1) The document proposes a ubiquitous virtual currency system as an alternative to physical currency to address issues of deforestation and environmental impact.
2) In the proposed system, every citizen registers with a recognized bank and is provided a SIM card for contactless payments using biometrics. Transactions can be initiated by holding phones near each other or requesting bank approval for larger transfers.
3) Shops and other businesses would be equipped with biometric scanners to process payments. The system aims to make currency accessible anywhere through interconnected mobile and banking technology.
‘PANACEA’ – A POLITICAL SOLUTION or HOW TO ELIMINATE CORRUPTION, CRIME,...mlvenkat
The document describes an idea called Panacea that the author developed for their MBA thesis. Panacea is a framework with four pillars that would bring about changes in public life. The four pillars are: 1) Unique National Identity Number, 2) Multi Application Smart Card, 3) Unique Single Transaction Account, and 4) Transaction Bank of India. The Unique National Identity Number and Multi Application Smart Card would be e-governance initiatives, while the Unique Single Transaction Account and Transaction Bank of India would be initiatives of the Reserve Bank of India. The framework is intended to solve problems faced by the country and society by establishing a universal identification system and requiring all monetary transactions to go through single accounts at the Transaction Bank of India
Universally governments operating money as commodity (1)Abraham Paul
Demonetization is Archaic. Governments collecting of TAX on rightfully hard earned Money of ordinary Citizen is Mediaeval.
No one can stop advancement of Technology and the disruptive paths it create. However, there has to be a way to tackle it and half baked solutions like Demonetization are of no help. The way to go is to walk, and walk the full way with disruptive technology converting it an advantage.What hurts Economy most is not Black Money alone but also large portion Money being guzzled up and converted into its virtual form by fast mushrooming e-money businesses creating parallel economy of a black hole of Virtual Money draining Banks hurting liquidity and eventually disrupting Nation’s economy. Forewarned is forearmed.
Panacea is an idea which proposes a political solution based on IT initiatives from Indian Government to solve most problems faced by the country, society and economy.
In the past, we had used natural money (such: nuts, leaf). In 650 B.C, precious metal money was the mainly currency. After that, in 1700s A.D, we have transferred to paper money like US Dollar, Euro and now, we are using card replace for traditional cash. The currency revolution doesn’t stop there, we're going to use our smartphone instead of card, metal money, cash, loyalty card. That's called Digital Wallet (also known as E-Wallet)
Enablers and Impediments of Cashless Instruments with special reference to M-...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research study on the enablers and impediments of using mobile wallets as a cashless payment instrument in Varanasi, India. The study found that awareness and use of mobile wallets is increasing, with Paytm being the most popular option. Major enablers of using mobile wallets included discounts, offers, and ease of use. However, security concerns regarding mobile payments and the risk of losing money were significant impediments. While most respondents found mobile wallet services useful, around half had concerns about transaction security. The study concludes that mobile wallets show promise but security issues could hinder wider adoption of cashless payments in India.
The document summarizes the evolution of payment systems in India from barter systems to modern digital payments. It traces the progression from barter exchange, to cash payments, cheque payments, online payments, and mobile payment applications. Each system is defined and the key advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The core information provided is the historical evolution of payment methods in India and an overview of the main systems with their benefits and drawbacks.
This document discusses various digital payment methods available in India to encourage cashless transactions. It outlines 8 main cashless payment options: cheques, demand drafts, credit/debit cards, online transfers (NEFT/RTGS), e-wallets, UPI apps, Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS), and Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD). Each method is described in 1-2 paragraphs explaining how it works and key features. The document emphasizes promoting digital payments to reduce cash usage and enable transparent transactions that can be easily traced.
‘PANACEA’ – A POLITICAL SOLUTION or HOW TO ELIMINATE CORRUPTION, CRIME,...mlvenkat
The document describes an idea called Panacea that the author developed for their MBA thesis. Panacea is a framework with four pillars that would bring about changes in public life. The four pillars are: 1) Unique National Identity Number, 2) Multi Application Smart Card, 3) Unique Single Transaction Account, and 4) Transaction Bank of India. The Unique National Identity Number and Multi Application Smart Card would be e-governance initiatives, while the Unique Single Transaction Account and Transaction Bank of India would be initiatives of the Reserve Bank of India. The framework is intended to solve problems faced by the country and society by establishing a universal identification system and requiring all monetary transactions to go through single accounts at the Transaction Bank of India
Universally governments operating money as commodity (1)Abraham Paul
Demonetization is Archaic. Governments collecting of TAX on rightfully hard earned Money of ordinary Citizen is Mediaeval.
No one can stop advancement of Technology and the disruptive paths it create. However, there has to be a way to tackle it and half baked solutions like Demonetization are of no help. The way to go is to walk, and walk the full way with disruptive technology converting it an advantage.What hurts Economy most is not Black Money alone but also large portion Money being guzzled up and converted into its virtual form by fast mushrooming e-money businesses creating parallel economy of a black hole of Virtual Money draining Banks hurting liquidity and eventually disrupting Nation’s economy. Forewarned is forearmed.
Panacea is an idea which proposes a political solution based on IT initiatives from Indian Government to solve most problems faced by the country, society and economy.
In the past, we had used natural money (such: nuts, leaf). In 650 B.C, precious metal money was the mainly currency. After that, in 1700s A.D, we have transferred to paper money like US Dollar, Euro and now, we are using card replace for traditional cash. The currency revolution doesn’t stop there, we're going to use our smartphone instead of card, metal money, cash, loyalty card. That's called Digital Wallet (also known as E-Wallet)
Enablers and Impediments of Cashless Instruments with special reference to M-...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research study on the enablers and impediments of using mobile wallets as a cashless payment instrument in Varanasi, India. The study found that awareness and use of mobile wallets is increasing, with Paytm being the most popular option. Major enablers of using mobile wallets included discounts, offers, and ease of use. However, security concerns regarding mobile payments and the risk of losing money were significant impediments. While most respondents found mobile wallet services useful, around half had concerns about transaction security. The study concludes that mobile wallets show promise but security issues could hinder wider adoption of cashless payments in India.
The document summarizes the evolution of payment systems in India from barter systems to modern digital payments. It traces the progression from barter exchange, to cash payments, cheque payments, online payments, and mobile payment applications. Each system is defined and the key advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The core information provided is the historical evolution of payment methods in India and an overview of the main systems with their benefits and drawbacks.
This document discusses various digital payment methods available in India to encourage cashless transactions. It outlines 8 main cashless payment options: cheques, demand drafts, credit/debit cards, online transfers (NEFT/RTGS), e-wallets, UPI apps, Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS), and Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD). Each method is described in 1-2 paragraphs explaining how it works and key features. The document emphasizes promoting digital payments to reduce cash usage and enable transparent transactions that can be easily traced.
The document proposes an electronic payment system submitted by 6 people including Pooja Singh and Anuj Aggarwal. It discusses the journey of payments from paper-based instruments to electronic instruments like mobile banking, ATM, and online transactions. The document also outlines trends that will transform payments in India over the next 5 years such as technology making digital payments simpler, merchant acceptance networks growing 10 times by 2020, and payments driving consumption rather than the other way around.
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy through various digital payment methods and initiatives by the government and Reserve Bank of India. It outlines the key benefits of a cashless economy like convenience and security. However, challenges in rural areas include low internet penetration and financial literacy. Steps are being taken to promote digital payments for farmers and provide infrastructure in villages to encourage a cashless economy across India.
Initiative towards cashless economy in indiaTarun Sharma
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy through the promotion of digital payment methods. It provides an overview of various digital payment options in India like banking cards, USSD, UPI, mobile wallets, BHIM app, and their benefits in making transactions more convenient, economical and providing digital records. While demonetization increased digital payments usage, fully transitioning India will depend on factors like increasing access to banking, incentivizing digital payments, and improving telecom infrastructure.
Demonetization effect on digital payments solutions in india by Balaji Prince Bala
The aim of the research is to identify the impact of demonetization in india on the digital payment platform.
This research helps to MBA students for their better understanding about the final year project format...i hope my research will help you.. thank you..
The document discusses digital payments in India. It provides definitions of different types of digital payment instruments and outlines the history and evolution of digital payments in India from credit cards in 1981 to UPI in 2016. It describes key features of digital payments like convenience and security. Major reasons for increased adoption include demonetization in 2016 and expanding smartphone usage. Key digital payment methods discussed include cards, UPI, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, internet banking, and mobile banking. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) plays an important role in developing digital payment infrastructure.
Consumers adaptability and acceptance of e walletMathew Lawrence
This presentation was given in the One day International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on “World Road to Cashless economy” organised by Clara's college of commerce in association University of Mumbai & India Accounting Association (Thane Branch)
Cashless Economy and its Impact on Modern Society.Raghav kulkarni
The following Paper Illustrates the effects of Cashless Economy and how this payment methodology influenced modern day Society and How has Cashless economy influences a countries Growth.
The document discusses the potential for a cashless society in Nigeria and examines its drivers and challenges. It notes that Nigeria proposed adopting a cashless economy starting in Lagos in 2012 but was unable to realize this goal due to infrastructure deficits. The study found that most Nigerians are aware of the cashless policy and believe it could help reduce corruption, money laundering, and crime. However, major challenges include cyber fraud, limited payment options, and financial illiteracy among the population. The document recommends educating citizens, especially non-literate Nigerians, about the cashless economy and establishing laws around cybercrime.
customer preference towards mobile walletPranav Mital
Customer preferences are expectations, likes, dislikes, and inclinations that drive customer purchasing decisions. They include preferences around convenience, effort required, user interfaces, communication style, stability versus variety, risk tolerance, values, sensory experiences, time, customer service, and overall customer experience. Mobile wallets provide a platform for users to store money digitally and make cashless transactions more conveniently compared to physical cash or cards. The money in a mobile wallet can be used to pay for goods and services or transfer funds via SMS or NFC. RBI classifies mobile wallets as open, semi-open, semi-closed, or closed depending on their functionality such as ability to withdraw cash or redeem funds.
Cashless Society (Cashless Economy, Online Transactions, is india moving towa...Jeet Amrutiya
Pros and cons of cashless society.........
India's current Position on cashless
Is india moving towards this or not.......
How demonetization affected ........
The document provides an introduction to the concept of digital/electronic cash and cashless transactions. It discusses how physical currency and paper-based transactions are being replaced by digital forms of payment using technologies like smart cards, digital cash, and instant fund transfers. It introduces the concept of a "Money Pad" which uses biometric fingerprint recognition to provide secure access to a user's digital cash and financial information. The Money Pad would store this digital cash and data, and could be automatically updated via a PDA or satellite connection. It emphasizes the importance of protecting individual privacy and rights as these electronic payment systems develop.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and electronic payment systems. It discusses the history of e-commerce from the 1970s development of electronic fund transfer to the rise of the world wide web in the 1990s. It defines electronic payment as a subset of e-commerce used to purchase goods or services online. Specific electronic payment methods discussed include electronic funds transfer, electronic cash, electronic checks, debit cards, and smart cards. The pros and cons of these methods are summarized. The document also provides an overview of electronic payment systems used in India, including the increasing use of payment cards and promotion of digital payments through various channels.
The document outlines a digital payment awareness campaign with the objectives of enrolling 25 lakh merchants and 1 crore citizens across India's 250,000 panchayats. It discusses promoting digital payments through common service centers and various stakeholders. The benefits of a cashless economy are described, along with an implementation roadmap including training programs and support cells. Various digital payment methods like UPI, IMPS, wallets, and Aadhaar payments are explained in detail.
The document discusses India's payment systems. It outlines the key regulatory bodies that oversee payment systems in India. It then describes various paper-based and electronic payment methods in India such as cheques, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, and prepaid payment systems. It also discusses the settlement system operator Clearing Corporation of India and features of the Cheque Truncation System. The document provides details on processing times, charges and limits for different payment methods in India. It concludes by noting some limitations of India's payment systems including the lack of standardized account numbering across banks.
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy. It explains that demonetization in 2016 pushed India towards digital payments like mobile wallets, UPI, and banking cards. A cashless economy provides benefits like reducing black money, increasing tax collection, and reducing printing costs. The document outlines various digital payment methods and their requirements. It predicts that increased transparency, GDP, and investments through cashless transactions will make India's economy more successful.
Design and Simulation of PFC Circuit for AC/DC Converter Based on PWM Boost R...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and simulation of a power factor correction (PFC) circuit for an AC/DC converter using a PWM boost regulator. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal current from the power supply, reducing power quality. The proposed PFC circuit utilizes current shaping techniques with the boost inductor to generate a sinusoidal input current and improve the power factor. Simulation results showed the input current was sinusoidal in phase with the line voltage, achieving near unity power factor. Harmonic analysis revealed the 3rd, 17th, and 19th harmonics were significantly reduced after PFC, improving the power factor from 62.3% to 98.8%. The PFC circuit demonstrated effective mitigation of current harmon
Design and Implementation of Single Leg Reduce Switch Count Dual Output Inver...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed three-switch single-leg inverter topology that can independently supply two AC loads using reduced semiconductor switches compared to conventional six-switch topologies. The three-switch inverter uses three semiconductor switches and three parallel capacitors to generate independent outputs of varying frequency and amplitude. Simulation and experimental results show that the three-switch inverter can successfully drive two AC loads independently while reducing components, cost, size and weight compared to traditional designs.
Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using pa...IOSR Journals
This document presents a particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the integral controller gains for automatic generation control of a two-area interconnected power system. Each control area includes thermal generation systems with reheat turbines. The objective is to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power flow deviations following load disturbances using two performance indices: integral of squared error and integral of time-multiplied absolute error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in tuning the AGC parameters to improve the dynamic response compared to a conventional integral controller.
Web Mining Research Issues and Future Directions – A SurveyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on web mining techniques. It begins with an abstract describing how web mining aims to extract useful information from vast amounts of unstructured web data. It then reviews various web mining techniques including web content mining, web structure mining, and web usage mining. The document surveys literature on pattern extraction techniques such as association rule mining, clustering, classification, and sequential pattern mining. It also discusses challenges in pre-processing web data and issues related to scaling up data mining algorithms for large web datasets. In closing, the document outlines future research directions in web mining including dealing with unstructured data and multimedia content.
Proposal Technique for an Static Var CompensatorIOSR Journals
This document provides details on the design process for a Static Var Compensator (SVC). It discusses key considerations like load characteristics, environmental conditions, thyristor selection and operation, reactor arrangements, harmonic filtering, and simulation of fault conditions. The design process requires thorough investigation of parameters like thyristor ratings, triggering circuits, cooling requirements, and protection against overvoltages. Fault cases are simulated using PSCAD software to analyze maximum current and voltage stresses on thyristor valves and harmonic filters. Reactor design must also account for current harmonics levels.
The document proposes an electronic payment system submitted by 6 people including Pooja Singh and Anuj Aggarwal. It discusses the journey of payments from paper-based instruments to electronic instruments like mobile banking, ATM, and online transactions. The document also outlines trends that will transform payments in India over the next 5 years such as technology making digital payments simpler, merchant acceptance networks growing 10 times by 2020, and payments driving consumption rather than the other way around.
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy through various digital payment methods and initiatives by the government and Reserve Bank of India. It outlines the key benefits of a cashless economy like convenience and security. However, challenges in rural areas include low internet penetration and financial literacy. Steps are being taken to promote digital payments for farmers and provide infrastructure in villages to encourage a cashless economy across India.
Initiative towards cashless economy in indiaTarun Sharma
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy through the promotion of digital payment methods. It provides an overview of various digital payment options in India like banking cards, USSD, UPI, mobile wallets, BHIM app, and their benefits in making transactions more convenient, economical and providing digital records. While demonetization increased digital payments usage, fully transitioning India will depend on factors like increasing access to banking, incentivizing digital payments, and improving telecom infrastructure.
Demonetization effect on digital payments solutions in india by Balaji Prince Bala
The aim of the research is to identify the impact of demonetization in india on the digital payment platform.
This research helps to MBA students for their better understanding about the final year project format...i hope my research will help you.. thank you..
The document discusses digital payments in India. It provides definitions of different types of digital payment instruments and outlines the history and evolution of digital payments in India from credit cards in 1981 to UPI in 2016. It describes key features of digital payments like convenience and security. Major reasons for increased adoption include demonetization in 2016 and expanding smartphone usage. Key digital payment methods discussed include cards, UPI, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, internet banking, and mobile banking. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) plays an important role in developing digital payment infrastructure.
Consumers adaptability and acceptance of e walletMathew Lawrence
This presentation was given in the One day International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on “World Road to Cashless economy” organised by Clara's college of commerce in association University of Mumbai & India Accounting Association (Thane Branch)
Cashless Economy and its Impact on Modern Society.Raghav kulkarni
The following Paper Illustrates the effects of Cashless Economy and how this payment methodology influenced modern day Society and How has Cashless economy influences a countries Growth.
The document discusses the potential for a cashless society in Nigeria and examines its drivers and challenges. It notes that Nigeria proposed adopting a cashless economy starting in Lagos in 2012 but was unable to realize this goal due to infrastructure deficits. The study found that most Nigerians are aware of the cashless policy and believe it could help reduce corruption, money laundering, and crime. However, major challenges include cyber fraud, limited payment options, and financial illiteracy among the population. The document recommends educating citizens, especially non-literate Nigerians, about the cashless economy and establishing laws around cybercrime.
customer preference towards mobile walletPranav Mital
Customer preferences are expectations, likes, dislikes, and inclinations that drive customer purchasing decisions. They include preferences around convenience, effort required, user interfaces, communication style, stability versus variety, risk tolerance, values, sensory experiences, time, customer service, and overall customer experience. Mobile wallets provide a platform for users to store money digitally and make cashless transactions more conveniently compared to physical cash or cards. The money in a mobile wallet can be used to pay for goods and services or transfer funds via SMS or NFC. RBI classifies mobile wallets as open, semi-open, semi-closed, or closed depending on their functionality such as ability to withdraw cash or redeem funds.
Cashless Society (Cashless Economy, Online Transactions, is india moving towa...Jeet Amrutiya
Pros and cons of cashless society.........
India's current Position on cashless
Is india moving towards this or not.......
How demonetization affected ........
The document provides an introduction to the concept of digital/electronic cash and cashless transactions. It discusses how physical currency and paper-based transactions are being replaced by digital forms of payment using technologies like smart cards, digital cash, and instant fund transfers. It introduces the concept of a "Money Pad" which uses biometric fingerprint recognition to provide secure access to a user's digital cash and financial information. The Money Pad would store this digital cash and data, and could be automatically updated via a PDA or satellite connection. It emphasizes the importance of protecting individual privacy and rights as these electronic payment systems develop.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and electronic payment systems. It discusses the history of e-commerce from the 1970s development of electronic fund transfer to the rise of the world wide web in the 1990s. It defines electronic payment as a subset of e-commerce used to purchase goods or services online. Specific electronic payment methods discussed include electronic funds transfer, electronic cash, electronic checks, debit cards, and smart cards. The pros and cons of these methods are summarized. The document also provides an overview of electronic payment systems used in India, including the increasing use of payment cards and promotion of digital payments through various channels.
The document outlines a digital payment awareness campaign with the objectives of enrolling 25 lakh merchants and 1 crore citizens across India's 250,000 panchayats. It discusses promoting digital payments through common service centers and various stakeholders. The benefits of a cashless economy are described, along with an implementation roadmap including training programs and support cells. Various digital payment methods like UPI, IMPS, wallets, and Aadhaar payments are explained in detail.
The document discusses India's payment systems. It outlines the key regulatory bodies that oversee payment systems in India. It then describes various paper-based and electronic payment methods in India such as cheques, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, and prepaid payment systems. It also discusses the settlement system operator Clearing Corporation of India and features of the Cheque Truncation System. The document provides details on processing times, charges and limits for different payment methods in India. It concludes by noting some limitations of India's payment systems including the lack of standardized account numbering across banks.
The document discusses India's transition to a cashless economy. It explains that demonetization in 2016 pushed India towards digital payments like mobile wallets, UPI, and banking cards. A cashless economy provides benefits like reducing black money, increasing tax collection, and reducing printing costs. The document outlines various digital payment methods and their requirements. It predicts that increased transparency, GDP, and investments through cashless transactions will make India's economy more successful.
Design and Simulation of PFC Circuit for AC/DC Converter Based on PWM Boost R...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and simulation of a power factor correction (PFC) circuit for an AC/DC converter using a PWM boost regulator. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal current from the power supply, reducing power quality. The proposed PFC circuit utilizes current shaping techniques with the boost inductor to generate a sinusoidal input current and improve the power factor. Simulation results showed the input current was sinusoidal in phase with the line voltage, achieving near unity power factor. Harmonic analysis revealed the 3rd, 17th, and 19th harmonics were significantly reduced after PFC, improving the power factor from 62.3% to 98.8%. The PFC circuit demonstrated effective mitigation of current harmon
Design and Implementation of Single Leg Reduce Switch Count Dual Output Inver...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed three-switch single-leg inverter topology that can independently supply two AC loads using reduced semiconductor switches compared to conventional six-switch topologies. The three-switch inverter uses three semiconductor switches and three parallel capacitors to generate independent outputs of varying frequency and amplitude. Simulation and experimental results show that the three-switch inverter can successfully drive two AC loads independently while reducing components, cost, size and weight compared to traditional designs.
Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using pa...IOSR Journals
This document presents a particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the integral controller gains for automatic generation control of a two-area interconnected power system. Each control area includes thermal generation systems with reheat turbines. The objective is to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power flow deviations following load disturbances using two performance indices: integral of squared error and integral of time-multiplied absolute error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in tuning the AGC parameters to improve the dynamic response compared to a conventional integral controller.
Web Mining Research Issues and Future Directions – A SurveyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on web mining techniques. It begins with an abstract describing how web mining aims to extract useful information from vast amounts of unstructured web data. It then reviews various web mining techniques including web content mining, web structure mining, and web usage mining. The document surveys literature on pattern extraction techniques such as association rule mining, clustering, classification, and sequential pattern mining. It also discusses challenges in pre-processing web data and issues related to scaling up data mining algorithms for large web datasets. In closing, the document outlines future research directions in web mining including dealing with unstructured data and multimedia content.
Proposal Technique for an Static Var CompensatorIOSR Journals
This document provides details on the design process for a Static Var Compensator (SVC). It discusses key considerations like load characteristics, environmental conditions, thyristor selection and operation, reactor arrangements, harmonic filtering, and simulation of fault conditions. The design process requires thorough investigation of parameters like thyristor ratings, triggering circuits, cooling requirements, and protection against overvoltages. Fault cases are simulated using PSCAD software to analyze maximum current and voltage stresses on thyristor valves and harmonic filters. Reactor design must also account for current harmonics levels.
Two Factor Authentication Using Smartphone Generated One Time PasswordIOSR Journals
This document proposes a two-factor authentication system that uses smartphones to generate one-time passwords (OTPs). It aims to improve security over traditional password-based systems while reducing costs compared to hardware token-based OTP systems. The proposed system would have client software on PCs and Android apps to generate OTPs using cryptographic algorithms and unique device identifiers. OTPs would be validated by the server to authenticate transactions. Future work could explore using images instead of OTPs for two-factor authentication via mobile apps.
Characterization of Arsenic contaminated Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) through RAPD ...IOSR Journals
This study characterized rice genotypes for arsenic contamination using RAPD markers. Forty rice genotypes from India and other countries were tested for arsenic levels in fields with known arsenic contamination. DNA was extracted from plants and amplified using RAPD primers. Fourteen primers produced polymorphic bands that were scored. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into four main clusters, separating japonica types from indica. Varieties previously found to have low or high arsenic levels clustered separately, indicating RAPD may help discriminate arsenic uptake ability. Further research with more markers is needed to better predict arsenic accumulation through genetics. This study provides a preliminary analysis of using molecular markers to study genetic control of arsenic uptake in rice.
Efficient Technique for Image Stenography Based on coordinates of pixelsIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel image steganography technique based on pixel pair matching. The technique uses "diamond encoding" to embed secret data by adjusting pixel values in image blocks. It can conceal a (2k^2 + 2k + 1)-ary digit into each pixel pair by modifying at most one pixel value. The embedding and extraction processes are described. Experimental results on test images like Lena show the technique can hide more secret data while maintaining good stego-image quality as measured by PSNR, outperforming simple LSB substitution methods.
Channel Fading Detection in Manets with Hand off StrategyIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel Channel-Aware AOMDV (CA-AOMDV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks that uses channel state information to select stable links and implement a preemptive handoff strategy. It uses the average nonfading duration of links as a routing metric to choose paths with stable links. When link quality starts to fade, it performs a handoff to a better quality link to avoid disconnections. It allows paths to be reused when available again rather than discarded. Simulation and theoretical results show CA-AOMDV has improved network performance over AOMDV in terms of reduced routing overhead and packet drops.
An effective citation metadata extraction process based on BibPro parserIOSR Journals
The document describes a citation metadata extraction process called BibPro that uses a sequence alignment approach. BibPro first captures structural properties from citation strings and transforms them into sequenced templates. It then applies encoding tables and reserved words to represent fields as unique symbols. Blocking patterns are used to capture local field structures. BibPro constructs a template database and then aligns query citations to templates to extract metadata fields like author, title, publication details. The approach achieves more accurate extraction than existing systems through its use of citation string sequencing and alignment techniques.
Script Identification for printed document images at text-line level using DC...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a script identification approach for Indian scripts at the text-line level of printed documents. The approach uses visual appearance-based recognition by extracting features from text lines using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). These features are classified using a Modified K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The method achieves 95% accuracy in recognizing 11 major Indian languages and discusses the importance of script identification in multilingual environments like India for applications such as optical character recognition.
A Video Watermarking Scheme to Hinder Camcorder PiracyIOSR Journals
This document describes a video watermarking scheme to prevent camcorder piracy in movie theaters. The scheme embeds watermarks in video frames so that any compliant video player cannot play the video if recorded in a theater. The watermarking technique is robust to geometric distortions like rotation and scaling. It also prevents loss of quality from lossy compression formats. The scheme uses an integer wavelet transform for the watermark embedding and extraction processes, making it computationally efficient and lossless. Experimental results show the scheme can withstand various attacks like filtering, noise addition, resizing and rotation while accurately extracting the embedded watermarks.
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Secure Authentication System Using Video SurveillanceIOSR Journals
The document proposes a secure authentication system using video surveillance that extracts key features from video to identify and authenticate users. It begins with an introduction to existing biometric authentication methods and their limitations. It then describes the proposed video surveillance system which involves extracting foreground objects from video using background subtraction and shadow detection algorithms. Key features like skeleton and centroid features are extracted from the foreground objects using triangulation and depth first search. These features are stored in a database and used to identify and authenticate users by comparing with live video feed features. The system aims to provide secure authentication using video's ability to characterize biometrics based on dynamics like gait, while overcoming limitations of existing methods.
A Modified Novel Approach to Control of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a modified control system for a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) based on instantaneous power (PQ) theory. Using instantaneous current and voltage measurements, the control system can instantaneously calculate the active and reactive power flow to control the TCSC thyristor firing angle.
2) Simulations show the control system using instantaneous power values responds faster and more accurately to disturbances compared to a control system using RMS power values. The instantaneous power control stabilized the power flow within 0.4 seconds after a disturbance, while the RMS control took 0.46 seconds.
3) The control system was able to accurately control the power flow through a transmission line
City Puzzle as an interactive simulation that visualizes future urban planning approaches. It builds on the mixed reality environment "Gulliver's World" to allow collaborative design of virtual cities.
1) The document proposes using multipath TCP (MPTCP) as a more effective way to manage data center networks compared to single path TCP. MPTCP can utilize available bandwidth across multiple paths simultaneously, improving throughput and fairness.
2) Large-scale flow-level simulations show that MPTCP achieves close to full utilization of FatTree, VL2, and BCube network topologies, outperforming randomized load balancing with single path TCP, which struggles to fully utilize the networks. The minimum number of MPTCP subflows needed does not significantly increase with larger network sizes.
3) Packet-level simulations and experiments on a small testbed validate that MPTCP effectively utilizes multiple paths in practice and improves performance over single
This document discusses security challenges and opportunities in virtualized computing environments like cloud computing. It begins by defining key concepts like hypervisors, virtual machines, and security layers. It then explores how traditional network security approaches need to be adapted to the virtual environment. Specifically, it examines how firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention, anti-virus, encryption, and patch management can be implemented as shared security services across virtual machines. The document also discusses challenges around data privacy, incident response, compliance, and service management in virtual environments and how "Security as a Service" approaches could help address some of these issues. In the end, it argues that many security problems posed by virtualization can be solved through adapted traditional methods and emerging standards
Dipole switching speeds of GIZO/P(VDF-TrFE) based FeFETs: evaporated gold and...IOSR Journals
1) The document compares the dipole switching speeds of two types of ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors (FeFETs) - one with an evaporated gold top gate and one with an ink-jet printed silver top gate.
2) Measurements showed the device with evaporated gold had a dipole switching speed of less than 10 ms, while the device with ink-jet printed silver had a much slower switching speed of approximately 10 seconds.
3) The slower switching speed of the silver top gate device is believed to be due to moisture exposure affecting the printed silver and allowing silver migration into the ferroelectric layer.
A STUDY ON IMPORTANCE OF CASHLESS TRANSACTIONS IN INDIAKate Campbell
This document discusses the importance of cashless transactions in India. It notes that demonetization has pushed citizens towards cashless modes of payment and reduced currency printing and management costs. A cashless economy could increase transparency and accountability. The onus is on the government, banks, businesses and people to encourage cashless transactions through incentive programs. Various digital payment methods like debit cards, UPI, mobile wallets, and internet banking can facilitate cashless transactions in India.
This document summarizes a student project on Digital India. It includes an acknowledgements section, introduction, objectives, discussion of objectives, data collection, research problems, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on the Digital India initiative and its goals of improving digital infrastructure, governance, and citizen empowerment. The objectives section outlines goals of studying the role of digital payments and mobile technology in rural areas and challenges/benefits of going cashless. Research problems discussed lack of education hindering survey responses. The conclusion finds that Digital India can improve living standards if proper training is provided given expectations for jobs, services, and efficiency.
The document provides an introduction to the concept of digital or electronic cash and money pads. It discusses how physical currency and paper-based financial systems will be replaced by digital alternatives in the 21st century. It then introduces a proposed electronic cash handling system called the Money Pad, which uses biometric fingerprint recognition for user authentication and security. The Money Pad is presented as a more secure alternative to existing payment methods like credit cards. The document is divided into chapters that define key terms related to digital currency, electronic wallets, and money pads. It also provides technical details about how money pads could work within banking networks as a new form of digital cash.
The document introduces Money Pad, a proposed digital wallet that uses biometric fingerprint recognition for security. It aims to provide a more secure and private way to conduct electronic cash transactions than existing options like credit cards and smart cards. Money Pad would store a user's digital cash and financial information, and could only be accessed after verifying their fingerprint. It is presented as a safer and more inclusive alternative that does not require a large deposit like credit cards, allowing even common people to benefit from the convenience of digital payments. Overall, Money Pad is framed as a solution to privacy and security concerns that may arise from the continued transition to paperless, digital currencies.
Online banking allows customers to access their financial institution's accounts and conduct transactions over the internet. To use online banking, customers must register with the institution and set up login credentials like a username and password. Financial institutions have implemented security measures like additional login steps but approaches vary. Common online banking activities include viewing accounts, transferring funds between accounts, paying bills, investing, and taking out insurance policies.
This research paper analyzes ATM fraud, including cash withdrawal fraud, fund transfer fraud, password hacking, and pin misplacement. The paper proposes combining biometric identification like thumbprint scans with PINs to authenticate ATM users and reduce fraud. Currently, fraudsters can use stolen card information and PINs obtained through phishing emails to commit ATM fraud. The paper suggests designing ATMs with integrated biometric scanners without slowing down transaction speeds to strengthen security.
An Overview of Mobile Wallet App Development 2024ITIO Innovex
Mobile wallet application development has revolutionized the way we handle finances. From the convenience of one-click payments to the robust security features, these apps have transformed our smartphones into powerful financial tools. Visit us at: https://itio.in/services/mobile-wallet-development
With cashless society being the current hot topic .. Digital Wallet surely covers one of them ...Here is a description about what is it and how it works .. may aid you during your final year seminar .. Cheers !!
With cashless society being the current hot topic .. Digital Wallets surely is one of the means to achieve it. Here is a brief description of what is it and how it works ..
From Analog to Digital: A deep dive into payment systemsAlexander Clifford
Every time we make a payment, whether it’s to pay a bill via direct debit or move some funds into a savings account for example, there’s a lot going on behind the scenes with payment systems. Payment systems are the necessary foundation to secretly move money from one place to another. In the UK, the types of payment systems we use have stayed the same for decades. However, these are undergoing change because of a drive for financial technology (FinTech) that is creating secure payment systems with technology, delivering a number of benefits for all of us. In this article, we’ll define the three types of payment systems and explore how these are being changed by digital currencies and electronic solutions.
Technological developments in the banking sector include e-banking, core banking, mobile banking, and automated teller machines (ATMs). E-banking allows customers to bank electronically using internet and mobile devices. Core banking integrates banking services across branches on a single platform. Mobile banking provides banking services via mobile phones while ATMs allow customers to access basic banking services without human assistance. These technologies have improved customer convenience but also introduce some risks regarding system failures and cybercrime.
Consumers Perception Towards Growing Mobile-WalletAshitha Devan
This document provides an overview of mobile wallets in India. It discusses how mobile wallets have transformed payment systems and how their adoption has increased with the growth of smartphones and mobile internet in India. Major players like Paytm, Mobikwik, and Freecharge are discussed. The document also covers RBI regulations for mobile wallets, classifications of wallets, advantages and disadvantages of using mobile wallets, and factors influencing consumer adoption of mobile wallets in India.
There’s a major transformation happening between people and their relationships to their money, a transformation enabled by the arrival of mobile payments (mPayments). The magnitude of this change—and the disruption—will greatly impact consumers, banks, retailers, merchants and wireless carriers, among others, and will be felt across the globe.
The document describes Money Pad, a proposed replacement for paper currency using biometrics. Money Pad would use fingerprint recognition technology to provide secure electronic transactions. It would store a user's bank account information, including their fingerprint, to enable debit transactions. A fingerprint reader would verify the user's identity against the stored fingerprint before approving transactions from the Money Pad e-wallet. The document outlines how Money Pad could work, its technical implementation using biometrics, and its potential applications for secure e-commerce payments.
10 latest innovations in Financial Technology (FinTech) | The Entrepreneur Re...TheEntrepreneurRevie
In this article we’ll show a glimpse of the financial technology that is making our lives easier: 1. Mobile Wallets: Pioneering Payment Convenience 2. Redefining Contactless Payments Transaction Speed 3. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies 4. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Payment Platforms
5 Ways Digital Currency is Revolutionizing the Financial World.docxSurendra Gusain
Digital currency is a term that is familiar to some people and unfamiliar to others. But if you aren’t aware of it, you must get familiar with it because it has the potential to change our view on money. The recent rise in Ethereum (ETH), Bitcoin (BTC), and various other cryptocurrencies that exist in digital format only, has led global national banks to research the working of these national digital currencies. So, in today’s blog, we will shed light on the topic “5 Ways Digital Currency is Revolutionizing the Financial World” So, without wasting further time let’s get started!!
Internet banking allows customers to conduct banking transactions over the Internet. ICICI Bank was the first bank in India to offer Internet banking through their "Infinity" service. Infinity allows customers to check balances, view statements, transfer funds between accounts, pay bills online, and more. It provides convenience as customers can bank anytime from anywhere through a secure login using their user ID and password. As more people adopt online banking, banks expect the percentage of customers using Internet banking to increase significantly in the coming years. ICICI Bank's architecture for Internet banking involves clients connecting to access points secured by PIN codes and passwords, with servers processing transactions over switched networks and gateways.
Future of Payment Systems_ Fintech and Mobile Wallets.pdfCIOWomenMagazine
This article explores the impact of fintech and mobile wallets on the future of payment systems, highlighting their key features, benefits, and the challenges they may face.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
H0934549
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 9, Issue 3 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 45-49
www.iosrjournals.org
Ubiquitous Virtual Currency
1
Shanti Swaroop Moharana, 2T. Seshatalpa Sai, 3Rajadeepan D. Ramesh
1
Dept. of Computer Science BITS Hyderabad
2
Dept. of EEE BITS Hyderabad
3
Dept. of Computer Science BITS Hyderabad
Abstract: The whole finance of the world revolves around currency. It may be physical or digital. Currency
functions as a unit of account providing a common measure of goods and services being exchanged. The
enormous use of paper currency has resulted in deforestation, which is leading to ecological imbalance. For
conserving the space, time, and environment there is a need for an alternative currency. In this paper,
ubiquitous virtual money is proposed, which is accessible throughout the environment. Ubiquitous currency is a
form of electronic money that is spent like pocket change. The transactions can be made secure by the use of
biometric identifiers.
Keywords—ubiquitous, virtual money, banking, smart money, trackable money.
I. INTRODUCTION
Money is any physical or virtual object that is exchanged for goods and services. It has a store of value.
It functions as a unit of account providing a common measure of goods and services being exchanged. In earlier
ages, the exchange of commodity was practiced as barter system. Barter system was generally practiced between
complete strangers or potential enemies. It is still used as a method of exchange in times of monetary crisis. Later
physical tokens such as gold and silver were used as money.
Fiat money was introduced during Yuan and Ming dynasty in China. Money that derives its value from
government regulations is Fiat money. Banknotes and coins are used as currency which comprises the physical
aspects of nation’s money supply.
With the advent of commercial banks, demand deposits were introduced as claims against financial
institutions. Demand deposit withdrawal can be done in person through banks, checks, drafts, ATMS’s or through
online banking.
Over the years due to increase in population and difference between currency value of various countries,
the number of banknotes and coins has immensely increased. Currently over 165,000,000 banknotes and coins are
in usage all over the world. For production and printing of banknotes, enormous numbers of trees are being cut
down. To maintain the ecological balance we need to find an alternative currency. The world is growing very fast,
and everything is moving towards digital from small mobile phone to a complex system such as atomic clocks.
For conserving the space, time, and environment, we are proposing a new form of currency named as ubiquitous
virtual currency that is not physical and is stored in the cloud. In the present scenario, currency is limited in terms
of its reach in monitoring and tracking[1]. This limitation could be eliminated with the advent of ubiquitous
currency. Ubiquitous currency is a form of electronic money that is spendable like pocket change. Our proposed
ubiquitous currency will evolve from existing technology.
The term ubiquitous computing was coined by Mark Weiser in 1991. Weiser defined ubiquitous
computing as the method of enhancing computer use by making many computers available throughout the
environment making them effectively invisible. So, we propose a mechanism which makes efficient usage of
money by making accessible throughout the environment and hence making it invisible. If we can store, forward
and manipulate information similar thing can be done with the money. Now combine this power of money with
the fast growing internet. So there is no hindrance in using the concept of ubiquitous money practically.
II. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Our whole proposed system is user centric, and it follows iHCI. On the whole top of the system, there
will be centralized financial authority which manages all the states. This group consists of representative from
each state. The financial system of every state will be controlled and managed by government authority of that
country. The government will identify financial institutions like banks which handles all the transaction of public
of that country.
III. REGISTRATION WITH BANKS
Every citizen of a particular country has to mandatorily register with any one of the recognized banks.
The registration process involves providing personal details along with biometrics scan. Each registered user will
www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
2. Ubiquitous Virtual Currency
be provided with a SIM card that has seamless connectivity with bank only. Both will share a common number,
and all the transaction will be made on that number. This SIM can be used for transaction of some limited
amount. Each SIM will be password protected. The critical limit of the transaction will be limited to 10% of bank
account balance. This critical limit can be modified by the user with a password, and the user has to be physically
present at the bank for biometric scan. Like the existing bank system for mutual accounts in case of minors, they
will be provided with separate SIM. The limit for this separate SIM can be controlled by primary account holder.
The critical limit of the transaction is not applicable for minor accounts.
IV. TRANSACTION
The exchange of money is considered as a transaction. It can be in two modes.
Account holder wants to buy something.
Account holder wants to transfer money to someone.
All business enterprises like shops, pharmacy, supermarket, hotels, restaurants etc. should have a modular
device like biometric scanner. When the customer purchases anything the billed amount is transferred to the
business enterprise account.
For transferring money between individuals, account holders can use their mobile SIM[2]. When a user
holds his cellphone next to someone else phone, all the devices present in the near field are displayed. Then the
user can initiate a transfer process[3]. User can select the payee to whom he wants to transfer money. After
selecting the user, the transaction is authorized by the verification password. After verification of the password
money will be transferred. If the user wants to transfer a larger amount then it will log a request in the server.
After the bank approves the request, money will be transferred. The bank may make a verification call for
verifying the log whether it is valid or not.
V. INSTRUMENTING DEVICES
Instrumentation refers to the process of adding sensors, acting as information sources in the physical
world. These sources can then be configured and recorded for on-line and of-line analysis. Other systems such as
software based system may also be instrumented in order to monitor their operation and to reflect on and even
modify their behavior.
A. For Customers
Every user must have a mobile handset. A GSM SIM will be provided by the bank after the registration
process is completed.
B. For Banks
Every bank will have a bio-metric scanner.
When a registered user enters the bank. A digital token is generated using auto identification through
finger print. A message is sent to the customer’s mobile number informing the token number, counter
number and estimated waiting time. Based on the previous transactions the current preference will be
predicted and the particular functionality will be activated.
When a nonregistered user enters the bank, he will be provided with an interface to enter his mobile
number and the purpose of visit. Then a message is sent to the customer’s mobile number informing his
token number will be generated, and he will be directed towards appropriate counter.
C. Shops
Every shop will have a biometric scanner. All objects in the shop will have a RFID tag which stores
information about the object. When the customer puts some item into the digital basket the amount is calculated
automatically. During checkout, the biometric scanner will scan the customer and transfer the appropriate
amount.
D. Government Organization
It is the controlling authority which controls the banks.
VI. INTERACTIONS
Interaction is an exchange of information. For the operation of our proposed Ubiquitous money system,
interaction is needed. This information is provided by various instrumenting devices. Interaction can be of
different types like computer-human, computer-computer, human-human, and human-computer interaction. So
we have categorized all the entities into various groups as mentioned in table-1:-
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3. Ubiquitous Virtual Currency
TABLE I. INTERACTION TABLE
Government Bank Customer Shop
Government PC, and Telecom PC, Telecom, and Legal Circular and Policies Subsidies
documents
Bank Reports Customer identification Setting critical limit, Customer data
information account modification, and validation
loans
Customer Tax, Complaints Registration, and Money Money Tranfer Payments
Transfer
Shop Service tax, Rent and Transaction confirmation Digital RFID basket Whole-sale to retail
VAT transfer
.
A. Government-Government
All the funds regarding developmental projects like irrigation, agriculture, disaster-relief, education,
healthcare, roads etc. and rules-regulations are communicated between governments.
B. Government-Bank
The rules and regulation for banks are provided by the government. These includes loans, interest rates etc.
C. Government-Customer
The government issues various circulars to the customers which includes interest rates, etc.
D. Government-Shops
The government provides a subsidy to customers through shops.
E. Bank-Government
Bank sends various reports to the government. These reports include details of secure transactions like
military and suspicious transactions of some customers.
F. Bank-Bank
Bank shares customer identification information with other banks.
G. Bank-Customer
Bank provides various services to the customer. These services include setting critical limit of account, loan,
account modifications etc. Bank also provides the facility to transfer large amount of money through
biometrics scan.
H. Bank-Shop
Bank provides customer identity validation using biometric scanners.
I. Customer-Government
Customer can lodge a complaint if he is not satisfied with the services of the bank. Customers whose income
falls into the category of taxable income must pay their taxes.
J. Customer-Bank
Customer provides his personal details in order to create an account. Customer also pays various bank
charges.
K. Customer-Customer
A customer can transfer money to another customer unto the critical limit through the bank given GSM SIM.
L. Customer-Shop
Customer makes payment for the products or articles purchased.
M. Shop-Government
Shops pay taxes applicable to the products.
N. Shop-Bank
Shop provides all the transaction of the customer to the bank.
O. Shop-Customer
Shops will collect data of frequent customers and checks their purchase history. Later it suggests a smart list
consisting of frequently purchased items. On selection of an item from a smart list, those articles will be
available directly at the counter.
P. Shop-Shop
A wholesale shop can communicate with retail shop if the inventory limit crosses the threshold limit.
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4. Ubiquitous Virtual Currency
Fig. 1. Interaction diagram
VII. TECHNOLOGIES USED
A. BIO-METRIC:
Bio metrics refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics traits. It can be used for
identification and access control. Bio metric identifiers are the distinctive measurable characteristics used to
label and describe individuals. Since bio metric identifiers are unique to individuals they are more reliable in
verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods. A bio metric system can operate in two modes. In
verification mode, the system performs a one to one comparison of a captured bio metric with a specific
template stored in a bio metric database in order to verify the individual. In identification mode the system
performs one to more comparison against a biometric database in an attempt to establish the identity of an
individual. The first time an individual uses a biometric system is called enrollment. Moreover, biometrics is
one of the few techniques that can be used for negative recognition where the system determines whether the
person is who denies being.
B. GSM:
The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellular networks. It is a
digital circuit switched network which is optimized for full duplex voice telephony. Over the years, data
communication was included in GSM. Phase 1 of the GSM specification was published in 1990. It refers to the
global system for mobile which is a cellular technology that is used to transfer mobile, voice, and data services.
It is the most widely spread cell technology throughout the world. It provides a more stable network with robust
features. It has less signal deterioration inside buildings. GSM provides anonymity[4],[5] which blocks one user
from accessing the other user’s system without his consent. It provides secure data transfer through the use of
encryption. It enables seamless interoperability between networks.
C. RFID:
Radio frequency identifier tags can be attached to objects to enable their identification in the world
over a wireless link. It does not require a line of sight, and manual orientation to read the tag. RFID can be
classified into active tags and passive tags. Active RFID tags have their own energy supply while passive RFID
tags use energy supply of the reader. Active RFID tags are used on large assets such as a cargo container, rail-
cars and large re-usable containers that need to be tracked over distances. Active RFID tags operate at 450MHz,
2.45 GHz or 5.8 GHz frequency and have a read range of 2200 meters. Passive RFID tags contain no power
source and no active transmitter. Passive RFID tags operate at low frequency 125-135 KHz, high frequency
13.56 MHz and Ultra high frequency 860-960MHz.
VIII. OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
A. SECURITY
Bio-metric information cannot be acquired just by simple observation. It is impossible to share and
difficult to reproduce. It enhances user convenience by alleviating the need to memorize long and random
password. It provides the same level of security to all users, unlike passwords and is highly resistant to brute
force attack.
B. PRIVACY
Consider a scenario in a shop where a person has to provide bio-metric details in order to pay for the
things purchased. There is a possibility that the data obtained during the transaction may be used in incorrect
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5. Ubiquitous Virtual Currency
ways by the shopkeeper. This can be restricted by providing only necessary details to the shopkeeper. Any
agency that wishes to access any individual’s transaction need to get permission from the concerned authority.
IX. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have discussed the idea, design and technology of a world without paper currency. We
have described the interaction involved in the system between different entities. We have proposed different
technologies involved in the interaction between entities. The idea is to use the existing GSM technology for
making the money ubiquitous. This makes the money accessible throughout the environment and hence making
it invisible. By removing the physical currency, we are making it trackable. This whole process is made secure
using biometric identifier. We have used bio metric identifiers as it can be used to identify the individual
uniquely. Hence it is more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods. System is
designed in such a way that it protects the privacy of the user.
REFERENCES
[1] Manikandan, Madhusudhanan. J, Dr. Prasanna Venkatesan.V, Amrith.V, Martial Arokiadoss Britto “Smart Banking Environment
based on context history” IEEE- International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology, ICRTIT 2011
[2] Mohammed A. Qadeer, Nadeem Akhtar, Shalini Govil, Anuja Varshney “A novel scheme for mobile payment using RFID-enabled
Smart SIM card” International Conference on Future Computer and communication 2009
[3] Abdullahi Arabo “Secure Cash withdrawal through Mobile phone/Device ” Proceedings of International Conference on Computer and
communication engineering 2008
[4] Vishwas Patil and R.K.Shyamasundar “An efficient, secure and delegable Micro-Payment System ” IEEE.
[5] Gianluigi Me and Maurizio Adriano Strangio “Mobile local macro-payments:security and prototyping” IEEE CS and IEEE ComSoc.
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