Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of GGBS on Mechanical Properties of Low Traffic Concrete Paver BlocksAbdulRazakBH
Abstract: Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are the integral part of modern concrete with significant enhancement
in concrete performance. Low cost of production, low heat of hydration along with improved mechanical properties encourage
the replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with SCMs to a greater extent. The study focusses on influence of Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as SCM in production of concrete paver blocks. Compressive strength, split tensile
strength, and flexural strength are the properties under consideration. Improved compressive strength and flexural strength was
observed in blended concrete with 20% and 40% GGBS replacement levels.
Keywords: GGBS, M-Sand, Paver Blocks, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
QUrdPro: Query processing system for Urdu LanguageIJERA Editor
The tremendous increase in the multilingual data on the internet has increased the demand for efficient retrieval of information. Urdu is one of the widely spoken and written languages of south Asia. Due to unstructured format of Urdu language information retrieval of information is a big challenge. Question Answering systems aims to retrieve point-to-point answers rather than flooding with documents. It is needed when the user gets an in depth knowledge in a particular domain. When user needs some information, it must give the relevant answer. The question-answer retrieval of ontology knowledge base provides a convenient way to obtain knowledge for use, but the natural language need to be mapped to the query statement of ontology. This paper describes a query processing system QUrdPro based on ontology. This system is a combination of NLP and Ontology. It makes use of ontology in several phases for efficient query processing. Our focus is on the knowledge derived from the concepts used in the ontology and the relationship between these concepts. In this paper we describe the architecture of QUrdPro ,query processing system for Urdu and process model for the system is also discussed in detail.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of GGBS on Mechanical Properties of Low Traffic Concrete Paver BlocksAbdulRazakBH
Abstract: Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are the integral part of modern concrete with significant enhancement
in concrete performance. Low cost of production, low heat of hydration along with improved mechanical properties encourage
the replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with SCMs to a greater extent. The study focusses on influence of Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as SCM in production of concrete paver blocks. Compressive strength, split tensile
strength, and flexural strength are the properties under consideration. Improved compressive strength and flexural strength was
observed in blended concrete with 20% and 40% GGBS replacement levels.
Keywords: GGBS, M-Sand, Paver Blocks, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
QUrdPro: Query processing system for Urdu LanguageIJERA Editor
The tremendous increase in the multilingual data on the internet has increased the demand for efficient retrieval of information. Urdu is one of the widely spoken and written languages of south Asia. Due to unstructured format of Urdu language information retrieval of information is a big challenge. Question Answering systems aims to retrieve point-to-point answers rather than flooding with documents. It is needed when the user gets an in depth knowledge in a particular domain. When user needs some information, it must give the relevant answer. The question-answer retrieval of ontology knowledge base provides a convenient way to obtain knowledge for use, but the natural language need to be mapped to the query statement of ontology. This paper describes a query processing system QUrdPro based on ontology. This system is a combination of NLP and Ontology. It makes use of ontology in several phases for efficient query processing. Our focus is on the knowledge derived from the concepts used in the ontology and the relationship between these concepts. In this paper we describe the architecture of QUrdPro ,query processing system for Urdu and process model for the system is also discussed in detail.
Enegy Regenaration in a Hydraulic Damper by Turbo Generator Flowpath MechanismIJERA Editor
This paper develops a modification to hydraulic damper to utilize its energy lose in the form of heat. During the working of actual hydraulic damper, when the suspension fluid is compressed inside the damper cylinder in order to absorb the vibration shocks,the frictional energy of the vehicle is dissipated as heat loss by the suspension fluid in order to minimise the effect of bumps and ridges in road. So in order to harness this power loss, we have developed an energy saving hydraulic damper by modifying the existing model of hydraulic damper.We create a separate flow path with rotating turbine parallel to the damping cylinder connecting the upper and lower end of damper. When the vehicle travels down from a bump, the coil spring compresses forcing the piston to push the suspension fluid upwards and this high pressure fluid travels through the flow path rotating the turbine which in turn runs the generator for power generation. A check valve is provided at the flow path end to prevent the fluid back flow.Thus the suspension fluid kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of the turbine.
Mechanical properties of rice husk flour reinforced epoxy bio-compositeIJERA Editor
A bio-composite reinforced with rice husk flour in epoxy resin has been developed. The effect of fibre treatment and weight percentage of rice husk on the mechanical properties was studied and compared with wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. It was observed that addition of rice husk as filler is detrimental to almost all the mechanical properties. About 51% and 26.8% decrease in ultimate strength and Young’s Modulus for 40 wt% untreated rice husk reinforcement was observed. The corresponding decrease in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 51%. Similar trend was also observed in hardness and impact strength. However the mechanical properties of rice husk reinforced biocomposites are found to be superior than wood dust reinforced epoxy composite. SEM microscopy was also done to corroborate the results.
Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
Metakaolin is a cementitious materials used as an admixture to produce high strength concrete and is used for maintaining the consistency of concrete. In the case where insufficient or poor curing concrete structure like the underground structure which undergo serve loss of compressive strength, use of metakaolin proves to be very useful to modify the properties of concrete. This paper deals with the properties of concrete with varying percentage replacement of metakaolin in M-25 greade of concrete. The mix M1,M2,M3 and M4 were obtained by replacing 0,5,10 and 15 percent mass of cement by Metakaolin. The test results indicated that admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with conventional concrete.
Desalination technology; economy and simplicityIJERA Editor
Water scarcity is a major problem, a seawater desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a fresh water stream containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brine stream Applied desalination technologies can be divided in to three groups, thermal desalination technologies, membrane based desalination technologies,and solar desalination technologies. Results show that solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions such as grid-limited villages or isolated islands that have access to sea or brackish-water. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) desalination units are the most favorable alternatives to be coupled with photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Distribution and Mobility of Heavy Metal Materials in Settling Ponds Post Lat...IJERA Editor
The formation of waste matter sedimentation in settling ponds, along with accumulation of heavy metals, such as Nickel (Ni), Chrome (Cr3+ and Cr6+), manganese (Mn) and Cobalt (Co) and elements or compounds in laterite soil. These heavy metals will concentrate in different environmental geochemistry, which are laterite sediment layers pre- and post-mining. The purposes of this study are to identify changes of heavy metal distribution in settling ponds and analyze heavy metal mobility in settling ponds. The research methods were qualitative and quantitative methods. Laboratory research used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) which was studied, analyzed, and synthesized comprehensively. Data processing technique used SPSS v.21 software and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The result showed that distribution of heavy metals Fe and Cr relatively strengthened constantly. The graphs of Fe and Cr were interpreted as similar mobility and mechanism of transportation os elements which can form chemical compounds. Meanwhile, metals Ni and Co had similar graph which was relatively flat constantly. This was interpreted as similar mobility of heavy metals in settling ponds. The mobility of heavy metals Fe and Cr were mostly concentrated to form ferrochrome compound in the sediment of settling ponds compared with Ni with its low mobility and Co with its very low mobility.
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV Distribution Grid System...IJERA Editor
The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system, by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
A Simulation Method of Soft Tissue Cutting In Virtual Environment with HapticsIJERA Editor
Currently, virtual simulation has an increasing role in the medical field. Now virtual surgery simulation has been largely explored in medical field. Virtual surgery is a good complement to traditional Surgical Training. Modeling effects of soft tissue during cutting is quite complex, hence the concept of virtuality is used to develop realistic surgical instruments for providing exact force feedback to the surgeon during surgical operation and simulation of soft tissue processes. Scalpel is a basic instrument required for soft tissue simulation. Hence we will design a virtual organ to cut by using Scalpel in Haptic Environment.
Solar energy the most efficient, eco-friendly and abundantly available energy source in the nature. It can be
converted into electrical energy in cost effective manner. In recent years, the interest in solar energy has risen
due to surging oil prices and environmental concern. In many remote or underdeveloped areas, direct access to
an electric grid is impossible and a photovoltaic inverter system would make life much simpler and more
convenient. With this in mind, it is aimed to design, build, and test a solar panel inverter. This inverter system
could be used as backup power during outages, battery charging, or for typical household applications. The main
components of this solar system are solar cell, dc to dc boost converters, and inverter. Sine wave push pull
inverter topology is used for inverter. In this topology only two MOSFETs are used and isolation requirement
between control circuit and power circuit is also less which helps to decrease the cost of solar inverter.
An Approach for Measurement of Non-Technical losses of 11KV feeder and its Mi...IJERA Editor
Distribution losses comprise Technical & Non-Technical losses. In this paper technical losses calculation of 11KV Kochar Urban Gohlwar, TarnTaran feeder by load power flow analysis using technical data with utility has been presented. Non technical losses of this feeder have been arrived at by subtracting technical losses from total distribution losses. As non technical losses are on higher side, new proposals for minimization of non technical losses have been suggested which include checking of technically rejected temporary tubewell connections during paddy season and seasonal factories such as rice shellers and ice factories to avoid accumulation of consumption units.
Hardware Implementation of Two’s Compliment Multiplier with Partial Product b...IJERA Editor
With the emergence of portable computing and communication systems, power consumption has become one of the major objectives during VLSI design. Furthermore, the multiplication is an essential arithmetic operation for common DSP applications, such as filtering, convolution, fast Fourier Transform (FFT) etc. To achieve high execution speed, parallel array multipliers are widely used. These multipliers tend to consume most of the power in DSP computations, and thus power-efficient multipliers are very important for the design of low-power DSP systems. This paper presents an approach to reduce power consumption of 2’s compliment multiplier design, in which switching activities are reduced through dynamic by passing of partial products.
Measuring Robustness on Generalized Gaussian DistributionIJERA Editor
Different from previous work that measured robustness its own distribution, measuring robustness with a robust
estimator on a generalized Gaussian distribution is introduced here. In detail, an unbiased Maximum Likelihood
(ML) variance estimator and a robust variance estimator of the Gaussian distribution with a given censoring
value are applied to the generalized Gaussian distribution that represents Gaussian, Laplace, and Cauchy
distributions; then, Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated to measure robustness. Afterward, how robustness
changes is shown because the actual distribution varies over the generalized Gaussian distribution. The results
indicate that measuring the MSE of the system can be used to point out how robust the system is when the
system distribution changes.
Coastal Resource Management In Kanniyakuamari Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Using...IJERA Editor
The Coastal Resource Management of Kanniyakumari coast which is Located in the Southern Part of Tamil Nadu (India) is situated in this article. They study has made use of Socio economic data to identify the Resource Management status of the study Area. The software like ArcGis are used to demarcated the coastal Resource management of Kanniyakumari coast. The Total area 715 Sq.m. Kanniyakumari coast about 42 Fishing Landing Centers the distribution of fishing villages in Kanniyakumari coast. The total annual Fish production is 42716.60 tonnes during to 2011-212.
Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
Behaviour of steel structure under the effect of fire loadingIJERA Editor
Performance of steel structures in fire depends upon a number of variables such as material degradation at
elevated temperature and restraint stiffness of members surrounded by fire. In order to face minimal structural
damage, limited casualties particularly in high rise structures and for the purpose of selecting suitable fire
resisting measures structural response to fire need to be understood. Carrying out experiments on actual steel
structure is not always feasible as it requires time, money, space and controlled fire as well hence the use of
finite element software’s like ANSYS is the best alternative instead. The material properties that affect the
behavior of structural steel members exposed to fire have been reviewed. Global structural response of simple
steel building is studied by considering three different scenarios to have an understanding of interaction of
structural elements.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
A study of professional advantages to manufacturing organizations by the way ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the study and analysis of long term advantages gained by electromechanical product
manufacturing Industries when the A class components like brass electrical contacts are manufactured by
newly devised advance manufacturing technique of hot brass extrusion .After completion of the research and
practical application this new advance manufacturing technique this has replaced previous traditional
manufacturing technique of green sand molding and casting used for commercial production of brass
contacts. The prime impact of research covers a newly devised innovative product life cycle which increases
product life.
Optimization of Patrol Manpower Allocation Using Goal Programming Approach -A...IJERA Editor
One of the most difficult tasks of the patrol administrators is allocation of manpower; i.e. determining the. most
effective level of operational manpower for patrol tasks. Typically, administrators resolve the allocation
problem by relying on prior statistical data and by employing subjective analysis. In general, only limited
systematic analyses have been applied to the problem. This thesis presents a non linear goal programming model
for allocating patrolmen to road segments within a patrol region. The model is demonstrated via a case example
of the East section of Visakhapatnam. The results of the model are valuable to the patrol administrator for
considering departmental goals and priority structure, in addition to available historical data, in the assignment
of patrol manpower for a given urban area.
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates wi...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag CS while coarse aggregates was replaced by recycled concrete aggregate RCA from demolished structure. Both the fine and coarse aggregate were replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and hardened Concrete. Slump test was conducted to determine the workability of the various design concrete mix. Compressive strength and split tensile strength were determined at 7, 28 days of curing. The results indicate that workability decreases slightly with increase in Copper Slag percentage, though workability for the sample were within the prescribed limit for M25 concrete. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of CS alone while a reverse trend in observed for increasing percentage of RCA in the sample. The synergistic effect of CS and RCA on the designed sample concrete revealed that the percentage of CS is the more decisive factors than the percentage of RCA in deciding the performance of the concrete in terms of compressive and tensile strength. The outcomes of this research work showed that Copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate can be effectively used in structural concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate sand and coarse aggregate respectively. Futher, it substantiate towards sustainable construction approach because of its dual advantage of controlling menace of solid waste disposal along with its subsequent environmental pollution and increasing the cost efficiency and carbon efficiency of the product. Achal Jain | Er Nitin Thakur "To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates with Industrial and Construction Waste" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29835.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29835/to-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-with-industrial-and-construction-waste/achal-jain
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro silica (Silica ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly
cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies
have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement
materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume
and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split
tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and
tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super
plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with
a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14
and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and
28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement
were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash
replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45%
led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to
22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead
to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.
Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water
absorption
REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WASTE CERAMIC TILE AND COCONUT SHELL IN ...LokeshShirbhate2
REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WASTE CERAMIC TILE AND COCONUT SHELL IN CONCRETE.
This Presentation is Describe the behavior of concrete after the use of Ceramic tiles in concrete as a replacement of coarse Aggregate.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Fiber Reinforced High Streng...IJERD Editor
The use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is gaining importance throughout the globe due to
the depleting sources of natural aggregate and disposal problem of demolished waste. The advancement in the
prestressed concrete technology and multistoried structures has given impetus for making concrete of high
strength. Also, it is well established that the fibers make concrete ductile. The aim of this research work is to
determine the suitability of glass fibers for use in structural recycled aggregate concrete of high strength. The
fresh and hardened state properties of partially replaced recycled aggregate concrete, with varying percentages
of glass fibers, are compared with the corresponding conventional aggregate concrete. The compressive, split
tensile and flexural strengths of M50 grade concrete with various replacement levels of coarse aggregate were
done . The maximum values of all these strengths were obtained at 1.5% of fiber content
Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastesijtsrd
Generally the river sand is used as a fine aggregate on concrete and is obtained by mining the sand from river bed. Increased sand mining not only affects the aquifer of the river bed but also causes environmental problems. In recent days demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Therefore the practice of replacing river sand with Metakaolin is taking a tremendous growth. It is inferred from the literature that replacement of Metakaolin upto 40 gives tremendous increase in the strength of the concrete above which the strength starts to decrease. Various literatures show that replacing with green sand 30 to 40 replacement seems to be effective. In both the cases the workability decreases with the increase in its quantity. Also Bottom ash and Metakaolin replacement results in the decrease of workability and it leads to uneconomic in the project. This paper presents the replacement of fine aggregate up to 40 . The river sand is replaced by Green sand, and Marble powder. The replacement levels of Green sand and marble powder varies from 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 . From the mix design, the w c ratio is taken to be 0.40. The specimens are to be casted, cured for the respective mix proportions and various strength characteristics of the concrete at 28 days are to be performed. The suitability of the replacement materials as fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its strength. Sriram R | Mr. Prabakaran | Mrs. Uma Nambi ""Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastes"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23155.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23155/experimental-study-on-high-strength-concrete-using-industrial-wastes/sriram-r
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by using Agricultural Waste with P...ijtsrd
Portland cement as ingredient in concrete is one of the fundamental development materials generally utilized particularly in creating nations. The expanding interest for concrete is relied upon to be met by fractional bond substitution. The look for elective fastener or concrete substitution materials prompted the disclosure of possibilities of utilizing modern side effects and farming squanders as cementitious materials. A portion of the waste items which have pozzolanic properties and which have been considered for use in mixed bonds incorporate wood fiery debris, fly powder, Silica smolder, Volcanic cinder, copper slag, quarry dust, Rice husk cinder . It is a waste material coming about because of the mechanical processing or preparing of timber into different shapes and sizes. The issues of profitability, economy, quality and condition, they need to rival other development materials. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials wood ash, sugar cane bagase ash and rice husk ash and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing cube specimens. There are M25 grade of blended extent are use. Squander materials are use in concrete with the substitution bond of 4 , 8 , 12 and 16 . These beams, cylinder and cube are tries on 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive quality, flexural quality, and tensile strength are determined with the help of UTM and CTM machine. Prabhjot Singh Devgun | Dr. P. K. Singhai | Prof. A. K Jha "Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by using Agricultural Waste with Partial Replacement of Cement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33461.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33461/effect-on-compressive-strength-of-concrete-by-using-agricultural-waste-with-partial-replacement-of-cement/prabhjot-singh-devgun
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
An experimental study on high performance concrete using mineral fly ash and ...IJARIIT
This work presents the determination of the mechanical properties (compression, split tensile and flexural tests) of the
specimens (cubes, cylinders, and beams). The specimens are of M60 grade high strength concrete which includes ground
granulated blast furnace slag (10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40%) and Fly ash (10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40%) to obtain the desired
strengths and properties. Finally, we used in combination of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in different
percentages as replacement of cement and concrete was prepared. We used SP430-Sulphonated Naphthalene Polymers as a
super plasticizer for better workability for high performance concrete. Dosage for super plasticizers is same for all mix
proportions. We casted concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders and are kept for curing for a period of 28days. The tests are
conducted after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing period. To obtain such desired strength that cannot be obtained from conventional
concrete and by the current method, a large number of trial mixes with different percentages of fly ash and different percentages
of ground granulated blast furnace slag are required to select the desired combination of materials that meet the required
strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an Admixture
1. K.Chiranjeevi reddy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.87-93
www.ijera.com 87 | P a g e
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as
an Admixture
K.Chiranjeevi reddy1*
, Y.Yaswanth Kumar1
, P.Poornima1
1
Assistant professor, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
ABSTRACT:-
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the
desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will
help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the
concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of
granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4
different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional
concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite
fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2
compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2
of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern
with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2
compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2
of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine
replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2
compared to a 3.35
N/mm2
of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional
concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available
granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of
concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
I. Introduction:-
In India, the marble and granite stone processing
is one of the most thriving the effects if varying
marble dust contents on the physical and mechanical
properties of fresh and hardened concrete have been
investigated. Concrete technology can be reducing
the consumption of natural and energy resources for
burden pollutants on environment. Now a day the
cost of construction materials is increasing
incrementally. In India the cost of cement during
1995 was Rs. 1.25per kg but in 2012 the price is
increased nearly 5 times. Due to these reason only I
have replaced the granite powder in place of cement.
By adding the waste material also we have decreased
a lot of environmental problem.
The granite waste generated by the industry has
accumulated over years, and it has been dumped
unscrupulously resulting in environmental problem.
Hence we are using granite waste as a cement
replacement in different percentages and we have
determined the compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength of concrete.
With the enormous increase in the quantity of
waste needing disposal, acute shortage of dumping
sites, sharp increase in the transportation and
dumping costs affecting the environment, prevents
sustainable development. The waste disposal problem
is becoming serious. As it is a fine material, it will be
easily carried away by the air and will cause nuisance
causing health problems and environmental pollution.
The major effect of air pollution are lung diseases,
inhaling problems, the people who are living in and
around are suffering from these problems. The waste
disposal problem is becoming serious. In this present
work, it is aimed at developing a new building
material from the granite scrap, an industrial waste as
a replacement material of Granite powder partial
replacement of cement. By doing so, the objective of
reduction of cost construction can be met and it will
help to overcome the environmental problem
associated with its disposal including the
environmental problems of the region.
1.1Review of Literature
Several industrial wastes, such as flyash , quarry
dust waste, recycled aggregate, used soft drink bottle
caps as fibre reinforced concrete have been tried by
various researches. The results have been
encouragingly increased in terms of improvement in
strength parameters like compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength.
B.Vidivelli et.al., [2] had studied on flyash
concrete using SEM analysis as partial replacement
to cement and had reported a significant increase of
20% compressive strength respectively.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. K.Chiranjeevi reddy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.87-93
www.ijera.com 88 | P a g e
Lalit Gamashta et.al., [3] developed the concrete
strength by using masonry waste material in concrete
mix in construction to minimize the environmental
damages due to quarrying. It is highly desirable that
the waste materials of concrete and bricks are further
reutilized after the demolition of old structures in an
effective manner especially realizing that it will help
in reducing the environmental damages caused by
excessive reckless quarrying for earth materials and
stones. Secondly, this will reduce pressure on finding
new dumping ground for these wastes, thus further
saving the natural environment and eco-systems.
Durability, reliability and adequate in service
performance of these reused waste materials over the
stipulated design life of designed structures are of
paramount importance to Structural Designers. This
paper critically examines such properties in reused
concrete and brick masonry waste materials and
suggests suitable recommendations for further
enhancing life of such structures, thereby resulting in
sufficient economy to the cost of buildings.
M.L.V. Prasad et.al., [4] had studied mechanical
properties of fiber reinforced concretes produced
from building demolished waste and observed that
target mean strength had been achieved in 100%
recycled concrete aggregate replacement.
M. Mageswari et.al., [5] using the combination
of waste Sheet Glass Powder (SGP) as fine
aggregate and Portland cement with 20% optimum
replacement of fly ash as cementations binder offers
an economically viable technology for high value
utilization of industrial waste. Using of SGP in
concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on
waste disposal sites and conservation of natural
resources. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with SGP and 20%
optimum replacement of fly ash in Portland cement.
Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and
cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age
were compared with those of concrete made with
natural fine aggregates. Fineness modulus, Specific
gravity, Moisture content, Water absorption, Bulk
density, Percentage of voids, Percentage of porosity
(loose and compact) state for sand and SGP were also
studied. The test results indicate that it is possible to
manufacture low cost concrete containing SGP with
characteristics similar to those of natural sand
aggregate concrete provided that the percentage of
SGP as fine aggregate up to 30% along with fly ash
20% optimum in cement replacement can be used
respectively.
Ustev.J et.al., [6] determined the performance of
concrete made with coconut shell as a replacement of
cement. Cement was replaced with coconut shell in
steps of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. The
results obtained for compressive strength was
increased from 12.45 N/mm2
at 7days to31.28 N/mm2
at 28 days curing and it met the requirement for use
in both heavy weight and light weight concreting.
Amitkumar D. Raval et.al., [7] explained the
compressive strength by replacing cement with
ceramic waste and utilizing the same in construction
industry.
Dr. G.Vijayakumar et.al., [8] had found that use
of glass powder as partial replacement to cement was
effective.
Ankit Nileshchandra Patel et.al., [9] examined
the possibility of using stone waste as replacement of
Pozzolana Portland Cement in the range of 5%, 10%,
30%, 40% and 50% by weight of M 25 grade
concrete. They reported that stone waste of marginal
quantity as partial replacement to the cement had
beneficial effect on the mechanical properties such as
compressive strength values for 7, 14, 28 days were
less than the ppc cement.
Venkata Sairam Kumar et.al., [10] investigated
the effect of using quarry dust as a possible substitute
for cement in concrete. Partial replacement of cement
with varying percentage of quarry dust (0%, 10%,
15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%) by weight of M
20, M 30 and M 40 grade of concrete cubes were
made for conducting compressive strength. From the
experimental studies 25% partial replacement of
cement with quarry dust showed improvement in
hardened of concrete.
Jayesh kumar et.al., [11] studied the performance
of fly ash as partial replacement of cement. The
values of compressive strength and split tensile
strength are found by partial replacement of cement
with varying percentage of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% by weight of cement of M 25 and M 40 mix.
The compressive strength of the samples was
recorded at the curing age of 7, 14, 28 days and for
split tensile strength of the sample were conducted
test on age of 56 days. It was observed that the
compressive strength was better on age of 14 days
than the other proportions of cement.
Debarata Pradhan et.al., [12] determined the
compressive strength of concrete in which cement
was partially replaced with silica fume (0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, and 20%). The compressive strength test
was conducted on age of 24 hours, 7 days and 28
days for 100 mm and 150 mm cubes. The results
indicated that the compressive strength of concrete
increased with additional of silica fume up to 20%
replaced by weight of cement further addition of
silica fume was found that the compressive strength
may increase or decrease.
Amudhavalli et.al., [13] examined the
performance of concrete made with silica fume as the
partial replacement of cement. Cement was replaced
with silica fume in steps of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% by weight by M 35 mix. The reported from this
percentage mixes in compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength at age of 7 days
3. K.Chiranjeevi reddy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.87-93
www.ijera.com 89 | P a g e
and 28 days. The results indicated that use of silica
fume in concrete has improved the performance of
concrete in strength and durability aspects.
Md Moinul Islam et.al., [14] investigated the
usage of fly ash as substitutes for the cement was
replaced with fly ash in steps of 10%, 20%, 30%,
40%, 50% and 60%. Compressive strength and
tensile strength were determined at 3, 7, 14, 28, 60
and 90 days. The reported from this paper sows the
results that strength increased with increased of fly
ash up to an optimum value, beyond which the
strength value starts decrease from with further
addition of fly ash. The six fly ash motors, the
amount of optimum amount of cement replacement in
motors is about 40% higher compressive strength and
8% higher tensile strength as compared to Ordinary
Portland Cement mortar.
D.Gowsika et.al., [15] investigated the usage of
eggshell powder from egg production industry as
partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement in
cement mortar of mix proportions 1:3 in which
cement is partially replaced with egg shell powder as
5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of
cement. The compressive strength was determined at
curing ages 28 days. There was a sharp decrease in
compressive strength beyond 5% egg shell powder
substitution. The admixtures used are Saw Dust ash,
Fly Ash and Micro silica to enhance the strength of
the concrete mix with 5% egg shell powder as partial
replacement for cement. In this direction, an
experimental investigation of compressive strength,
split tensile strength, and Flexural strength was
undertaken to use egg shell powder and admixtures
as partial replacement for cement in concrete.
Ghassan K. Al-Chaar et.al., [16] determined the
use of natural pozzolanic cement substitute in
concrete materials. By means of a test series, four
mixes using three types of natural pozzolanic, as well
as a Class F fly ash, are evaluated. The effectiveness
of each pozzolanic in controlling alkali-silica
reactions has been studied. Correlations have been
revealed between the mechanical properties of the
proposed mixes and a Portland cement control mix.
The results are also compared with industry standards
for mortars made with fly ash and silica fume. It is
findings to indicate that one type of pozzolanic may
be used as a substitute for fly ash, but not for silica
fume.
Biruk Hailu et.al., [17] investigated the usage of
sugar bagasse ash is as by-product of sugar factories
as a possibilities for the cement was replaced with
sugar bagasse in steps of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% of
the Ordinary Portland Cement were prepared with
water to cement ratio of 0.55 and cement content 350
kg/m3
for the control mix. The test results indicated
that up to 10% replacement of cement by bagasse ash
results in better or similar concrete properties and
further environmental and economical advantages
can also be exploited by using bagasse ash as a
partial cement replacement material.
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyedalipour et.al., [18]
investigated the usage of paper waste as a partial
replacement of cement to controlling environmental
aspects has become a major priority. The concrete
mixes prepared with adequate amount of these
wastes, cement, aggregate and water compared in
terms of some tests especially strength with the
conventional concrete. At the end, the advantages and
disadvantages of the use of pulp and paper industry
wastes in concrete formulations as an alternative to
landfill disposal were discussed. The research on use
of pulp and paper industry wastes can be further
carried out in concrete manufacturing as a new
recycled material.
Y.Yaswanth Kumar. et.al., [19] examined the
usage of granite powder as a partial replacement of
cement in concrete. Cement was replaced with
granite powder in steps of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20%. The compressive strength and of the samples
was recorded at the curing age of 7 and 28 days. The
results indicated that the compressive strength of
concrete increased with additional of granite powder
up to 10% replaced by weight of cement further
addition of granite powder was found that the
compressive strength will be decreasing from 10%
replacement of cement.
Prof. Vishal S. Ghutke1 et.al., [20] examined the
usage of silica fume as a partial replacement of
cement in concrete. It is suitable for concrete mix and
improves the properties of concrete i.e., compressive
strength etc. The objectives of various properties of
concrete using silica fume have been evaluated.
Further to determine the optimum replacement
percentage comparison between the regular concrete
and concrete containing silica fume is done .It has
been seen that when cement is replaced by silica
fume compressive strength increases up to certain
percentage (10% replacement of cement by silica
fume). But higher replacement of cement by silica
fume gives lower strength. The effect of Silica fume
on various other properties of Concrete has also been
evaluated.
Dilip Kumar Singha Roy et.al., [21] investigate
the strength parameters of concrete made with partial
replacement of cement by Silica Fume. Very little or
no work has been carried out using silica fume as a
replacement of cement. Moreover, no such attempt
has been made in substituting silica fume with
cement for low/medium grade concretes (viz. M 20,
M 25). Properties of hardened concrete viz Ultimate
Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Splitting
Tensile strength has been determined for different
mix combinations of materials and these values are
compared with the corresponding values of
conventional concrete.
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It has been found that utilization of recycled
waste water in concrete construction have lately
gained worldwide consideration and attention,
Mohamed Elchalakani et.al., [22] explained about
sustainable concrete by using recycled waste water
from construction and demolition waste.
G.Murali, C.M. Vivek Vardhan et.al. [23]
studied the influence of various effluents on concrete
structures. Laboratory scale concrete blocks of M 25
grade were moulded and used for strength analysis.
Effluents from automobile industry (E1), powder
coating industry (E2) and chocolate factory (E3) were
used for curing concrete and its strength parameters
like compression, tension and flexure were tested
after 28 days. It was observed that E3 enhanced the
compressive strength of concrete by 3.84%, tensile
strength by 2.46% and flexural strength by 1.96%
compared to conventional water curing, indicating its
direct applicability in concrete curing sector.
II. Experimental Investigation
2.1 CEMENT
Portland pozzolana cement Bharathi Brand
confirming to B.I.S standards is used in the present
investigations. Fineness test was conducted for
cement and it was found to be 2.6% which conforms
to IS 8122-1989.
2.2 GRANITE WASTE
Granite waste was obtained from granite
polishing industries at Dupadu of Kurnool district in
Andhra Pradesh, India. The specific gravity of granite
waste was 2.98 respectively and its size was less than
90 microns. The fineness modulus of granite waste
was 2.83 respectively.
2.3 FINE AGGREGATE
Hundri River near Kurnool was used as fine
aggregate in this project investigation. The sand was
free from clayey matter, silt and organic impurities
etc. The sand was tested for specific gravity, in
accordance with IS 2386-1963 and it is 2.65, where
as its fineness modulus was 2.31. The sand confirms
to zone-II.
2.4 COARSE AGGREGATE
Machine crushed angular Basalt metal obtained
from Tammaraju near Panyam was used as coarse
aggregate. The coarse aggregate was free from clayey
matter, silt and organic impurities. The coarse
aggregate was also tested for specific gravity and it
was 2.72. Fineness modulus was 4.20. Aggregate
passing through 12.5mm and retained from 4.75mm
was used in the experimental work, which is
acceptable according to IS 383-1970.
2.5 WATER
This locally available potable water, which was
free from concentrated of acid and organic
substances, was used for mixing the concrete
2.6 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
The granite powder collected from polishing
units was dried. As per the mix proportions, given in
table-1 the quantities of various ingredients were
weighed. Initially cement and granite powder were
mixed thoroughly. Further sand and coarse aggregate
were added to the mix. Once all the materials were
mixed well, 0.5% of super plasticizer was added to
water and water containing super plasticizer was
added to the dry mix to form concrete. Cubes of
size150mmX150mmX150mm and cylinder were
cast. The specimens were cured in curing tank for a
period of 28days.
III. TEST RESULTS
3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
In the present investigation granite waste has
been used as replacement of cement up to a
maximum of 25 %. The compressive strength for
different percentage of granite powder and
percentage increase or decrease in strength with
respect toM25 grade concrete is calculated.
Considering the normal M25 grade with zero
percentage admixtures the compressive strength for
7 days and 28 days is 23.26 N/mm2
and 39.42
N/mm2
. When 2.5% replacement is used, the
compressive strength for 7days and 28 days is
24N/mm2
and 39.85 N/mm2
.Considering 5%
replacement, the compressive strength for 7 and 28
days is 26.29 N/mm2
and 40.04 N/mm2
.The
compressive strength is 33.14 and 43.40 N/mm2
for
7.5 % replacement of cement. With 10 %
replacement, the compressive strength for 7 & 28
days is 32.15 & 40.23 N/mm2
and there is a little
decrease in the strength of concrete. The value of
compressive strengths of cubes made with different
percent replacement of granite powder for cement is
presented in Table 1
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Table 1.Compressive strength of concrete with different % replacement of cement by granite powder
after 7 & 28 days of curing
3.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Split tensile strength of concrete is usually found by testing plain concrete cylinders. Cylinders of size
150mm x 300 mm were used to determine the split tensile strength. After curing, the specimens were tested for
split tensile strength using a calibrated compression testing machine of 4000kN capacity. It can be observed that
at a 7.5% replacement of granite powder, an optimum for both 7 & 28 days of 4.19 & 6.34 N/mm2
split tensile
strength was obtained. The details of same are represented in table 2.
Table 2 Split tensile of granite powder values for different propositions of 7 & 28 days
3.3 Flexural strength of concrete
The determination of flexural strength is essential to estimate the load at which the concrete
members may crack. The flexural strength at failure is the modulus of rupture.
The modulus of rupture is determined by testing standard test specimens of size 100 X 100 X 500 mm over
a span of 400 mm under two point loading.
Bending Tensile Stress or Flexural Strength (σbt )=
Where P is load,l length, b breadth and d is depth of concrete block tested.
The results of flexural strength obtained on different percentage substitutions of granite powder with
cement are presented in Table 3. On mediation of the results, it can be observed that at 7.5% partial substitution,
a maximum of 6.34 N/mm2
flexural strength was obtained.
S.no Percentage of cement replaced by granite
powder
Compressive strength (N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days
1 0 23.26 39.41
2 2.5 24 39.85
3 5 26.29 40.04
4 7.5 33.14 43.40
5 10 32.15 40.23
S.no Percentage of cement replaced by granite
powder
Split tensile strength (N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days
1 0 2.44 3.43
2 2.5 2.64 3.53
3 5 2.78 3.70
4 7.5 2.87 4.19
5 10 2.73 4.00
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Table 3. flexural strength of granite powder values for different propositions
S.no % of cement replaced by granite powder Flexural strength for 28 days (N/mm2
)
1 0 3.35
2 2.5 3.75
3 5 4.31
4 7.5 6.34
5 10 4.85
3.4 Workability
From workability of concrete it is observed that the compaction factor values and slump test
are decreasing from 0 to 10 % replacement of cement by granite powder. The compaction values and slump test
show from table 4 and 5.
3.3.1 Compaction factor test
Table 4. Compaction factor test values for different percentage replacement of granite powder in place
of cement
3.3.2 Slump test
Table 5. Slump test values for different percentage replacement of granite powder in place of cement
IV. Conclusion:-
Based on the experimental investigation
concerning the compressive strength, split tensile
strength and workability of the concrete the following
observation were made regarding the resistance of
partially replaced by granite powder.
1. Compressive strength of concrete increases
with replacement of granite powder waste
for both 7 & 28 days at 7.5 % (33.14 &
43.40 N/mm2
) and it is comparable to
normal concrete (23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2
).
2. Split tensile strength also got increased for
both 7 & 28 days at 7.5 % of replacement of
cement and gave values of 2.8 & 4.19
N/mm2
and it is comparable to normal
concrete is 2.44 & 3.43 N/mm2
.
3. Flexural strength are also increased at 7.5%
of replacement of cement and gave the
values of 6.34N/mm2
and it is comparable to
normal concrete is 3.35 N/mm2
.
4. The workability is also very good for
different percentage of replacement of
cement.
5. We can observe that overall increase in
strength with 7.5% replacement of fine
aggregates with granite fines.
S.no % replacement of cement by granite powder Compaction factor value
1 0 0.96
2 2.5 0.94
3 5 0.94
4 7.5 0.88
5 10 0.86
S.no % replacement of cement by granite powder Slump value mm
1 0 97.5
2 2.5 96
3 5 95
4 7.5 93.5
5 10 91
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6. The dimensions of the granite fine particles
are compatible with purpose of filling up the
transition zone and capillary pores, thus
acting as micro filler.
7. Thus Waste was utilized and makes more
environmental friendly.
Thus granite powder aggregate is the best choice
where there are available
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