This document summarizes a paper that analyzes using biogeography-based optimization (BBO) to optimize neural network backpropagation. BBO is an evolutionary algorithm inspired by biogeography and how species migrate between habitats. In BBO, potential solutions are represented as habitats, with higher quality solutions having higher habitat suitability indices (HSI). Lower HSI habitats accept more new features from higher HSI habitats. The paper applies this by using BBO to optimize the connection weights and thresholds in neural network backpropagation. BBO searches for optimal or near-optimal values to improve the neural network training.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes the use of Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) to optimize the parameters of a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. BBO is an evolutionary algorithm inspired by biogeography and species migration between habitats. It represents solutions to an optimization problem as "habitats" with a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) that is analogous to fitness. The document describes how RBF network parameters can be represented as habitats optimized by BBO. The results show BBO can minimize the cost function of the RBF network, achieving better accuracy than other optimization algorithms. Future work may explore combining BBO with other techniques to optimize more complex neural networks.
Rotem et al 2011 The Effect of anthropogenic resources on the space-use patt...Guy Rotem
This study examined how the space-use patterns of golden jackals are affected by proximity to human villages in Israel. The researchers radio-tracked 16 jackals, 8 near villages and 8 further away. They found that jackals near villages had smaller home ranges and core areas than those further away. Jackals near villages also moved less during the day than those in more natural areas. However, nighttime movement did not differ between the two groups, though jackals near villages moved in a less directional manner. The presence of abundant, predictable food sources from human villages compressed jackal space use and altered their movement patterns.
Shrub encroachment in alpine meadows may indirectly impact plant-pollinator interactions. The document presents research questions about how shrub encroachment affects (1) pollinator diversity, (2) pollinator niche breadth, and (3) indirect competition between plants for shared pollinators. A study in Mediterranean alpine communities of Spain compares plant, pollinator assemblages and visitation patterns between areas with and without shrub encroachment to address these questions. The results suggest shrub encroachment increases pollinator diversity and visitation rates while potentially increasing competition between plant species for shared pollinators.
The presentation of the CESAB group gaspar at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presenter: Michel Kulbicki
This document provides information on the habitat use and habitat suitability index model for the northern alligator lizard. It describes the species' preferences for grassy, bushy and rocky areas within forested areas. It also outlines variables used in the habitat suitability index model such as average distance to forest edge, percent rock cover, percent shrub canopy cover and percent forest canopy cover. The document indicates the model requires field testing but can help prevent potential habitat degradation and fill knowledge gaps regarding habitat selection for this species.
Deep Learning for Large Scale Biodiversity MonitoringDavid J. Klein
Deep Learning for Large Scale Biodiversity Monitoring
David J. Klein, Conservation Metrics, Inc.
Strata+Hadoop World 2015
Based on the paper: http://bit.ly/1GEyWcR
The direct and indirect mechanisms of facilitation by shrubs play a central role in maintaining leopard lizard populations. The document discusses how desert shrubs provide direct benefits like shelter and indirect benefits like increased prey availability to small animals. It presents the hypothesis that shrubs facilitate leopard lizards through these direct and indirect interactions. The progress report then outlines planned studies to survey leopard lizard activity patterns in relation to shrub size and removal experiments to further examine the impacts of shrub shelter and resources on lizard foraging behavior.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes the use of Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) to optimize the parameters of a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. BBO is an evolutionary algorithm inspired by biogeography and species migration between habitats. It represents solutions to an optimization problem as "habitats" with a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) that is analogous to fitness. The document describes how RBF network parameters can be represented as habitats optimized by BBO. The results show BBO can minimize the cost function of the RBF network, achieving better accuracy than other optimization algorithms. Future work may explore combining BBO with other techniques to optimize more complex neural networks.
Rotem et al 2011 The Effect of anthropogenic resources on the space-use patt...Guy Rotem
This study examined how the space-use patterns of golden jackals are affected by proximity to human villages in Israel. The researchers radio-tracked 16 jackals, 8 near villages and 8 further away. They found that jackals near villages had smaller home ranges and core areas than those further away. Jackals near villages also moved less during the day than those in more natural areas. However, nighttime movement did not differ between the two groups, though jackals near villages moved in a less directional manner. The presence of abundant, predictable food sources from human villages compressed jackal space use and altered their movement patterns.
Shrub encroachment in alpine meadows may indirectly impact plant-pollinator interactions. The document presents research questions about how shrub encroachment affects (1) pollinator diversity, (2) pollinator niche breadth, and (3) indirect competition between plants for shared pollinators. A study in Mediterranean alpine communities of Spain compares plant, pollinator assemblages and visitation patterns between areas with and without shrub encroachment to address these questions. The results suggest shrub encroachment increases pollinator diversity and visitation rates while potentially increasing competition between plant species for shared pollinators.
The presentation of the CESAB group gaspar at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presenter: Michel Kulbicki
This document provides information on the habitat use and habitat suitability index model for the northern alligator lizard. It describes the species' preferences for grassy, bushy and rocky areas within forested areas. It also outlines variables used in the habitat suitability index model such as average distance to forest edge, percent rock cover, percent shrub canopy cover and percent forest canopy cover. The document indicates the model requires field testing but can help prevent potential habitat degradation and fill knowledge gaps regarding habitat selection for this species.
Deep Learning for Large Scale Biodiversity MonitoringDavid J. Klein
Deep Learning for Large Scale Biodiversity Monitoring
David J. Klein, Conservation Metrics, Inc.
Strata+Hadoop World 2015
Based on the paper: http://bit.ly/1GEyWcR
The direct and indirect mechanisms of facilitation by shrubs play a central role in maintaining leopard lizard populations. The document discusses how desert shrubs provide direct benefits like shelter and indirect benefits like increased prey availability to small animals. It presents the hypothesis that shrubs facilitate leopard lizards through these direct and indirect interactions. The progress report then outlines planned studies to survey leopard lizard activity patterns in relation to shrub size and removal experiments to further examine the impacts of shrub shelter and resources on lizard foraging behavior.
The document discusses the history of forest management and fire suppression in western forests. It notes that frequent, small surface fires were historically important for maintaining healthy ponderosa pine forests, but over a century of fire suppression has depleted these natural biological processes. Some forest management professionals now endorse controlled burning and thinning to restore more natural fire regimes. The document also discusses challenges around the wildland-urban interface, where increasing development meets forested areas, posing fire risks. It reviews debates around post-fire logging and its potential impacts on forest restoration.
Agriculture, forestry and biodiversity conservationMarco Pautasso
Agriculture and biodiversity conservation, forests, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, agri-environment schemes, land use intensity, climate change, human well-being, standing and downed deadwood, United Kingdom, United States of America, Switzerland, forest view and job satisfaction,
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology related to variability in organisms and populations. It discusses how genetic variability and environmental heterogeneity lead to no two organisms or species being identical. It also describes metapopulation dynamics and how populations are maintained through dispersal and the processes of extinction and recolonization between habitat patches. Finally, it discusses scaling relationships in biology from molecules to ecosystems and how metabolic theory can help explain ecological patterns and processes across levels of organization.
The passage describes several ecological concepts and methods used to study plant and animal populations and communities, including:
1) Factors that influence species distributions such as temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity, and nutrients are outlined.
2) Random quadrat sampling and transect methods to study and compare population sizes and distributions are explained.
3) The niche concept including an organism's habitat, feeding activities, and interactions is defined.
4) Examples of species interactions like competition, herbivory, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are given.
5) The principles of competitive exclusion and distinguishing fundamental versus realized niches are explained.
6) Biom
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systemsPaliNalu
This document discusses the concept of carrying capacity, which refers to the maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely. It provides examples showing how ecosystems have finite resources and limits, and exceeding those limits can damage the ecosystem and lead to population crashes. The document warns that human population growth is on an unsustainable "J-curve" and that exceeding environmental limits risks collapse, as seen in other species. It emphasizes the importance of respecting natural limits to protect ecosystems for long-term human well-being.
The effect of flooded mine subsidence on thrips and forest biodiversity in th...EdytaSierka
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 2008
At the end of the prosperity of the coal mining industry in Upper Silesia in Poland, new habitats were created in disturbed areas which, in the case of flooded mine subsidence, led to the formation of a type of ecological niche not encountered before. In the present work the authors describe the diversity of oak-hornbeam forest in the areas of flooded mine subsidence and the thrips communities connected with them. In 2006 and 2007, the thrips fauna of subsidence areas was sampled in biotopes directly associated with depressions (waterside, contact zones between aquatic and terrestrial-forest biotopes). In both ecosystems a total of 118 plant species and 56 thrips species were found. Disturbance of land resulting in flooded mine subsidence contributes to increased species diversity of both plants and thrips. Other kinds of disturbance such as traffic routes and its direct and indirect impact cause reduce numbers of plants and thrips species.
Jeremy Kerr discusses how climate change and land use change threaten ecosystem integrity and species at risk. Agricultural land conversions have vastly reduced habitat, limiting recovery potential for many species. While urban areas directly impact fewer species, they are concentrated in biodiversity hotspots. Targeting restoration of least profitable agricultural lands could significantly benefit species at minimal cost. Climate change causes species ranges to shift, and some are not keeping pace in fast-changing regions, diminishing ecosystem integrity. Engaging the public in conservation can help monitor species impacts from climate change and increase support for protections.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
This research paper examines how plant species richness varies along a subtropical elevation gradient in eastern Nepal. The study analyzes species richness data from 1500 to 100 meters above sea level, divided into 15 100-meter elevation bands. Species were counted in standardized plots and assigned to different life forms, including trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs and ferns. Climate variables like potential evapotranspiration and mean annual rainfall were analyzed to explain variations in species richness of different life forms along the elevation gradient. The results found relationships between climate variables and species richness for woody life forms but not for herbaceous life forms. A water-energy dynamics model was found to explain 63-70% of the variation in species richness for
Local human perturbations increase lakes vulnerability to climate changes: A ...Lancaster University
This document outlines a PhD proposal on assessing how local human pressures influence lakes' vulnerability and responses to climate change across Europe. The proposal involves meta-analyzing paleoecological data from 15 lakes around the Alps to compare responses of pelagic biological communities to climate change and determine if variability depends on local human pressures. The student will analyze diatom and cladoceran remains and photosynthetic pigments in sediments to compare community responses over time between lakes and quantify the influence of geomorphology and local human impacts. The supervisors are from INRA CARRTEL in France and CNR ISE in Italy.
Avian Vocalization Adjustment to Urbanization and Anthropogenic Noise_ A Revi...Maxson Jarecki
This document summarizes research on how birds adjust their vocalizations in urban environments in response to anthropogenic noise. It finds that birds that already have high frequency vocalizations are better able to inhabit cities, as low frequency calls are more easily masked by urban noise. Within urban areas, passerine birds with lower baseline frequencies are more likely to further increase their call frequencies. However, evidence suggests frequency changes may not be a directly adaptive response, but rather a byproduct of increasing call volume amplitudes to compensate for noise. The strength of evidence for frequency changes enhancing communication is debated in the literature.
Condition, survivial and reproduction of barn swallows from chernobylAryan Aryal
The study investigated the effects of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster on barn swallows by comparing a contaminated region to an uncontaminated control region over 6 years. It found that the proportion of non-breeding adults was higher in Chernobyl (23% vs near 0%), clutch and brood sizes were smaller, and annual adult survival was lower (28% vs 40%). While body condition was similar, reproduction and survival were negatively impacted in the contaminated area. The researcher hypothesized this was due to effects on antioxidants and mutations from radiation exposure.
Mechanism of human-hornet conflicts in an urban ecosystemMuna Azmy
The document examines factors that influence human-hornet conflicts in urban areas of Japan, specifically looking at data on hornet abundance and species composition in Nagoya City over time. Statistical analyses show that certain hornet species abundances are positively correlated with higher levels of urban greenness, as measured by NDVI values within a 1km radius. The study aims to understand how environmental and social characteristics may contribute to human-hornet conflicts to help address this issue.
Mechanism of human-hornet conflicts in an urban ecosystemMuna Azmy
The study examined the relationship between hornet abundance and species composition with urban greenness levels in Nagoya, Japan. Generalized linear mixed models found that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values within a 1km radius best predicted hornet abundance, with higher NDVI correlating with more hornets. Analysis also found that the abundance of V. mandarinia and V. crabro species specifically increased significantly with higher NDVI values, likely due to their nesting and feeding preferences for more forested areas. The results suggest that urban green space positively impacts hornet populations.
Psammophilus dorsalis agamas were studied across urban and rural areas in India to understand how they persist in urban environments. The study found:
1) The agamas' diet in both areas was mainly composed of ants, indicating flexibility.
2) Dietary overlap was high between urban and rural populations (80.3%), and between males and females in each area (80-91%).
3) Surprisingly, urban agamas had higher body mass indices than rural ones, despite consuming a greater diversity and volume of prey in rural areas.
4) Males moved more in rural areas, likely due to higher energy expenditure, but all agamas managed to hunt enough in fragmented urban habitats.
Biodiversity is variety…
of organisms in a given area
of genetic variation within a population
of species in a community
of communities in an ecosystem
Humans need to understand & preserve biodiversity for our own survival.
El documento habla sobre la fauna silvestre en África. Detalla que estudiantes de 10 países africanos están aprendiendo en una escuela en Tanzania para ser futuros líderes en la conservación de la fauna. También describe un proyecto de las Naciones Unidas para capacitar a guardabosques en África y proteger los recursos naturales. Finalmente, propone la agrupación de asociaciones forestales a nivel nacional e internacional para mejorar la planificación y concientización sobre la importancia de los asuntos forestales.
This document discusses different climate types and how they affect animal distribution and characteristics. It describes temperate climates as having warm summers and cool winters. Subtropical climates are characterized by hot summers and mild winters. Tropical climates are hot and humid year-round. Frigid climates, which encompass the coldest parts of the Earth, are covered in snow and ice. Polar bears have adapted to their arctic environment through traits like thick fur and fat that allow them to survive in cold conditions.
The document discusses the history of forest management and fire suppression in western forests. It notes that frequent, small surface fires were historically important for maintaining healthy ponderosa pine forests, but over a century of fire suppression has depleted these natural biological processes. Some forest management professionals now endorse controlled burning and thinning to restore more natural fire regimes. The document also discusses challenges around the wildland-urban interface, where increasing development meets forested areas, posing fire risks. It reviews debates around post-fire logging and its potential impacts on forest restoration.
Agriculture, forestry and biodiversity conservationMarco Pautasso
Agriculture and biodiversity conservation, forests, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, agri-environment schemes, land use intensity, climate change, human well-being, standing and downed deadwood, United Kingdom, United States of America, Switzerland, forest view and job satisfaction,
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology related to variability in organisms and populations. It discusses how genetic variability and environmental heterogeneity lead to no two organisms or species being identical. It also describes metapopulation dynamics and how populations are maintained through dispersal and the processes of extinction and recolonization between habitat patches. Finally, it discusses scaling relationships in biology from molecules to ecosystems and how metabolic theory can help explain ecological patterns and processes across levels of organization.
The passage describes several ecological concepts and methods used to study plant and animal populations and communities, including:
1) Factors that influence species distributions such as temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity, and nutrients are outlined.
2) Random quadrat sampling and transect methods to study and compare population sizes and distributions are explained.
3) The niche concept including an organism's habitat, feeding activities, and interactions is defined.
4) Examples of species interactions like competition, herbivory, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are given.
5) The principles of competitive exclusion and distinguishing fundamental versus realized niches are explained.
6) Biom
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systemsPaliNalu
This document discusses the concept of carrying capacity, which refers to the maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely. It provides examples showing how ecosystems have finite resources and limits, and exceeding those limits can damage the ecosystem and lead to population crashes. The document warns that human population growth is on an unsustainable "J-curve" and that exceeding environmental limits risks collapse, as seen in other species. It emphasizes the importance of respecting natural limits to protect ecosystems for long-term human well-being.
The effect of flooded mine subsidence on thrips and forest biodiversity in th...EdytaSierka
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 2008
At the end of the prosperity of the coal mining industry in Upper Silesia in Poland, new habitats were created in disturbed areas which, in the case of flooded mine subsidence, led to the formation of a type of ecological niche not encountered before. In the present work the authors describe the diversity of oak-hornbeam forest in the areas of flooded mine subsidence and the thrips communities connected with them. In 2006 and 2007, the thrips fauna of subsidence areas was sampled in biotopes directly associated with depressions (waterside, contact zones between aquatic and terrestrial-forest biotopes). In both ecosystems a total of 118 plant species and 56 thrips species were found. Disturbance of land resulting in flooded mine subsidence contributes to increased species diversity of both plants and thrips. Other kinds of disturbance such as traffic routes and its direct and indirect impact cause reduce numbers of plants and thrips species.
Jeremy Kerr discusses how climate change and land use change threaten ecosystem integrity and species at risk. Agricultural land conversions have vastly reduced habitat, limiting recovery potential for many species. While urban areas directly impact fewer species, they are concentrated in biodiversity hotspots. Targeting restoration of least profitable agricultural lands could significantly benefit species at minimal cost. Climate change causes species ranges to shift, and some are not keeping pace in fast-changing regions, diminishing ecosystem integrity. Engaging the public in conservation can help monitor species impacts from climate change and increase support for protections.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
This research paper examines how plant species richness varies along a subtropical elevation gradient in eastern Nepal. The study analyzes species richness data from 1500 to 100 meters above sea level, divided into 15 100-meter elevation bands. Species were counted in standardized plots and assigned to different life forms, including trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs and ferns. Climate variables like potential evapotranspiration and mean annual rainfall were analyzed to explain variations in species richness of different life forms along the elevation gradient. The results found relationships between climate variables and species richness for woody life forms but not for herbaceous life forms. A water-energy dynamics model was found to explain 63-70% of the variation in species richness for
Local human perturbations increase lakes vulnerability to climate changes: A ...Lancaster University
This document outlines a PhD proposal on assessing how local human pressures influence lakes' vulnerability and responses to climate change across Europe. The proposal involves meta-analyzing paleoecological data from 15 lakes around the Alps to compare responses of pelagic biological communities to climate change and determine if variability depends on local human pressures. The student will analyze diatom and cladoceran remains and photosynthetic pigments in sediments to compare community responses over time between lakes and quantify the influence of geomorphology and local human impacts. The supervisors are from INRA CARRTEL in France and CNR ISE in Italy.
Avian Vocalization Adjustment to Urbanization and Anthropogenic Noise_ A Revi...Maxson Jarecki
This document summarizes research on how birds adjust their vocalizations in urban environments in response to anthropogenic noise. It finds that birds that already have high frequency vocalizations are better able to inhabit cities, as low frequency calls are more easily masked by urban noise. Within urban areas, passerine birds with lower baseline frequencies are more likely to further increase their call frequencies. However, evidence suggests frequency changes may not be a directly adaptive response, but rather a byproduct of increasing call volume amplitudes to compensate for noise. The strength of evidence for frequency changes enhancing communication is debated in the literature.
Condition, survivial and reproduction of barn swallows from chernobylAryan Aryal
The study investigated the effects of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster on barn swallows by comparing a contaminated region to an uncontaminated control region over 6 years. It found that the proportion of non-breeding adults was higher in Chernobyl (23% vs near 0%), clutch and brood sizes were smaller, and annual adult survival was lower (28% vs 40%). While body condition was similar, reproduction and survival were negatively impacted in the contaminated area. The researcher hypothesized this was due to effects on antioxidants and mutations from radiation exposure.
Mechanism of human-hornet conflicts in an urban ecosystemMuna Azmy
The document examines factors that influence human-hornet conflicts in urban areas of Japan, specifically looking at data on hornet abundance and species composition in Nagoya City over time. Statistical analyses show that certain hornet species abundances are positively correlated with higher levels of urban greenness, as measured by NDVI values within a 1km radius. The study aims to understand how environmental and social characteristics may contribute to human-hornet conflicts to help address this issue.
Mechanism of human-hornet conflicts in an urban ecosystemMuna Azmy
The study examined the relationship between hornet abundance and species composition with urban greenness levels in Nagoya, Japan. Generalized linear mixed models found that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values within a 1km radius best predicted hornet abundance, with higher NDVI correlating with more hornets. Analysis also found that the abundance of V. mandarinia and V. crabro species specifically increased significantly with higher NDVI values, likely due to their nesting and feeding preferences for more forested areas. The results suggest that urban green space positively impacts hornet populations.
Psammophilus dorsalis agamas were studied across urban and rural areas in India to understand how they persist in urban environments. The study found:
1) The agamas' diet in both areas was mainly composed of ants, indicating flexibility.
2) Dietary overlap was high between urban and rural populations (80.3%), and between males and females in each area (80-91%).
3) Surprisingly, urban agamas had higher body mass indices than rural ones, despite consuming a greater diversity and volume of prey in rural areas.
4) Males moved more in rural areas, likely due to higher energy expenditure, but all agamas managed to hunt enough in fragmented urban habitats.
Biodiversity is variety…
of organisms in a given area
of genetic variation within a population
of species in a community
of communities in an ecosystem
Humans need to understand & preserve biodiversity for our own survival.
El documento habla sobre la fauna silvestre en África. Detalla que estudiantes de 10 países africanos están aprendiendo en una escuela en Tanzania para ser futuros líderes en la conservación de la fauna. También describe un proyecto de las Naciones Unidas para capacitar a guardabosques en África y proteger los recursos naturales. Finalmente, propone la agrupación de asociaciones forestales a nivel nacional e internacional para mejorar la planificación y concientización sobre la importancia de los asuntos forestales.
This document discusses different climate types and how they affect animal distribution and characteristics. It describes temperate climates as having warm summers and cool winters. Subtropical climates are characterized by hot summers and mild winters. Tropical climates are hot and humid year-round. Frigid climates, which encompass the coldest parts of the Earth, are covered in snow and ice. Polar bears have adapted to their arctic environment through traits like thick fur and fat that allow them to survive in cold conditions.
África, a pesar de su belleza natural, sufre altos niveles de pobreza, desnutrición y enfermedad, con más de 300 millones de personas viviendo con menos de un dólar al día, 30 millones de niños desnutridos y el 43% de la población sin acceso a agua potable, lo que la convierte en la región más pobre del mundo y con los mayores índices de SIDA, reduciendo la esperanza de vida a 46 años.
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plant and animal species around the world. The continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, but plate tectonics have caused the continents to slowly drift apart over millions of years, impacting species distribution. Organisms can disperse through various means of transport, such as floating on water, being carried by other organisms like birds, or transported unintentionally by humans. When an organism is introduced to a new location, it faces barriers like physical geography, competition with other species, and differing climate that may limit its ability to spread.
El documento describe las subdivisiones de la ecología, incluyendo la autoecología que estudia la relación entre un solo organismo y su medio ambiente, la ecología de poblaciones que estudia la abundancia de especies, y la ecología de comunidades que estudia las relaciones entre diversas especies en un ecosistema. También define el medio ambiente, los componentes abióticos y bióticos, y los niveles de organización biológica como individuos, especies, poblaciones, comunidades y ecosistemas.
África se localiza entre el Océano Atlántico, Mar Mediterráneo y Océano Índico. Su clima varía desde cálido ecuatorial hasta frío de alta montaña, y su relieve incluye mesetas, depresiones y cadenas montañosas. La economía africana incluye agricultura de subsistencia, plantaciones, minería y petróleo. El continente enfrenta desafíos como pobreza, enfermedades y conflictos políticos.
África es un continente rico en recursos naturales pero pobre económicamente. Más de 300 millones de personas viven con menos de un dólar al día, la mitad de la población no tiene acceso a agua potable, y dos millones de personas mueren de SIDA cada año. Además, la mayoría de los recursos naturales de África se exportan a economías occidentales en lugar de beneficiar a los propios países africanos.
Episode 5(2): Genomics, our African genesis and family tree - Meetup session 17William Hall
This is the 17th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
The growing fossil record and detailed genomic evidence provides an increasingly detailed understanding of our ancestry and genealogy.
Fossils and lost tools recovered from the geological record give us hints as to what kinds of humans were present in particular geographic areas. Various forms of dating based on the decay rates of a variety of different radioactive elements together with geology and stratigraphy tell us when they were there. This record grows more detailed through time as more paleoanthropologists study more areas in more detail and as Moore's law speeds up the publication cycle.
Enabled by the application of Moore's law to automated gene sequencing technology, over the last 5 years the detail and volume of genomic evidence has doubled and redoubled several times over. We can now compare the exact sequence of nucleotides in every single gene in the entire genomes of individual people, apes, and even some of our extinct cousins who lived 50,000 years or more ago, and do this down to differences in single nucleotides (i.e., to identify single character differences between two texts that are about 3 billions of characters long - about 1.5 million pages of text). Comparing the genomes of these ancient deceased relatives tells us a lot about what happened as long as half a million years or more in the past.
From these kinds of evidence we now know a great deal more about our genealogical relationships than we did five years ago.
O documento discute a rica biodiversidade da África do Sul, incluindo sua fauna, como os "big five", e sua flora diversificada, com espécies como o "Flame Lily" e o fynbos. A flora brasileira também é destacada como uma das mais diversas do mundo, com mais de 55 mil espécies de plantas, embora muitas estejam ameaçadas de extinção.
The document discusses African wildlife. It likely focuses on describing various animal species native to Africa, their habitats, behaviors, and potential conservation issues facing them. In 3 sentences or less, it aims to introduce readers to the topic of African animals and ecosystems.
El documento define un ecosistema como el conjunto de seres vivos que interactúan entre sí y con su ambiente. Explica que los ecosistemas pueden ser terrestres como bosques, desiertos y selvas, o acuáticos como mares, ríos y lagunas. Además, señala que los ecosistemas contienen factores bióticos como animales y plantas, y factores abióticos como el aire, suelo y agua.
El documento resume la fauna en diferentes regiones del mundo, incluyendo África, Australia, Asia, Europa, Antártida, Norteamérica y Sudamérica. Describe que África es un destino popular para ver la vida silvestre y la naturaleza, mientras que Australia tiene una gran proporción de especies endémicas debido a su aislamiento. También describe la diversa fauna en Asia, la extinción de especies en Europa, las adaptaciones de los animales en la Antártida, y la reducción de hábitats en Norteamérica y la
El documento habla sobre varios animales de África, incluyendo leones, gorilas de montaña, guepardos, cebras y jirafas. Proporciona detalles sobre sus características físicas, hábitats y amenazas.
Este largo documento resume la gran diversidad geográfica, cultural y lingüística de África, destacando su rica historia, recursos naturales y desafíos actuales como la pobreza, enfermedades y conflictos. Aunque África representa una cuarta parte de la tierra, solo alberga al 15% de la población mundial debido a su baja densidad. El continente sufre las consecuencias de la colonización y la explotación de sus recursos, lo que ha dado lugar a fronteras artificiales y conflictos.
El documento presenta información sobre la taxonomía, estado de conservación y características de seis animales africanos: el jabalí, el alimoche común, la grulla coronada, y el dromedario. Incluye sus nombres científicos, familias taxonómicas, y enlaces de video e imágenes para cada especie.
The document discusses ecosystems and biomes. It defines ecosystems as communities of organisms that function together with their environment. Ecosystems have major components like autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers. Biomes are major terrestrial ecosystems associated with temperature and precipitation characteristics, and include forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, and marine ecosystems. Succession describes how natural vegetation develops over time through primary and secondary stages towards a climax community. Environmental factors like climate, soil, and biotic interactions influence the distribution of biomes.
Este documento presenta una variedad de animales que habitan en África, incluyendo el elefante africano, la jirafa, la cebra, el león, el hipopótamo, la hiena, el rinoceronte, el leopardo, el gorila, la serpiente mamba negra, el escarabajo y el camaleón. Proporciona detalles sobre sus características físicas distintivas y su estilo de vida.
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a new popu
lation-based evolutionary algorithm and
one of meta-heuristic algorithms. This technique is
based on an old mathematical study that
explains the geographical distribution of biologica
l organisms. The first original form of BBO
was introduced in 2008 and known as a partial migra
tion based BBO. Few months later, BBO
was re-introduced again with additional three other
forms and known as single, simplified
partial, and simplified single migration based BBOs
. Then a lot of modifications were employed
to enhance the performance of BBO. However, the lit
erature lacks the explanations and the
reasons on which the modifications are based on. Th
is paper tries to clarify this issue by making
a comparison between the four original BBO algorith
ms through a variety of benchmark
functions with different dimensions and complexitie
s. The results show that both single and
simplified single migration based BBOs are faster,
but have less performance as compared to
the others. The comparison between the partial and
the simplified partial migration based BBOs
shows that the preference depends on the population
size, problem’s complexity and dimensions
and the values of the upper and lower side constrai
nts. The partial migration model wins when
these factors, except population size, are increase
d, and vice versa for the simplified partial
migration model. The results can be used as a found
ation and a first step of modification for
enhancing any proposed modification on BBO includin
g the existing modifications that are
described in literature.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL FORMS OF BIOGEOGRAPHY-BASED OPTIM...csandit
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a new population-based evolutionary algorithm and
one of meta-heuristic algorithms. This technique is based on an old mathematical study that
explains the geographical distribution of biological organisms. The first original form of BBO
was introduced in 2008 and known as a partial migration based BBO. Few months later, BBO
was re-introduced again with additional three other forms and known as single, simplified
partial, and simplified single migration based BBOs. Then a lot of modifications were employed
to enhance the performance of BBO. However, the literature lacks the explanations and the
reasons on which the modifications are based on. This paper tries to clarify this issue by making
a comparison between the four original BBO algorithms through a variety of benchmark
functions with different dimensions and complexities. The results show that both single and
simplified single migration based BBOs are faster, but have less performance as compared to
the others. The comparison between the partial and the simplified partial migration based BBOs
shows that the preference depends on the population size, problem’s complexity and dimensions
and the values of the upper and lower side constraints. The partial migration model wins when
these factors, except population size, are increased, and vice versa for the simplified partial
migration model. The results can be used as a foundation and a first step of modification for
enhancing any proposed modification on BBO including the existing modifications that are
described in literature.
Ben Kerr - Adaptive landscapes in changing environmentsDanielle Whittaker
This document discusses evolution in changing environments using adaptive landscape metaphors. It describes Darwin's concept of natural selection acting on variations, Wright's shifting balance theory involving semi-isolated populations on a rugged adaptive landscape, and how environmental changes can move populations between peaks. Network representations of selectively accessible paths are introduced as alternatives to landscapes. The document explores applying these approaches to microbial evolution under changing drugs and coevolution, suggesting networked models could represent accessible evolutionary paths. It raises issues for further discussion around experimental directions, visualization techniques, broader applications, and intersections with optimization problems.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL FORMS OF BIOGEOGRAPHY-BASED OPTIM...cscpconf
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a new population-based evolutionary algorithm and one of meta-heuristic algorithms. This technique is based on an old mathematical study that explains the geographical distribution of biological organisms. The first original form of BBO was introduced in 2008 and known as a partial migration based BBO. Few months later, BBO was re-introduced again with additional three other forms and known as single, simplified partial, and simplified single migration based BBOs. Then a lot of modifications were employed to enhance the performance of BBO. However, the literature lacks the explanations and the reasons on which the modifications are based on. This paper tries to clarify this issue by making a comparison between the four original BBO algorithms through a variety of benchmark functions with different dimensions and complexities. The results show that both single and simplified single migration based BBOs are faster, but have less performance as compared to
the others. The comparison between the partial and the simplified partial migration based BBOs shows that the preference depends on the population size, problem’s complexity and dimensions and the values of the upper and lower side constraints. The partial migration model wins when
these factors, except population size, are increased, and vice versa for the simplified partial migration model. The results can be used as a foundation and a first step of modification for
enhancing any proposed modification on BBO including the existing modifications that are described in literature.
Application of ecological principles in restoration of degraded habitats MADHAB BEHERA
1. The document discusses key ecological concepts that can be applied to habitat restoration, including levels of biological organization, native species, keystone species, population viability, disturbances, ecological resilience, and connectivity.
2. It also discusses ecosystem management concepts that provide a framework for biodiversity conservation, such as island biogeography theory, niche theory, population theory, community ecology, food web theory, modeling and simulations, and paleoecology.
3. These concepts can be used to guide restoration activities like reintroducing native species, establishing minimum viable populations, reducing fragmentation, and restoring ecosystem functions.
The document defines a gene pool as the collection of all genes in a population. It discusses how a large gene pool indicates greater genetic diversity and robustness, while a small pool risks reduced fitness and extinction. The document also describes gene pools in crop breeding, noting primary and secondary gene pools, and gives gene pool centres as areas where important crops originated.
This document covers key topics in the Quarter 1 Module on Biodiversity and Evolution, including:
- Defining and measuring biodiversity through species distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
- Discussing population concepts like population distribution, density, and factors that affect population size.
- Identifying endangered species and environmental problems in the Philippines like deforestation, pollution, and more.
- Emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity and protecting the environment from human impacts.
IARU Global Challenges 2014 Cornell Tracking our declineSarah Cornell
There is growing attention to the global risks - not just local impacts - of present rates of biodiversity loss. It is worth keeping in mind that 'biodiversity loss' actually means the destruction (sometimes irreversible) – by us, people – of living organisms, Earth's 'genetic library', species, ecosystems and habitats. The fact that ecosystems are complex, adaptive, and locally specific means they can't be adequately represented in a single global measure. But without any overarching global perspective on losses, the locally contingent measures are 'untethered' to the real risks of systemic change. Scientists of many kinds are rising to the transdisciplinary challenge of dealing with this complexity in the face of global drivers of change (climate change, development pressures), recognizing that it is a challenge for everyone, not just academia.
Performance Comparison Between the Original Forms of Biogeography-Based Optim...XperiaZ1
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a new population-based evolutionary algorithm and one of meta-heuristic algorithms. This technique is based on an old mathematical study that explains the geographical distribution of biological organisms. The first original form of BBO was introduced in 2008 and known as a partial migration based BBO. Few months later, BBO was re-introduced again with additional three other forms and known as single, simplified partial, and simplified single migration based BBOs. Then a lot of modifications were employed to enhance the performance of BBO. However, the literature lacks the explanations and the reasons on which the modifications are based on. This paper tries to clarify this issue by making a comparison between the four original BBO algorithms through a variety of benchmark functions with different dimensions and complexities. The results show that both single and simplified single migration based BBOs are faster, but have less performance as compared to the others. The comparison between the partial and the simplified partial migration based BBOs shows that the preference depends on the population size, problem’s complexity and dimensions and the values of the upper and lower side constraints. The partial migration model wins when these factors, except population size, are increased, and vice versa for the simplified partial migration model. The results can be used as a foundation and a first step of modification for enhancing any proposed modification on BBO including the existing modifications that are described in literature.
Population ecology is the study of how populations — of plants, animals, and other organisms — change over time and space and interact with their environment. Populations are groups of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
Evolutionary ecology is the interplay between evolution and ecology, exploring historical and current ecological causes of selection and evolution, and their consequences for populations, species and ecosystems. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to the environment. It includes environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size. Geographical ecology is the study of the adaptive scenario of a given individual, population or species through the analysis of biotic and abiotic factors that affect survival.
Meta-population theory and island biogeography theory are similar in .pdfaroramobiles1
Meta-population theory and island biogeography theory are similar in that: larger habitat
patches and islands will generally have larger populations of a species than smaller patches and
islands sub-populations of a meta-populations are invariably initiated through immigration from
a single, large population (similar to a mainland) the local extinction rate of a population is
higher on larger islands and habitat patches immigration of new individuals of a species is
necessary to maintain populations of that species
Solution
Metapopulation and Island biogeography are similiar in that there is an immigration of new
individuals of a species so that is necessary to maintain the population of the species. This can be
defended by understanding what is metapopulation and island biogeography individually.
Metapopulation consists of a group of widely diverse population of a particular species which
interact at some level thus it can be termed as a population of populations An ideal example of
metapopulation would be on an unoccupied area there will a variety of species living together.
While as Island biogeography is a theory which studies the species composition and the species
richness on an island.Island biogeography is a study aimed at establishing and explaining the
factors that affect species diversity of a specific community.
A comprehensive comparison of the original forms of biogeography based optimi...ijscai
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a new population-based evolutionary algorithm and one of meta-heuristic algorithms. This technique is based on an old mathematical study that explains the geographical distribution of biological organisms. The first original form of BBO was introduced in 2008 and known as a partial migration based BBO. After three months, BBO was re-introduced again with additional three other forms and known as single, simplified partial, and simplified single migration based BBOs. Then a lot of modifications and hybridizations were employed to boost-up the performance of BBO and solve its weak exploration. However, the literature lacks the explanations and the reasons on which the modifications of the BBO forms are based on. This paper tries to clarify this issue by making a comparison between the four original BBO algorithms through 23 benchmark functions with different dimensions and complexities. The final judgment is confirmed by evaluating the performance based on the effect of the problem’s dimensions, the side constraints and the population size. The results show that both single and simplified single migration based BBOs are faster, but have less performance as compared to the others. The comparison between the partial and the simplified partial migration based BBOs shows that the preference depends on the population size, problem’s complexity and dimensions, and the values of the upper and lower side constraints. The partial migration model wins when these factors, except the population size, are increased, and vice versa for the simplified partial migration model. The results can be used as a foundation and a first step of modification for enhancing any proposed modification on BBO including the existing modifications that are described in literature.
This document discusses the challenges of selecting biodiversity indicators and how different value systems can lead to different indicator choices. It proposes three indices to represent different value systems in agricultural landscapes: 1) conservation value based on rare/threatened species, 2) ecological resilience based on species diversity, and 3) biological control based on diversity of pest antagonists. It emphasizes that indicators need to be tested to ensure they correlate with the biodiversity aspect being measured and that simply adding indicators may be misleading if they represent different values.
Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of Andean Hummingbirdsbw4sz
This document summarizes a study on plant-hummingbird interactions at multiple scales. At the local scale, between June and August the author recorded 24 hummingbird species along a 4,000 foot transect, equal to the total species observed in the United States. The study examines how patterns of regional distribution relate to local processes like distributions, resources, behavior, morphology, and the abiotic environment. At the broad scale, the study found that closely related species are more likely to co-occur, while very closely related species have a decreased probability of co-occurrence. At the local scale, the study aims to measure these local processes and test hypotheses about resource selection and niche partitioning between hummingbird species.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including ecosystems, biodiversity, populations, and niches. It defines ecology as the scientific study of the distributions, abundance, and relations of organisms and their interactions. An ecosystem is described as the unique network of animal and plant species that depend on each other to sustain life through their interactions. Biodiversity encompasses all varieties of life from genes to ecosystems at different biological levels.
The document provides an introduction to an ecological biology class, outlining expectations for students including obtaining handouts, materials needed, and discussing what biology is as a science and discipline. It explores the characteristics of life through an interactive demonstration of determining if an object is alive or not based on observations. The class will focus on studying life and the role of water through examining common characteristics of organisms and using the river as a unifying theme.
This document discusses several key concepts related to biological diversity and biogeography:
1. It defines biological evolution as changes in inherited traits over generations and outlines some processes that lead to evolution like mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and geographic isolation of populations.
2. It discusses factors that influence biodiversity like habitat diversity, species diversity, and environmental conditions. Greater biodiversity is seen in areas with more physically diverse habitats, moderate disturbance, and small environmental variation.
3. It outlines biogeography patterns seen on different continents and islands, explaining how continental drift, isolation, and adaptation to new environments has led to divergent evolution and speciation over time.
This document discusses various methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, evenness, disparity, and genetic variability. It notes that biodiversity cannot be reduced to a single number due to the complexities of various taxonomic concepts and differences in ecosystems. While higher productivity generally correlates with greater biodiversity, preserving biodiversity poses challenges for policymakers given difficulties in comparing biodiversity across environments.
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 4, Issue 9 (November 2012), PP. 47-51
Analysis of Backpropagation using Biogeography Based
Optimization
Sunali Mehta1, Sheetal Kundra2 , 3Harish Kundra
1.2
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, PTU, RIEIT, Railmajra, INDIA
Abstract- Biogeography Based Optimisation (BBO) is a population based evolutionary algorithm (EA) motivated
by the migration mechanisms of ecosystems. BBO is a nature inspired technique. The idea was given by D.Simon
in Dec.2008. Geographical areas that are well suited as residences for biological species are said to have a High
Suitability Index (HSI). Features that are correlated with HSI include such factors as rainfall, diversity of
vegetation, land area and temperatures. The variables that characterize the habitability are called Suitability Index
Variables (SIVs). Habitats with a high HSI tend to have a large number of species, while those with a low HSI
have small number of species. It is an example of natural process that can be modelled to solve general
optimisation problems. In this paper, this nature inspired behaviour has been considered to optimise the neural
network i.e Backpropagtion by BBO. The Backpropagation is a Neural Network. In this , the units are connected
in a feed- forward fashion with input units fully connected to the units in the hidden layer and hidden units are
fully connected t o the units in output layer. When a Backpropagation network is cycled , an input pattern is
propagated forward to the output units through an intervening input-to-hidden and hidden-to-output weights. The
idea behind this is that errors for the units of the hidden layer are determined by backpropagating the errors of the
units of the output layer and analysis of the Backpropagation are done by BBO. The BBO searches the optimal or
near optimal connection weights and threshold.
Keywords — Biogeography, Evolutionary algorithms, Habitat suitability index, Suitability index variable,
optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
The science of biogeography can be traced to the work of nineteenth century naturalists such as Alfred Wallace
and Charles Darwin. Until the 1960s, biogeography was mainly descriptive and historical. In the early 1960s, Robert
MacArthur and Edward Wilson began working together on mathematical models of biogeography, their work culminating
with the classic 1967 publication The Theory of Island Biogeography. Their interest was primarily focused on the
distribution of species among neighboring islands. They were interested in mathematical models for the extinction and
migration of species. Since MacArthur and Wilson’s work, biogeography has become a major area of research. A recent
search of Biological Abstracts reveals that 25,452 papers were written in the year 2005 that were related to the subject of
biogeography. However, a search of INSPEC, an engineering research index, reveals that no biogeography papers have ever
been written in the year 2005 that were related to the subject of biogeography. However, a search of INSPEC, an engineering
research index, reveals that no biogeography papers have ever been written. In view of this, part of the motivation of this
paper is to merge the burgeoning field of biogeography with engineering in order to see how the two disciplines can be of
mutual benefit. The application of biogeography to engineering is similar to what has occurred in the past few decades with
genetic algorithms (GAs), neural networks, fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and other areas of computer
intelligence.
Fig.1 Species migrate between islands.
47
2. Analysis of Backpropagation using Biogeography Based Optimization
Mathematical models of biogeography describe how species migrate from one island to another, how new species
arise, and how species become extinct. The term “island” here is used descriptively rather than literally. That is, an island is
any habitat that is geographically isolated from other habitats. We there fore use the more generic term “habitat” in this
paper (rather than “island”). Geographical areas that are well suited as residences for biological species are said to have a
high habitat suitability index (HSI). Features that correlate with HSI include such factors as rainfall, diversity of vegetation,
diversity of topographic features, land area, and temperature. The variables that characterize habitability are called suitability
index variables (SIVs). SIVs can be considered the independent variables of the habitat, and HSI can be considered the
dependent variable.
Fig. 2 Species model of single habitat
Habitats with a high HSI tend to have a large number of species, while those with a low HSI have a small
number of species. Habitats with a high HSI have many species that emigrate to nearby habitats, simply by virtue of the
large number of species that they host. Habitats with a high HSI have a low species immigration rate because they are
already nearly saturated with species. Therefore, high HSI habitats are more static in their species distribution than low HSI
habitats. By the same token, high HSI habitats have a high emigration rate; the large numbers of species on high HSI islands
have many opportunities to emigrate to neighboring habitats. (This does not mean that an emigrating species completely
disappears from its home habitat; only a few representatives emigrate, so an emigrating species remains extant in its home
habitat, while at the same time migrating to a neighboring habitat.) Habitats with a low HSI have a high species immigration
rate because of their sparse populations. This immigration of new species to low HSI habitats may raise the HSI of the
habitat, because the suitability of a habitat is proportional to its biological diversity. However if a habitat’s HSI remains low,
then the species that reside there will tend to go extinct, which will further open the way for additional immigration. Due to
this, low HSI habitats are more dynamic in their species distribution than high HSI habitats. Biogeography is nature’s way of
distributing species, and is analogous to general problem solutions. Suppose that we are presented with a problem and some
candidate solutions. The problem can be in any area of life (engineering, economics, medicine, business, urban planning,
sports, etc.), as long as we have a quantifiable measure of the suitability of a given solution. A good solution is analogous to
an island with a high HSI, and a poor solution represents an island with a low HSI. High HSI solutions resist change more
than low HSI solutions. By the same token, high HSI solutions tend to share their features with low HSI solutions.(This does
not mean that the features disappear from the high HSI solution; the shared features remain in the high HSI solutions, while
at the same time appearing as new features in the low HSI solutions. This is similar to representatives of a species migrating
to a habitat, while other representatives remain in their original habitat.) Poor solutions accept a lot of new features from
good solutions. This addition of new features to low HSI solutions may raise the quality of those solutions. We call this new
approach to problem solving biogeography-based optimization (BBO). BBO has certain features in common with other
biology-based algorithms. Like GAs and PSO, BBO has a way of sharing information between solutions. GA solutions “die”
at the end of each generation, while PSO and BBO solutions survive for-ever (although their characteristics change as the
optimization process progresses). PSO solutions are more likely to clump together in similar groups, while GA and BBO
solutions do not necessarily have any built-in tendency to cluster. Section II reviews the idea of biogeography, and neural.
Section III discusses how neural network can be analyzed with biogeography based optimization.
II. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND NEURAL NETWORK
An A Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) is a population based evolutionary algorithm (EA) motivated by
the migration mechanisms of ecosystems. It is based on the mathematics of biogeography. In BBO, problem solutions are
represented as islands, and the sharing of features between solutions is represented as emigration and immigration. The idea
of BBO was first presented in December 2008 by D. Simon (Simon, 2008). It is an example of natural process that can be
modeled to solve general optimization problems. One characteristic of BBO is that the original population is not discarded
after each generation; it is rather modified by migration. Also for each generation, BBO uses the fitness of each solution to
determine its emigration and immigration rate. In a way, we can say that BBO is an application of biogeography to EAs. In
BBO, each individual is considered as a habitat with a habitat suitability index (HSI), which is similar to the fitness of EAs,
to measure the individual. Also, an SIV (suitability index variable) which characterizes the habitability of an island is used.
A good solution is analogous to an island with a high HSI, and a poor solution indicates an island with a low HSI. High HSI
solutions tend to share their features with low HSI solutions. Low HSI solutions accept a lot of new features from high HSI
solutions.
48
3. Analysis of Backpropagation using Biogeography Based Optimization
A. Neural Network
Neural Network is developed by McCulloch and Pitts in 1943.Neural Network has certain processing capabilities
of the human brain. The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. The
modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus
the term has two distinct usages:
Biological Neural Networks is an information processing paradigm, inspired by biological system, composed of a large
number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) to solve specific problems.
Artificial Neural Networks is an artificial representation of the human brain that tries to simulate its learning process. An
artificial Neural network is often called a Neural network or simply Neural net. It is a mathematical model or computation
model. In this paper Backpropagation Neural Network is used to analyze the BBO. It was presented by Rumelhart, Hinton
and Williams in 1986.The idea behind this is that errors for the units of the hidden layer are determined by back-propagating
the errors of the units of the output layer. This method is often called the backpropagation learning rule. It is a supervised
learning process. Backpropagation is a systematic method of training multi-layer artificial neural networks. For better
understanding, the backpropagation learning algorithm can be divided into two phases: propagation and weight update.
Phase 1: Propagation
Each propagation involves the following steps:
1. Forward propagation of a training pattern's input through the neural network in order to generate the propagation's
output activations.
2. Backward propagation of the propagation's output activations through the neural network using the training
pattern's target in order to generate the deltas of all output and hidden neurons.
Phase 2: Weight update
For each weight-synapse:
1. Multiply its output delta and input activation to get the gradient of the weight.
2. Bring the weight in the opposite direction of the gradient by subtracting a ratio of it from the weight.
This ratio influences the speed and quality of learning; it is called the learning rate. The sign of the gradient of a
weight indicates where the error is increasing; this is why the weight must be updated in the opposite direction. Repeat the
phase 1 and 2 until the performance of the network is good enough.
III. NEURAL NETWORK WITH BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED OPTIMIZATION
In this section we describe how Backpropagation is analysed with biogeography based optimization.
A. Algorithm
1. Initialize the BBO parameters- Initialize, Cost, and Feasibility.
2. Initialize a random set of habitats, each habitat corresponding to a potential solution to the given problem.
3. For each habitat, map the Habitat Suitability Index to Initialize, Cost, Feasibility.
4. Probabilistically use Cost function and Feasibility to modify each non-elite habitat, and then recompute each HSI.
5. For each habitat, minimize the cost function of Neural Network (Backpropagation) using Backpropagation
6. Is acceptable solution found? If yes then go to Step 8.
7. Number of iterations over? If no then go to Step 3 for the next iteration.
8. Stop
B. Flowchart of work
Assign the input
connection weight
Assign the hidden
connection weight
Optimized
connection weights
Fitness function
(Backpropagation)
BBO
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4. Analysis of Backpropagation using Biogeography Based Optimization
Fig3. Flowchart of the present work
In this figure the BBO algorithm optimizes the connection weights between layers in Backpropagation. A
Backpropagation is able to work parallel with input variables and consequently handle large sets of data swiftly. The
connection weights in Backpropagation are optimized by using BBO. It has three phases in the first phase; the BBO searches
the optimal or near optimal connections weights and threshold. The connection weights and threshold are initialized in two
random values before search process. It needs three sets of parameters.
(a) The first set is the set of connection weights of input layer and the hidden layer.
(b) The second is the set of connection weight between the hidden layer and the output layer.
(c) The third step represents the threshold. a fully connected feed forward network with one hidden layer and one
output is shown above.
C. Result
The accuracy of spatial data has been defined as “ The closeness of results of observations, computations , or
estimates to the true values or the values accepted as being true”.
Accuracy assessment is an important step in the process of analysing Backpropagation. Accuracy defines
“correctness”. Backpropagation are a special class of function . Calculate the error between the actual output
and desired output
Ep = ∑k(dk-xk)2
Where,
dk= is the desired output for node k
xk = is the actual output for node k
Ep = is mean square error when path pattern input is given as output
Fig. 3 Describes the minimization of cost function of BBO
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this work, popular swarm intelligence technique is used to classify the optimization results. The study of
geographical distribution of biological species can be used to derive algorithms for optimization. BBO can be successfully
applied to practical problems. In BBO it is not possible to check for feasibility while a new solution is being completed. The
feasibility check has to wait until after the new solution is already complete. Analysis of Neural network using BBO
algorithm has solved this problem. Moreover it provides the better accuracy then other optimization algorithms. We cannot
conclude that BBO is universally better than other methods, or vice versa. However it may be possible in future work to
quantify the performance of BBO relative to other algorithms for problems with specific features. This paper is preliminary
in nature and, therefore, opens up a wide range of possibilities for future results. It might be fruitful to explore the ideas of
species sharing only between similar solutions. Species are more likely to migrate to habitats better close to their place of
origin. At present BBO is still greedy in the sense that it builds each rule with the aim of optimizing that rule's quality
individually, without directly taking into account the interaction with other rules. A less greedy, but possibly more
computationally expensive way to approach the problem would be to associate a particle with an entire rule set and then to
consider the quality of the entire rule set when evaluating a particle, Also the nominal part of the rule is always discovered
first and separately from the continuous part, it could be advantageous to use a more “co-evolved” approach.. Future
research will focus on using this algorithm with other soft computing techniques. So this swarm technique can also be
combined with fuzzy-rough approach also in future.
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5. Analysis of Backpropagation using Biogeography Based Optimization
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Author’s Profile
Sunali Mehta is a student of Rayat Institute of Engineering and Technology,Railmajra . She is a
pursuing student of Mtech CSE. She did her Btech(IT) from MIET, Jammu.
Mrs Sheetal Kundra is an Assistant Professor of Deptt (CSE & IT) at Rayat Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Railmajra.
Prof Harish Kundra is an Associate Professor and Head of Deptt (CSE and IT) at Rayat Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Railmajra.
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