The document provides an overview of rectifiers and filter circuits, explaining the principles, types, and efficiencies of half wave rectifiers (HWR) and full wave rectifiers (FWR), including center tapped and bridge rectifiers. It also discusses the use of filter circuits to eliminate ripple in DC output from rectifiers, describing different filter types such as L-filter and π-section filter. Key metrics like rectification efficiency and ripple factor are analyzed, with assignments for further understanding.

1. Rectifiers and Filter Circuits
Rakesh Kumar Sheoran
Assistant Professor in Physics
Prarambh IASE, Jhajjar (Haryana)
13/04/2020

2. Rectifier
• The used to rectify the AC power supply is known as Rectifier.
It convert AC in to DA and work on the principle that diode
allow flow of maximum current in forward bias and allow
minimum flow in reverse bias.

3. Types of rectifiers
• Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)
• Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)
- Centre Tapped Rectifier
- Bridge Rectifier

4. Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)
• The rectifier which pass only either (+ve or –ve) half
cycle of input AC is called HWR.
- It consists of only one diode which conduct in conduct for
half cycle (forward bias) and does not conduct for next half
cycle (reverse bias).
- Generally +ve half cycle appears in output and –ve half
cycle is cut.
- Load resistance is used for taking the output.
• Benefits
- Low power dissipation
- Maintain similar input frequency

5. Circuit and Wave Shape for HWR
HWR Circuit
HWR Wave Shapes

6. Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)
• The rectifier which pass both (+ve or –ve) half cycles
of input AC in same direction is called FWR.
- It consists of two diodes – one in Forward and other in
reverse bias at same time. The diode in forward bias give
output. After reversing the cycle of input the other diode
conduct.
- Generally +ve half cycle appears in output as it is and –ve
half cycle appear in output in inverted form.
- Load resistance is used for taking the output.
• Benefits
- High Rectification efficiency (η)

7. FWR (contd…)
• Full Wave Rectification can be achieved by two ways:
– Centre Tap Rectifier
– Bridge Rectifier
• Main difference
- Centre tap has high efficiency but it is hard to find the exact
centre tapping position.
- Centre Tapped Rectifier use two diodes while Bridge Rectifier
use four diodes hence it consume more power.
- Centre Tapped Rectifier operate on one diode at a time hence
voltage load on single diode remain high. Therefore, can’t be
used on high voltage.
- Bridge Rectifier use four diodes instead of two, hence not
economical.

8. Centre Tapped FWR (contd…)
• In Centre Tapped FWR two diodes are connected in
such a way that is diode remain in forward bias for
+ve Half Cycle of input AC and conduct. For -ve Half
Cycle of input the second diode conduct in the same
direction. Therefore the output in the ive half cycle
appear in the output as inverted form.
• Therefore, the output is obtained during both half
cycles.

9. Circuit and Wave Shape for Centre
Tapped FWR
FWR Circuit
FWR Wave Shapes

10. Bridge Rectifier
• It consists for diodes connected to form a bridge
without any centre tapping of transformer.
- Out of four diode, a pair of two diodes in series if formed.
One pair conducts for +ve Half Cycle of input and other
paid conduct during –ve Half Cycle of input. The output
during –ve half cycle is in inverted form. Hence Output is in
same direction for each cycle of input.
- As two diode in series utilized for giving output. Therefore,
the total internal resistance increase and efficiency get
reduced.
- Due to bridge shape the centre tapping is not required.

11. Circuit and Wave Shape for Bridge
Rectifier (BR)
BR Circuit
BR Wave Shapes

12. Rectification Efficiency & Ripple Factor
• Rectification Efficiency measure the %age of total
input AC converted into DC. Under best condition
(without any loss due to diodes) he Efficiency of
HWR is 40.6% and FWR is 81.2%
• Ripple Factor is measure of purity of output DC and
measures the ripple component in the output. .

13. Rectification Efficiency & Ripple Factor
• Rectification Efficiency measure the %age of total
input AC converted into DC. Under best condition
(without any loss due to diodes) he Efficiency of
HWR is 40.6% and FWR is 81.2%
• Ripple Factor is measure of purity of output DC and
measures the ripple component in the output. .

14. Ripple Factor of HWR

15. Ripple Factor of FWR

16. Filter Circuits
• The circuits which are used to remove the ripples or
pulsating component from DC output of rectifier are
known as Filter Circuits. Such circuit are formed using
Inductor and Capacitor in Series and Parallel.
• Principle of Filter Circuit: -
– Inductor offer easy path to DC but offer resistive path to
AC.
– Capacitor offer resistive path to DC but offer easy path to
AC.

17. Types of Filter Circuit
• Series Inductor Filter / L-Filter)
• Shunt Capacitor filter
• Choke Inductor Filter (L– Section Filter)
• Capacitor Input Filter (π -section Filter)

18. HWR with L-Filter
HWR with L-Filter
Waveform for HWR with L-Filter

19. HWR with L-Filter (contd…)
• When current through Inductor (L) tends to increase, it oppose the
growth of current and store the excess energy in the form of
Magnetic Field.
• When current through Inductor (L) tends to decrease, it oppose the
decay of current and provide stored energy stored form the
Magnetic Field.
• Due to this the span of current flow through Load Resistance (RL)
increase.

20. HWR with L-Filter (contd…)
• The AC component Impedance of circuit is given by
and for DC (w=0) the Impedance is given by
• Due to high Impedance value the AC component from output will
be blocked while only DC component will be allowed.
• Let the voltage across the secondary transformer is
• As envisaged from waveform the growth of current from w=0 to w=
π/2 is opposed by Inductor (L) and similarly the decay of current
from w= π/2 to w= π is also opposed. Therefore, complete cycle in
output got elongated by θ and half cycle becomes of (π+ θ)
duration instead of π. The similar situation will be with w= π to 2π .

21. FWR with L-Filter
.
FWR with L - Filter
Waveform for FWR with L - Filter

22. Ripple Factor for FWR with L-Filter
Fourier Series for the output voltage V0 of the FWR is given by
The first term in the series i.e. represent the DC
component of output voltage.
Therefore, DC current is given by
The contribution of component s with frequency 4w and more
will be negligible and peak will be contributed by frequency
2w.

23. Ripple Factor for FWR with L-Filter
When RL >> 2wL; the γ = = 0.48. which is close to the value without L-filter.
Hence, it does not work well for high value of RL .
When 2wL >> RL the value of i.e. .
The lower value of Ripple Factor can be adjusted using higher value of L.

24. Capacitor Input Filter (π -Section Filter)
• π -Section Filter is combination of L-Section Filter and
Capacitor Filter and used where voltage higher then the L-
Section Filter is required.

25. Capacitor Input Filter (π -Section Filter)
• The π -Section Filter functions as series Inductor Filter except
the Capacitor Functioning. As Capacitor block the DC and
easily pass the AC; the capacitors C1 and C2 will pass the AC
and only the DC will appear through Load Resistance (RL).
Waveform for FWR with π -Section Filter

26. Capacitor Input Filter (π -Section Filter)
The Ripple Factor for π -Section Filter is given by
Where and are the capacitive reactance of capacitors C1
and C2 respectively. XL is the Inductive Reactance of Inductor
(L). The value of Ripple Factor (γ) can be managed by
controlling the value of Load Resistance (RL).

27. Assignment
1. What is rectifier? Explain, how p-n junction diode can be used as Half
Wave Rectifier. Also draw the output waveform.
2. Explain the functioning of Central Tap Full Wave Rectifier and calculate
its Ripple Factor.
3. Explain functioning of Bridge Rectifier with neat and clean diagram.
4. What is Filter Circuit? Explain following Filter Circuits and calculate
Ripple Factor for them:
(i) L-Filter
(ii) π -Section Filter
5. Explain the following terms:
(i) Ripple Factor
(ii) Rectification Efficiency

28. Thank You