This document discusses rectifiers, which are devices that convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It explains that AC current periodically changes direction, while DC current flows in one constant direction. A rectifier uses a step-down transformer to lower the voltage of an AC source, and then diodes to allow only one half of the AC cycle to pass to the load. When a diode is forward biased during the positive half cycle, it acts like a closed switch and allows current to flow. During the negative half cycle, when the diode is reverse biased, it acts like an open switch and blocks current flow. This has the effect of converting the alternating current into a pulsing direct current.