficient
amount of air to flow between the two drives.
If you have trouble removing the "blank" you can use a flat
ended screwdriver to ease the blank out, taking care not to
damage the case.

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system set-up.
• Master should be selected if this will be the only device on a single IDE cable, or,
if it is the second device to be connected and the other device is set to slave.
• Slave should be selected if this will be the second device on a singe IDE cable,
for instance, if you do not already have a CD-ROM drive then you could attach
the new device to the same IDE cable as your hard drive (where your hard drive
will be the master).
• Cable Select should be selected only when the devices are to be attached as the
cable depicts, ie, the first connector (working away from the motherboard) is the
slave and the last connector is the master device.
In fig 1.3 to the right you can see a standard
IDE Cable, note there are 3 connections (notice
the difference in distance between the
connectors), connection A plugs into the
motherboard and then the slave and master
connections are used for IDE devices such as
hard drives, CD-ROM Drives and CD Writers.

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Insert the CD Writer / DVD Player
The next step is to gently slide the device into the empty bay (fig 1.4), making sure it is
free of any obstruction.
Next take the screws that came with your CD Writer and secure the device so it is flush
with the front of your case (fig 1.5), ensure to secure using all the screws supplied
(normally 4).
Connecting the cables
The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables (fig 1.6)
The power cable (fig
1.7) will only fit one
way, so you won't put it
in the wrong way round,
but as a guide the red
wire should go to 5v.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this denotes Pin 1,
match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the device, further, some IDE cables
have a blank in one hole to stop you inserting it in incorrectly.

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Finishing the Installation
Double check all connections and make sure the device is set correctly as master or slave.
You may wish to test the device is correctly installed before replacing the covers, but it is
advisable to replace the covers before reconnecting the mains.
When you reboot your machine the BIOS should automatically detect the new drive, and
then when you get to the windows screen, go to My Computer and you should see your
new drive there. The letter assigned to the drive will depend on your machine's
configuration.
To install your hard drive you will need:
• Compatible IDE Hard Drive.
• 4 securing screws (supplied with hard drive or case).
• Cross-point (Philips) Screwdriver suitable for your PC case.
• IDE Cable (if required).
Upgrading your old hard drive
note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover.
If you are simply replacing your current hard drive with a bigger drive then it is very straight
forward.
It is sometimes easier to remove the IDE cable and the power cable (labeled A and B in fig 1.1)
before you remove the fixing screws (see fig 1.1), as sometimes the cables can be stubborn.

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Note where the cables go, all IDE hard drives have
the same standard socket types and the IDE cable
should have an alignment notch to ensure it is
inserted the right way (see fig 1.2), likewise the
power cable will only plug in one way.
After removing the fixing screws (there are four,
two on each side of the chassis) gently take the drive
out of the chassis and put it to one side.
Next take your new drive and ensure that the jumper
settings are set to master or single drive (see fig
1.2), the jumper settings should be displayed on the
hard drive or in the manufacturer's book.
Now gently slide the drive into position (where the
old drive was) and line up the holes and insert the 4
fixing screws.
Plug the IDE and power cables in (see fig 1.2)

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Installing or adding a new hard drive
note: Disconnect the power and remove your PC's cover.
The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay where the hard
drive will go (see fig 1.3 below).
In our example in fig 1.3 above we have a drive already in the bay so you can see more clearly
where it should be situated, we don't have a floppy drive installed but if we did then it would be
located in one of the free bays above the hard drive.
If you are adding a second drive then try and leave a gap between the two drives for ventilation
(although this might not always be possible).
Jumper Settings
Jumpers are metal pins that have small black plastic sleeves that slot on them; they are used to
configure certain devices including hard drives.
For the location of the jumper selector see fig 1.5, the jumper settings should be displayed on the
hard drive or in the manufacturer's book.
Single Drive - If this is your only hard drive then set the jumper selector to master
Two Drives - if the new drive will be the main drive, set the jumper to master, if you want it as
a secondary drive then set it to slave, alternatively you could use a separate IDE cable on the
motherboard's secondary IDE interface (see motherboard manual).
Once you have set the jumper, gently slide the drive into the drive bay, line up the holes (2 on
each side of the drive bay) and insert the 4 fixing screws (should have been supplied with your
case).
The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.

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In fig 1.4 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are 3 connections (notice the
difference in distance between the connectors), connection A plugs into the motherboard and
then the slave and master connections are used for IDE devices such as hard drives, if you are
only installing one drive or the new drive is to be the master then use the master connector, if the
drive is to be the slave then use the slave connector.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this denotes Pin 1, match
this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive.
The power cable you will find in your case attached to your power supply, you can see an
example below in fig 1.5
Plug the IDE and power cables in (see fig 1.5) and then move onto finishing installation.
Finishing Installation
Double check all connections and make sure the device is set correctly as master or slave, also
make sure you haven't loosened any connections while you have been installing.
You may wish to make sure the hard drive is correctly installed before replacing the covers, but
it is advisable to replace the covers before reconnecting the mains.
When you reboot your machine the bios should automatically detect the new hard drive, then
when your operating system (windows or other) has loaded, go to My Computer (or similar)
and you should see your new drive there. The letter assigned to the drive will depend on your
machine's configuration.
If your drive is the only drive then you will need to install an operating system (if none present).

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Power Supply Unit (PSU)
ATX Power Supply Pin
Welcome to our power supply
guide.
In this section we discuss what a power
supply is and what it does, summarize
the different voltages produced and
detail the pin outs.
Power Supply Unit (PSU) Basics
• Power Supply Overview
• Power Supply Connectors
• ATX Power Supply Pin
What is a power supply and what does it do?
The power supply unit (PSU) in a PC regulates and delivers the power to the components
in the case.
Power Supplies contain dangerous voltages and should only be opene
experienced and qualified Engineers;
inside.
Always disconnect the PSU from the mains supply before removing the cover
of the PC.
27
Power Supply Unit (PSU) /SMPS Basics including
ATX Power Supply Pin outs
Welcome to our power supply basics
In this section we discuss what a power
summarize
the different voltages produced and
Power Supply Unit (PSU) Basics
Power Supply Overview
Power Supply Connectors
What is a power supply and what does it do?
nit (PSU) in a PC regulates and delivers the power to the components
Power Supplies contain dangerous voltages and should only be opene
experienced and qualified Engineers; there are no user serviceable
ct the PSU from the mains supply before removing the cover
Standard power supplies turn the incoming
110V or 220V AC (Alternating Current) into
various DC (Direct Current) voltages suitable
for powering the computer's components.
Power supplies are quoted as having a certain
power output specified in Watts, a standard
power supply would typically be able
around 350 Watts.
The more components (hard drives, CD/DVD
drives, tape drives, ventilation fans, etc) you
have in your PC the greater the power required
from the power supply.
nit (PSU) in a PC regulates and delivers the power to the components
Power Supplies contain dangerous voltages and should only be opened by
serviceable parts
ct the PSU from the mains supply before removing the cover
Standard power supplies turn the incoming
220V AC (Alternating Current) into
various DC (Direct Current) voltages suitable
ng the computer's components.
Power supplies are quoted as having a certain
power output specified in Watts, a standard
power supply would typically be able to deliver
The more components (hard drives, CD/DVD
drives, tape drives, ventilation fans, etc) you
ur PC the greater the power required

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By using a PSU that delivers more power than required means it won't be running at full
capacity, which can prolong life by reducing heat damage to the PSU's internal
components during long periods of use.
Always replace a power supply with an equivalent or superior power output (Wattage).
There are 3 types of power supply in common use:
• AT Power Supply - still in use in older PCs.
• ATX Power Supply - commonly in use today.
• ATX-2 Power Supply - recently new standard.
The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are:
• +3.3 Volts DC (ATX/ATX-2)
• +5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
• -5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
• +5 Volts DC Standby (ATX/ATX-2)
• +12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
• -12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
A power supply can be easily changed and are generally not expensive, so if one fails
(which is far from uncommon) then replacement is usually the most economic solution.
The power supply connectors
4 Pin Berg Connector
Used to connect the PSU to small form factor devices, such as 3.5" floppy
drives.
available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2
4 Pin Molex Connector
This is used to power various components, including hard drives and
optical drives.
available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2
20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector
This is used to power the motherboard in ATX systems.
available in: ATX( ATX-2 have four extra pins)
4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector
Used specifically for Pentium 4 Processor Motherboards.
available in: ATX (integrated into the power connector in ATX-2)
6 Pin AUX Connector
Provides +5V DC, and two connections of +3.3V.
available in: ATX/ATX-2

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Below are pin out diagrams of the common connectors in ATX power supplies.
Note: The pin outs above relate to the connectors not the sockets.
Note: To power up an ATX or ATX-2 PSU for testing, short pin 14 (PS_ON) with one of
the grounds.
By Syed.Abdur-Rahman © Copyright 2005-2009 AIM Technologies®
Compiled By
S.A. Rahman
Director
AIM Technologies
Cell: 98480 49486

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LOCALLOCALLOCALLOCAL
AREAAREAAREAAREA
NetworkNetworkNetworkNetwork

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INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to networks
What is a network?
A network is formed when you connect things. Networks are all around us:
• Towns and cities interconnected by roads and motor ways
• Computers exchanging data through cables
• Mobile phones linked by radio
• People gossiping
Most experts agree that a computer network is formed when two or more computers
communicate. However, there are some people who insist that you need three computers to make
it a ‘real’ network.
Why use a network?
Benefits of computer networks
By interconnecting PCs, printers, faxes and other devices you can share information and
resources effectively and efficiently.
• One printer shared between several PCs
• Send email from one place to another in fractions of a second
• Share useful files or databases with hundreds of people

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Scale
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WANs span large geographical areas, typically countries or
continents.
• The telephone system
• A bank’s secure ATM (cash machine) network
• Satellite links between TV companies
Connections are made by copper or fibre-optic landlines, line-of-
sight microwave radio, or satellite relay.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MANs connect sites around a town or city.
• Town council offices
• University campus network
• Cable TV company
Connections are made by copper or fiber-optic landlines, line-of-
sight microwave or high-frequency radio.
Local Area Network (LAN)
LANs connect computers within a building or site.
• School or office network
Connections are made by copper or fibre-optic cable, infrared or
short-distance microwave radio.
Other terms
Other abbreviations are now creeping into popular use.

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Campus Area Network (CAN): somewhere between a LAN and a MAN, this describes
connections over a village-sized area. Usually restricted to larger universities.
Tiny Area Network (TAN): used by some people to describe small networks within a house or
small office.
Topology
Topology Star
In a star layout, all computers are connected to a central hub.
Star networks allow computers to be connected & disconnected
with ease, so long as enough ports are available. However, if the
hub breaks then the entire network goes down.
Ring
In a ring layout, each computer connects to two neighbors to form
a loop. Messages are passed from computer-to-computer until they
reach their destination.
Ring networks are efficient and cheap but if one of the computers
breaks or is removed then the entire network goes down.

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Mesh
Mesh networks connect many computers directly to each other. This means
faster communication, and provides alternative routes if a computer or link
breaks. However, more connections means mesh networks are expensive to
build.
Bus
A bus provides a common electrical connection for a number of
computers, but only two computers may communicate at the same
time otherwise there will be a signal collision.
Buses are very cheap and allow easy connection & disconnection.
However, buses tend to slow down with increased message traffic.
Extended Star (Tree)
The extended star design breaks the network into smaller star
configurations, each minor hub connected to a major hub.
Extended stars offer an economical, modular way of organising
networks. They are very common in modern network designs.

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Relationships
Client-Server
A server program carries out work for client programs.
Server software is often located on a powerful, high-specification machine, allowing it to serve
many clients at once. For this reason, the computer itself is usually referred to as a server. A
range of server programs are available:
• File server: stores files centrally
• Print server: processes all printing for the network and sends work to selected printers.
• Internet proxy server: connects to an ISP on behalf of other computers on the network, passing
messages to-and-from the Internet.
• Database server: allows simultaneous access to large database files.
• Web server: hands out WebPages on request.
• Mail server: stores and processes email; like a post office.
• Domain controller: this manages security for the network, processing passwords and deciding
who can access services.
Client software is located on normal-specification computers, known as workstations. Typical
client software includes:
• Web browser: requests web pages from a web server.
• Email client: sends and receives messages from a mail server.

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Peer-to-Peer
When a computer is capable of acting as both client and server, we
call it a peer. Peer-to-peer networks contain computers that are
requesting services from each other.
2. Network media
Electrical media
Plain copper wire
A pair of plain copper wires is a poor medium for electronic signals, and is therefore rarely used
in computer networking.
Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)
When a signal current passes through a wire or circuit it creates small electrical and magnetic
fields. These fields can affect signal currents in other wires, or other circuits, adding electrical
noise to the signals, degrading them.
Long, plain copper wires are easily affected by EMI — hence they should not be used to carry
computer signals more than a few of metres.
Co-axial Cable (Co-ax)
In co-ax a copper wire is surrounded by a copper screen. This screen (usually a fine braid or
mesh of copper filaments) is connected to signal ground and it absorbs EMI, protecting the signal
wire from electrical noise. Screen and signal wire are separated by plastic insulation.
Bandwidth
The closeness of the screen and signal wire creates an effect called capacitance. This limits the
range of frequencies — bandwidth — that may be carried through the cable.

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Attenuation
This capacitance and electrical resistance of the copper creates an impedance to signals,
measured in ohms per metre (Ω/m), reducing the strength of the signal over a long distance. This
reduction is called attenuation and it is measured in decibels (dB).
5 2. Network media
Co-ax offers high bandwidth, low noise & attenuation and is excellent for computer networking
over hundreds of metres. However, it is expensive to buy and install.
A range of different co-ax cables is available, identified by codes. Popular types used for
computer networking include RG-8 and RG-58.
Connectors
In networking, RG-8 ‘thick’ co-axial cable is terminated with N connectors. These bulky
connectors are also used with radio equipment.
RG-58 ‘thin’ co-ax is usually terminated with BNC connectors
1
. These are also associated with
oscilloscopes, older video recorders and radio equipment.
Twisted Pair (UTP & STP)
If pairs of plain copper wires are wrapped around each other this helps cancel-out EMI. Twisted
pair cables offer good bandwidth but are not as good as co-axial cable. However, this kind of
cabling is very cheap to buy and install.
Twisted pair comes in two flavors: UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted
pair). STP costs more but offers better electrical characteristics.
The most popular kind of UTP used for networking is Category 5e (“Cat5”) cable.

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Plenum cable
If you are installing a cable in an air duct, you must use a special fire-resistant, low-smoke
plenum version of the cable.
Connectors
The standard connector used with Cat5 cable is the RJ45. After sorting individual wires into
appropriate channels the connector is crimped onto the wires.
It is often stated in textbooks that BNC is an abbreviation of British Naval Connector but the
initials actually stand for Bayonet Neill Concelman, a hybrid of designs by Paul Neill (N
connector) and Carl Concelman (C connector).
Local Area Networks
LAN technologies
Ethernet
Ethernet — also known as IEEE 802.3 — uses a bus topology.
10base-5 (Thick Ethernet)
10base-5 Ethernet uses RG-8 coaxial cable to form a bus, terminated at each end by a resistive
load (to stop signals reflecting at the end of the cable).
This bus can be tapped by a transceiver unit that connects to the AUI
2
interface on the network
card, via a patch cable with 15-pin D connectors at each end.
Thick Ethernet can carry a 10 Mbps transmission along a single bus up to 500m. As many as
four repeaters (signal regenerators) can be used to lengthen the bus to a total of 2.5 km. This
technology is slow, uses expensive bulky cable and is rarely used now.

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10base-2 (Thin Ethernet)
10base2 Ethernet uses a bus made from RG-58 coaxial cable, tapped by T-piece BNC connectors
that connect directly to PC network cards.
Thin Ethernet can carry a 10 Mbps transmission along a single bus up to “200m” length (in
reality 185m). Up to four repeaters can be used to lengthen the bus to a total of 1 km. Popular in
the 1980s, this is slow, costly and is rarely used now.
10base-T
100base-TX (Fast Ethernet)
1000base-T (Gigabit Ethernet over Copper)
These Ethernet designs place the bus inside a hub, with Cat5 UTP patch cables radiating to PCs.
The design is known as a logical bus / physical star. The cables connect to the hub and PC
network card with RJ45 connectors.
10base-T and 100base-TX work at 10 and 100 Mbps respectively. The cables radiating from the
hub may be up to 100m long. This technology is cheap, fast and 100base-TX is now the most
popular form of connection for LANs.
1000base-T works at 1 Gbps but compatible equipment is still costly at present. Cat 5e cable is
capable of supporting gigabit transmissions but Cat 6 cable allows full duplex transmission at
this speed.
Twisted pair Ethernet uses Cat 5e cable and RJ45 connectors wired according to the TIA-568A
and TIA-568B schemes:
A patch cable (“straight through” cable) connects a computer to a hub and uses 568A at both
ends. Alternatively, some companies prefer to use 568B at both ends. A crossover cable connects
a computer directly to another computer (or a hub to another hub) and uses 568A at one end and
568B at the other.
1000base-FX (Gigabit Ethernet)

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Houses the bus in a hub, with radiating fibre-optic cables. These are usually used to interconnect
other hubs in an extended star design.
Token Ring
Despite their name, token ring designs usually use a logical ring / physical star arrangement.
Each PC connects with two wires (send and receive) to a central hub called an MAU
(Multistation Access Unit). Token passing is used to regulate access.
Token passing
Only one PC at a time may speak on the network. This is controlled by passing a token from
machine to machine. The PC that wishes to speak hijacks the token for its own use, releasing it
either when it has finished speaking or after a suitable time-out. Token passing is very efficient
under lots of data traffic.
Token ring
Token ring networks use STP cable to connect PCs to the MAU in a single, one-directional ring.
These networks may run at speeds of 4 Mbps, 16 Mbps, 100 Mbps or 1 Gbps but are more
expensive to run than Ethernet networks and have therefore declined in use over the last 20
years. Token ring is also known as IEEE 802.5
FDDI
FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) uses fibre-optic cable to form a dual ring network
running at 100 Mbps or 200 Mbps. The lower speed uses the second ring for redundancy, the
higher uses both simultaneously.
Network Cabling
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to
another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a
network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The
type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.

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Understanding the characteristics of different
of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related topics.
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Cable Installation Guides
• Wireless LANs
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks.
The quality of UTP may vary from telephone
cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a dif
twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.
The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per
foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Assoc
has established standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire (additional categories are
emerging).
41
Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects
of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Cable Installation Guides
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
pular and is generally the best option for school networks.
Unshielded twisted pair
The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high
cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a dif
foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association)
types of cable and how they relate to other aspects
pular and is generally the best option for school networks.
grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The
cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of
iation/Telecommunication Industry Association)

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Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Category Speed Use
1 1 Mbps Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
2 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone (Rarely used)
3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used)
5
100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5e 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector
The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a
plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (See fig. 2). A slot allows the
RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the connector
follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire
goes with each pin inside the connector.
RJ-45 connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

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Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motors, fluorescent lights, etc.). If
you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or if you must place
cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the
UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help to extend the
maximum distance of the cables.
Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:
1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.
2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group).
3. There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires
(referred to as double shield twisted pair).
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation
between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to
block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In
addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thin net. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin
coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment
length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial
cable has been popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks.

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Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick
coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500
meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that h
from the center conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths
in a linear bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is
difficult to install.
Coaxial Cable Connectors
The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone
(BNC) connector (See fig. 4). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors,
including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator. Connect
weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC
connectors that crimp, rather screw, onto the cable.
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of
electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount
of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between
buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and
twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This capacity
broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video conferencing and
interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to co
44
al cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick
meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away
The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone
connector, barrel connector, and terminator. Connectors on the cable are the
connectors that crimp, rather screw, onto the cable.
BNC connector
Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between
buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This capacity
interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it
al cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick
elps keep moisture away
The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman
ors on the cable are the
surrounded by several layers of protective
interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between
pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This capacity
pper cabling; however, it

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is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable
carrying Ethernet signals.
The center core of fiber cables is made from glass or plastic fibers (see fig 5). A plastic coating
then cushions the fiber center, and Kevlar fibers help to strengthen the cables and prevent
breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of Teflon or PVC.
There are two common types of fiber cables -- single mode and multimode. Multimode cable has
a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds. Single mode can
provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
Specification Cable Type
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
10Base2 Thin Coaxial
10Base5 Thick Coaxial
100BaseFX Fiber Optic
100BaseBX Single mode Fiber
100BaseSX Multimode Fiber
1000BaseFX Fiber Optic
1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber
1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber
Installing Cable - Some Guidelines
When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:

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• Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
• Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have
problems that will be difficult to isolate later.
• Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical
interference.
• If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors.
• Label both ends of each cable.
• Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.

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Crimping
1. UTP Cable CAT5 or CAT6
2. RJ-45 Connector
3. Crimping tool

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To connect both systems you need to a cross cable. So follow these steps to make a cross cable:
1. Cut out the outer cover of both ends of wire.
2. Now use the following colour codes for both ends
3. Now insert the cable in the RJ-45 Connector
4. Crimp the cable using crimping tool
5. Plug the cables on cabinet’s Ethernet port

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Interconnection devices
Repeater
A repeater connects buses to form longer buses. It does this by regenerating signals as they pass
through. Because this introduces a time delay, the Ethernet specification allows only four
repeaters on an elongated bus.
Repeaters were used for 10base-5 and 10base-2 but are rarely required nowadays.
Hub
A hub is a bus inside a box, allowing a number of PCs to be connected to the bus. There are two
kinds: passive (direct connection to the bus) and active (each connection is regenerated to
improve signal quality).
Bridge
Buses slow down as more PCs are added because collisions increase. A bridge breaks the
network into two segments, allowing each segment to act as an independent bus. This reduces
collisions and speeds up the network. When a signal needs to travel to a PC on the other side of
the bridge, the bridge passes the signal through to the other bus. Bridges are rarely required
nowadays because they have been made redundant by switching hubs.

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Switch
A switching hub (commonly called a ‘switch’) is a combination of hub and bridge technology. It
breaks the internal bus into micro segments, allowing many connections to exist simultaneously.
This removes the possibility of collisions — thus switches allow bus networks to run at high
speed under heavy data traffic, and with a large number of PCs attached. As their popularity has
increased the price of switches has dropped, and they have replaced hubs in most 10base-T,
100base-TX, 1000base-T and 1000base-FX networks. Switches can also connect PCs that are
communicating at different speeds on different media. You can buy 10/100base-T switches, or
100base-T/1000base-FX models.
Router
Routers connect networks together. They direct traffic between networks by examining the
destination IP address of data packets.
They communicate with nearby routers by using routing
protocols to determine the best network to pass packets to. This
allows them to redirect traffic away from broken routers, faulty
connections or overloaded connections.
Routers are found on larger LAN networks and as the main interconnection device for WAN
networks. The Internet relies on a series of routers to pass information around the planet. Routers
may be dedicated boxes of electronics, or a PC with two or more network cards.

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Gateway
Protocols are the rules used for communication on a network. All PCs on a network must
understand the protocols used, otherwise they cannot communicate effectively.
A gateway translates the protocols of one network to another, allowing different types of
network to be interconnected. For example, a gateway will allow a token ring network using
TCP/IP protocols to connect to an Ethernet network using Novell IPX/SPX protocols
Network design
Most modern LANs use Ethernet designs, utilizing a combination of 100base-TX and 100base-
FX. This is cost-effective and flexible, mostly because it requires similar tools and fixtures to
telephone cabling.
Horizontal cabling
PCs within a room or across a floor are connected to a central hub or switch.

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The PCs connect to the wall with a short Cat5 patch cable. From the socket, the connection
continues through Cat5 cable to a wiring closet, sometimes placed in another room.
Inside the wiring closet, the cables are terminated at a patch panel, which allows each cable to be
connected to the switch or hub.

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Vertical cabling
Floors are each connected to a master switch by fibre-optic cables. This switch is referred-to as a
gigabit switch because it runs at 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps).

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The switch and its cables form the backbone of the expanded star network. Because the
backbone commonly runs vertically it is known as ‘vertical cabling’, but the cables are still
called ‘vertical cabling’ even if the backbone cables run horizontally from place to place.
INTERNET
When we connect networks together to form a network of networks this is called an
internetwork, or internet for short. The Internet is the world-wide super network of networks that
allows us to communicate with computers on the other side of the planet.
IP address Every computer on the Internet has a unique number, called an IP address. Like
telephone numbers these are allocated in geographical groups by a central body. IP addresses are
written as four numbers (between 0 and 255) separated by dots, for example: 194.201.135.122

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Ping
You can test the connection between computers using a utility called ping, available from the
MS-DOS prompt. It sends small test messages to the destination and reports the time taken to
respond in milliseconds (ms). Note: some computers will not respond to a ping for security
reasons.
Computer and domain names
IP addresses are fine but they're not very easy for humans to remember.
The Domain Name System (DNS) allows names to be used instead of IP addresses.
sky.southport-college.ac.uk is a computer based at Southport College.
Its IP address is 194.201.135.122

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When you use a computer name your PC looks up the number on a local DNS server, a kind of
Internet telephone directory. Try it: ping www.hitachi.co.jp
Windows & Networking
Configuring protocols
Communicating across a network is a complex task. Thankfully Windows has a built-in facility
for doing this, called NetBIOS. (NetBIOS is part of Windows and is not related to the main
BIOS on the motherboard, despite the similar name.)
Programs talk to NetBIOS; this then uses protocol drivers to convert data and break it into
packets that can be sent out through the network card.
For many years the two most popular protocols were Microsoft’s NetBEUI protocol and
Novell’s IPX/SPX protocol. These protocols were all incompatible with each other and are no
longer used. Nowadays almost all computers use a standard protocol called TCP/IP
(transmission control protocol / internet protocol).
TCP/IP
All versions of Windows have similar TCP/IP settings:
The IP address will uniquely identify this network card on the network.
The subnet mask (which has been covered in previous lessons) identifies:

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• Which part of the IP address is common to the local (sub)network
• Which part of the IP address is unique to this network card.
In this case, the 255.255.255 masks 192.168.1, the prefix common to all machines on this (sub)
network.
If an IP address is outside the local (sub)network (i.e. it does not start 192.168.1) then the IP
packet will be passed to this (sub)network’s default gateway. The default gateway is a router
that directs data packets between networks. In this example the router is connected to this (sub)
network using IP address 192.168.1.1.
In order to convert names to IP addresses, Windows will need to know where the nearest DNS
server is located. On Windows Server system you may also need to supply the network’s
domain suffix (e.g. mycompany.co.uk) so that the DNS system can identify local computer
names (e.g. mailserver.mycompany.co.uk) correctly.
Older Windows networks may also have a WINS server. WINS was a DNS-like system that
Microsoft used for resolving local network names.
If the network has a DHCP server then it can allocate these details automatically. If a PC is set
to “obtain an IP address automatically” then it broadcasts a DHCP request to all machines on the
local network. The server will pick an unused number from its leased address table and send it
back to the PC. The DHCP system also sends back subnet mask, default gateway and DNS
addresses. DHCP is known as dynamic addressing, as opposed to the static addressing identified
above.
NetBEUI & NetBIOS
To make peer-to-peer networking easier, Microsoft developed their own networking packet
format called NetBEUI (“net-booey”) — NetBIOS Extended User Interface.
NetBEUI allocated addresses automatically and therefore required no settings from the user.
However, because of its simple nature is cannot be used to interlink multiple (sub) networks.
Microsoft has now abandoned NetBEUI in favour of TCP/I

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Sharing resources
Simple file sharing
XP Home uses a system called Simple File Sharing to allow others to read files on your hard
drive.
Standard file sharing
Professional and Windows 2000 use a different system.
To share a folder or printer with other machines on a network, use right-click (“alt-click”) and
select ‘Sharing’. You must then choose a name for the share.

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Share a drive or a folder on the network with Windows XP
Summary
This article explains how to share a drive or a folder on the network with both Windows
XP Home Edition and Windows XP Professional when simple file sharing is enabled.
Windows XP Home Edition always uses simple file sharing and it cannot be disabled.
More Information
To share a drive or a folder on the network with Windows XP, follow these steps:
1. Open Windows Explorer or My Documents, and then locate the drive or folder
you want to share.
2. Right-click the drive or folder, and then click Sharing and Security. If you are
sharing a drive, under the Sharing tab, click the If you understand the risk but
still want to share the root of the drive, click here.
3. Under the Sharing tab, as shown in the picture below, you can do one of the
following:
o Share this folder on the network - This allows you to share the contents
of the drive or folder available to other users on the network.
o Allow network users to change my files - This allows network users to
change files over the network. This option is only available when the
"Share this folder on the network" checkbox is checked.

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4. Click Apply, and then click Ok.
Share a Printer with Others on Your Network
File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks
The File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks component allows other computers
on a network to access resources on your computer by using a Microsoft network. The
component is installed and enabled by default. It is enabled per connection using TCP/IP
and is necessary to share local folders. The File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Networks component is the equivalent of the Server service in Windows NT 4.0.
Sharing Printers with Others on Your Network
To share your printer

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1. Open Printers and Faxes. Click
Other Hardware, and then click
2. Right-click the printer you want to share, and then click
3. On the Sharing tab, click
shared printer.
4. If you share the printer with others using different hardware or different operating
systems, click Additional
for the other compute
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Open Printers and Faxes. Click Start, click Control Panel, click
, and then click Printers and Faxes.
click the printer you want to share, and then click Sharing
tab, click Share this printer and then type a share name
If you share the printer with others using different hardware or different operating
systems, click Additional Drivers. Click the Environment and operating system
for the other computers, and then click OK to install the additional drivers.
, click Printers and
Sharing.
share name for the
If you share the printer with others using different hardware or different operating
and operating system
to install the additional drivers.

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Note Drivers for users running other versions of Windows (Windows 95,
Windows 98, or Windows NT 4.0) are located on the Support CD. Printer drivers
for Windows NT 3.1 and Windows NT 3.5 are not
5. Click OK, or, if you have installed additional drivers, click
Note When you publish a printer in Active Directory, other users logged on to
the Windows domain will be able to search for the printer based on its location
and features, such
printing is supported.
To stop sharing your printer
62
Drivers for users running other versions of Windows (Windows 95,
for Windows NT 3.1 and Windows NT 3.5 are not included.
, or, if you have installed additional drivers, click Close
When you publish a printer in Active Directory, other users logged on to
and features, such as how many pages it prints per minute and whether color
printing is supported.
To stop sharing your printer
Drivers for users running other versions of Windows (Windows 95,
Close.
When you publish a printer in Active Directory, other users logged on to
as how many pages it prints per minute and whether color

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2. Right-click the printer you want to stop sharing, and then click
3. On the Sharing tab, click
To connect to a printer on a network
2. Under Printer Tasks
then click Next.
3. Click A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer
click Next.
Three Ways to Connect to a Printer on a Network
To search for a printer in Active Directory
1. Click Find a printer in the directory
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printer you want to stop sharing, and then click Sharing
tab, click Do Not share this printer.
To connect to a printer on a network
Printer Tasks, click Add a printer to open the Add Printer Wizard
A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer
Three Ways to Connect to a Printer on a Network
search for a printer in Active Directory
Find a printer in the directory, and then click Next.
Sharing.
Add Printer Wizard, and
A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer, and then

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2. Click the Browse button to the right of
then click OK.
3. Click Find Now.
4. Click the printer you want to connect
To locate a printer by typing the printer name or browsing for it
1. Click Connect to this printer
64
button to the right of Location, click the printer location, and
Click the printer you want to connect to, and then click OK.
To locate a printer by typing the printer name or browsing for it
Connect to this printer.
, click the printer location, and

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2. Do one of the following:
• Type the printer name using the following format:
printserver_nameshare_name
• Browse for it on the network
1. Click Next.
To connect to an Internet or intranet printer
65
Do one of the following:
Type the printer name using the following format:
share_name
Browse for it on the network. Click Next, click the printer in Shared printers
To connect to an Internet or intranet printer
Shared printers.

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1. Click Connect to a printer on the Internet or on a home or office network
2. Type the URL to the printer using the following format:
http://printserver_name/Printers/share_name/.printer.
3. Follow the instructions on the screen to finish connecting to the network printer.
Setting or Removing Permissions for a Printer
To change the permission settings for a printer, you must have the Manage
permission, which is one of several printer permissions.
To set up new permissions for a printer
1. Open Printers and Faxes.
2. Right-click the printer for which you want to set permissions, click
and then click theSecurity
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Connect to a printer on the Internet or on a home or office network
Type the URL to the printer using the following format:
http://printserver_name/Printers/share_name/.printer.
Follow the instructions on the screen to finish connecting to the network printer.
Setting or Removing Permissions for a Printer
To change the permission settings for a printer, you must have the Manage
permission, which is one of several printer permissions.
To set up new permissions for a printer
Open Printers and Faxes.
click the printer for which you want to set permissions, click
Security tab.
Connect to a printer on the Internet or on a home or office network.
Type the URL to the printer using the following format:
Follow the instructions on the screen to finish connecting to the network printer.
To change the permission settings for a printer, you must have the Manage Printers
click the printer for which you want to set permissions, click Properties,

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3. Click Add.
4. Click Look For, select the types of users you want to add, and then click
5. Click Look In, browse for the location you want to search, and then click
6. In the Name box, type the name of the user or group you want to set permissions
for, separating each name with a semicolon (
7. To ensure the names are recognized by the directory, click
8. Once all the names you want are listed in the
9. In Permissions, click the
to allow or deny.
10. To view or change the underlying printer permissions that make
up Print, Manage Printers
To change or remove permissions for a printer
1. Open Printers and Faxes.
2. Right-click the printer for which you want to
click Properties, and then click the
3. Click the name of the user or group whose permissions you want to change or
remove.
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, select the types of users you want to add, and then click
, browse for the location you want to search, and then click
box, type the name of the user or group you want to set permissions
ch name with a semicolon ( ; ).
To ensure the names are recognized by the directory, click Check Names
Once all the names you want are listed in the Name box, click OK
, click the Allow or Deny check box for each permission you want
To view or change the underlying printer permissions that make
Manage Printers, and Manage Documents, click Advanced
To change or remove permissions for a printer
Open Printers and Faxes.
click the printer for which you want to change or remove permissions,
, and then click the Security tab.
Click the name of the user or group whose permissions you want to change or
, select the types of users you want to add, and then click OK.
, browse for the location you want to search, and then click OK.
box, type the name of the user or group you want to set permissions
Check Names.
OK.
check box for each permission you want
To view or change the underlying printer permissions that make
Advanced.
change or remove permissions,
Click the name of the user or group whose permissions you want to change or

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4. In Permissions, click the Allow or Deny check box for each permission you want
to allow or deny, if necessary. Or, to remove the user or group from the
permissions list, click Remove.
5. To view or change the underlying permissions that make up Print, Manage
Printers, and Manage Documents, click Advanced.
By Syed.Abdur-Rahman © Copyright 2002-2014 AIM Technologies®
Compiled By
S.A. Rahman
Director
AIM Technologies
Cell: 98480 49486

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