This document discusses guidance and counseling in schools. It defines counseling as a process that helps people sort through issues and make life decisions, especially during times of change or crisis. The main difference between guidance and counseling is that guidance provides ready-made solutions, while counseling empowers the client to gain insight and make their own decisions. There is a need for counseling services in schools to help with student development, course and career choices, checking attrition, and making up for deficiencies at home. The document discusses individual and group counseling approaches.

1. Title:
Guidance and counseling in schools
Submitted to:
Sir Muhammad Azeem
Submitted by:
Uzma Bashir
Division of Education
University of Education Lahore
17-05-2012
Thursday

2. Counseling:
Definition of Counseling
Counseling is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach decisions affecting their
life. Often counseling is sought out at times of change or crisis, it need not be so, however, as
counseling can also help us at any time of our life.
Deference between Guidance and Counseling
Both Guidance and Counseling are process used to solve problems of life. The basic difference is
in the approach.
Needof counseling
There is an urgent need of introducing and strengthening the counseling service in the schools
and colleges of our country to meet the various needs of the students administrational and the
educational system.
1. To help in the total development of the student:
Along with the intellectual development proper motivation and clarification of goals and ideas
to pupils in conformity with their basic potentialities and social tendencies are important total
development of the student nauseates that individual differences among them are expected,
accepted, understood and planned for and all types of experiences in an institution are to be so
organized as to contribute to the total development of the student.
2. To help in the proper choices of courses
3. To help in the proper choices of carvers
4. To help in the students in vocational development
5. To develop readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges.
6. To minimize the mismatching between education and employment and help in the efficient
use of manpower.
7. To motivate the youth for self employment.
8. To help fresher establish proper identity
Guidance and counseling service is needed to help students deal effectively with the normal
developmental tasks of adolescence and face life situations boldly.
9. To identify and motivate the students form weaker sections of society.
10. To help the students in their period of turmoil and confusion.
Guidance Counseling
In the process of guidance, the client's
problems are listened carefully and readymade
solutions are provided by the expert.
In the process of counseling the client's problems
are discussed and relevant information is provided
in-between. In the end of the counseling process,
the client himself have an insight to the problem
and he become empowered to take own decision.

3. 11. To help in checking wastage and stagnation.
12. To identity and help students in need of special help.
13. There are such students as the gifted, the backward the handicapped who need special
opportunities. They need special attention and opportunities.
14. To ensure the proper utilization of time spent outside the classrooms.
The manner in which student spend their non class hours clearly affects their success in
achieving both academic competence and personal development of all types a positive direction
to students should be provided by influencing how they can use those non class hours.
15. To help in talking problems arising out of students population explosion
16. To check migration to prevent brain drain.
17. To make up for the deficiencies of home.
18. To minimize the incidence of indiscipline.
Individual and Group Counseling:
Group Counseling mainly involves a small group of members, who come together forming
their own specific goals, share their problems, provide empathy and support to the others and
also in turn try and change their self defeating behaviors. The group members are also assisted
in developing their existing skills in dealing with interpersonal problems.
The Role Of Group counselor:
The role of the group counselor involves facilitating interaction among the members, help them
learn from one another, assist them in establishing personal goals and also provide continuous
empathy and support to the members and also to check if the members have carried their
learning experience from the group and practiced it in the outside world.
Characteristics of a Group leader:
Some personal characteristics are very essential for the group leader as in order to promote
growth in the member’s lives, the leaders themselves should live growth oriented lives. They
are:
 Presence: Being emotionally present means able to share the joy and pain that others
experience. This helps in being empathizing and compassionate to the group members.
 Personal power: It involves the group leader to be confident about themselves and
facilitate the member’s towards empowerment.
 Courage: The group leader must be able to openly accept his faults, confronting others.
 Willingness to confront oneself: The group leader should be willing to question himself,
about his attitude, feelings, biases etc.
 Sincerity and Authenticity
 Sense of Identity

4. Inventiveness and Creativity: They should be open to new experiences, share new ideas and not
stick to traditional ritualistic methods.
Stages in the Development of the group:
1. Formation of the Group: It involves making students aware about the Group by making
announcements, putting posters etc. The second step involves screening and selection of group
members. The third step involves briefing the members about the group, plan, its goals and also
the group ethics.
2. Initial stage: Orientation and Exploration: This involves determining the structure of the
group, getting acquainted and exploring the member’s expectations. They also become aware of
how the group functions, define their own goals and clarify their expectations.
3. Transition stage: Dealing with resistance: This is quite a difficult phase where the members
deal with their anxiety, resistance and conflict and the leader helps them deal and work with
their weaknesses.
4. Working stage: Cohesion and productivity: During this stage, the members develop greater
cohesiveness; feel a sense of belonging to the group. It also involves in-depth exploration of
issues and also they strongly focus on bringing desirable changes in behavior.
5. Final stage: Consolidation and Termination: This is a time for summarizing, pulling together
the loose ends and integrating the group experience. Members may also feel sad; express their
anxiety due to separation. Members may also share their experiences of being in the group with
other members, they would also provide information about their insights and learning in the
group and how they are going to put it into practice outside. They would also plan for follow up
meetings for accountability so that members will carry out their plans for change. The leader in
turn should help the members consolidate their learning by assisting them to develop a
conceptual framework for working. They also develop specific contracts and home assignments
as practical ways of making changes.
Advantages of Group Counseling:
 It caters to the needs of more than 1 student and the maximum being 8 to 10 students
forming a group.
 It also is time saving when compared to individual counseling as issues can be addressed
simultaneously among the students.
 It also provides a healthy atmosphere for sharing experiences and learning from the other
group members so that the student doesn't feel left out and also is supportive.

5. Individual Counseling that is direct, active, personal, and focused on increasing the individual
client's self-understanding and adjustment.
TYPES OF COUNSELING:
 Directive or Counselor-centered
 Non-Directive or Client-centered
 Eclectic
Directive Counseling:
Directive counseling is the process of listening to a member’s problem, deciding with the
member what should be done, and then encouraging and motivating the person to do it. This
type of counseling accomplishes the function of advice; but it may also reassure; give emotional
release and to a minor extent clarify thinking. Most everyone likes to give advice counselors
included and it is easy to do. But is it effective? Does the counselor really understand the
member’s problem? Does the counselor have the technical knowledge of human behavior and
the judgment to make the “right” decision? If the decision is right, will the member follow it?
The answer to these questions is often no, and that is why advice-giving is sometimes an unwise
act in counseling. Although advice-giving is of questionable value, some of the other functions
achieved by directive counseling are worthwhile. If the counselor is good listener, then the
member should experience some emotional release. As the result of the emotional release,
plus ideas that the counselor imparts, the member may also clarify thinking. Both advice
and reassurance may be worthwhile if they give the member more courage to take
workable course of action that the member supports.
Steps Involved
 Analysis: Collecting information from sources & understanding the counselee.
 Synthesis: Summarizing & organizing the data so that they reveal the counselee’s assets,
liabilities, adjustments & maladjustments.
 Diagnosis: Formulating conclusions regarding the nature and the cause of the problems
exhibited by the counselee.
 Prognosis: Predicting the future development of the counselee’s problems.
 Counseling: Counselor taking steps with the counselee to bring about adjustment and
readjustment for the counselee.
 Follow-Up: Helping the counselee with the new problems or with recurrence of the original
problem and determining the effectiveness of the counseling provided to him.
Non-Directive Counseling:
Nondirective, or client-centered, counseling is the process of skillfully listening to a
counselee, encouraging the person to explain bothersome problems, and helping him or her
to understand those problems and determine courses of action. This type of counseling

6. focuses on the member, rather than on the counselor as a judge and advisor; hence, it is
“client-centered.” This type of counseling is used by professional counselors, but
nonprofessionals may use its techniques to work more effectively with service members. The
unique advantage of nondirective counseling is its ability to cause the member’s
reorientation. It stresses changing the person, instead of dealing only with the immediate
problem in the usual manner of directive counseling. The counselor attempts to ask
discerning questions, restate ideas, clarify feelings, and attempts to understand whythese feelings
exist. Professional counselors treat each counselee as a social and organizational equal. They
primarily listen and try to help their client discover and follow improved courses olfaction. They
especially “listen between the lines “to learn the full meaning of their client’s feelings. They
look for assumptions underlying the counselee’s statements and for the events the
counselee may, at first, have avoided talking about. A person’s feelings can be likened to an
iceberg. The counselor will usually only see the revealed feelings and emotions. Underlying
these surface indications is the true problem that the member is almost always initially reluctant
to reveal.
 The client-counselee is the pivot
 He takes on an active part in counseling
 He takes decisions regarding the actions to be taken
 Counselor is a facilitator
 Counselor creates an atmosphere
Eclectic Counseling:
An eclectic counseling is the process of selecting what is applicable to the client from a wide
range of theories, methods and practices. An eclectic counselor is one who will select what is
applicable to the client from a wide range of theories, methods and practices. Eclectic counseling
enhances client’s possibilities for greater insights and positive change.
 Considers both Directive and Non-Directive counseling are at extreme ends.
 Counselor deliberately tries to incorporate both Directive & Non-Directive counseling
methods.
 Counselor first studies personality & needs of the counselee, then he selects the methods that
would be most helpful for the individual.
 Counselor can select Non-directive method & then switch over to the directive method & vice-
versa.

7. References:
1:Guidance and Counseling A. David
Elementary Guidance and Counseling -Reshmi Agarwall