This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of GSM networks. It discusses the network architecture including entities like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR and AUC/EIR. It describes the air interface including TDMA frame structure and physical channels. It also covers topics like frequency allocation, channel types, and channel assignment within cells. The document serves as an introduction to GSM network concepts, components, and operations.
This document provides an overview of the key principles and components of a GSM network, including:
- The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module.
- The base station subsystem comprises the base transceiver station, which provides radio access, and the base station controller, which manages radio resources.
- The network switching subsystem includes the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and equipment identity register.
- The network uses several interfaces to connect the different components and allow mobility across the network.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and development of GSM standards, the cellular network structure involving base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers and other components. It also describes key concepts such as frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, mobility management, call management, and identifies used in GSM networks including IMSI, TMSI, IMEI. The document outlines the protocol architecture and functions of various nodes in the GSM network.
The document provides information on 2G/3G network architectures. It discusses 2G GSM network architecture including components like the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, HLR and interfaces like A, Abis, and GSM. It then covers GPRS and EDGE network enhancements, components like the SGSN, GGSN, and interfaces like Gn and Gi. Finally, it discusses UMTS network technologies like W-CDMA and HSDPA that improved data rates.
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses that GSM was created in 1982 to set a standard for mobile communications and the first system was deployed in 1991. The GSM architecture includes the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem including mobile switching centers, home location register, and authentication center. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands in India and uses frequency division duplex to provide communications between mobile devices and the network.
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM) card, the base station system provides radio connectivity between mobile stations and switching equipment and includes base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the core network components include the mobile switching center for call routing, home location register for subscriber data, visitor location register for temporary subscriber data, and equipment identity register for validating mobile equipment.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document provides an introduction to the GSM system including:
- A brief history of public wireless communication and the development of GSM over time from 1982 to 2008.
- An overview of key concepts in GSM including the network structure, location areas, public land mobile networks, and cells.
- A description of the main components that make up a GSM network including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, and mobile station.
- Details on important interfaces in GSM like Um, Abis, A, Ater and Gb.
- Features of GSM such as improved spectrum efficiency, system capacity, voice quality, open interfaces, and security features like authentication and encryption.
This document provides an overview of the key principles and components of a GSM network, including:
- The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module.
- The base station subsystem comprises the base transceiver station, which provides radio access, and the base station controller, which manages radio resources.
- The network switching subsystem includes the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and equipment identity register.
- The network uses several interfaces to connect the different components and allow mobility across the network.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and development of GSM standards, the cellular network structure involving base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers and other components. It also describes key concepts such as frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, mobility management, call management, and identifies used in GSM networks including IMSI, TMSI, IMEI. The document outlines the protocol architecture and functions of various nodes in the GSM network.
The document provides information on 2G/3G network architectures. It discusses 2G GSM network architecture including components like the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, HLR and interfaces like A, Abis, and GSM. It then covers GPRS and EDGE network enhancements, components like the SGSN, GGSN, and interfaces like Gn and Gi. Finally, it discusses UMTS network technologies like W-CDMA and HSDPA that improved data rates.
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses that GSM was created in 1982 to set a standard for mobile communications and the first system was deployed in 1991. The GSM architecture includes the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem including mobile switching centers, home location register, and authentication center. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands in India and uses frequency division duplex to provide communications between mobile devices and the network.
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM) card, the base station system provides radio connectivity between mobile stations and switching equipment and includes base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the core network components include the mobile switching center for call routing, home location register for subscriber data, visitor location register for temporary subscriber data, and equipment identity register for validating mobile equipment.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document provides an introduction to the GSM system including:
- A brief history of public wireless communication and the development of GSM over time from 1982 to 2008.
- An overview of key concepts in GSM including the network structure, location areas, public land mobile networks, and cells.
- A description of the main components that make up a GSM network including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, and mobile station.
- Details on important interfaces in GSM like Um, Abis, A, Ater and Gb.
- Features of GSM such as improved spectrum efficiency, system capacity, voice quality, open interfaces, and security features like authentication and encryption.
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
The document discusses the architecture of a GSM network. It describes the key components including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). The MS communicates with the BTS, while the BSC manages several BTS. The MSC then routes calls between the mobile network and fixed networks, assisted by the HLR for subscriber data and VLR for temporary data.
The document discusses the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) mobile communication technology. It describes GSM concepts like cellular structure and frequency division duplexing. It outlines the GSM network architecture including components like the mobile station, base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also covers GSM channels, mobility management, and call management functions.
The document provides an overview of 2G and 3G mobile phone networks. It describes the basic network architecture including the BSS (Base Station Subsystem consisting of the BTS and BSC), the NSS core network (including the MSC, HLR, VLR, SGSN, GGSN), and their basic functions. It also defines common abbreviations like MS, BTS, BSC, MSC, SGSN, GGSN.
The document describes the key components and features of a mobile station. It discusses the mobile equipment (ME) which contains the radio components and allows network access. It also describes the subscriber identity module (SIM) card which provides subscriber information to allow chargeable calls and personalize the ME. It outlines the basic, supplementary and additional features a mobile station may have such as calling number display, keypad functions and short message capabilities.
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
GSM(Global System For Mobile) CommunicationNavin Kumar
GSM is a standard for second-generation digital cellular networks, first deployed in 1991. It describes protocols for 2G cellular networks used by mobile devices. The document discusses GSM's development and standardization by ETSI, its goals of improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It also outlines GSM's network architecture including subsystems for the mobile station, base station, switching, and operation support.
The document summarizes key aspects of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology including its history, specifications, network architecture, components, services, and future developments. Specifically, it discusses the RF spectrum used by GSM, its TDMA access method, modulation techniques, network subsystems like the MSC, HLR, VLR, authentication center, radio subsystems including the BSC and BTS. It also covers mobile station components, mobile identification numbers, call origination and termination processes, and developments like 2.5G and 3G technologies.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
The document discusses various transmission and mobility management functions in GSM networks including power control, handover procedures, and location update processes. Power control helps balance signal strength between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Handover allows a call to be transferred between channels or cells to maintain quality of service. Location updates allow the network to track a mobile station's movement and route calls and messages appropriately.
This document describes the evolution of 2G and 3G mobile network architectures. It shows:
1) The separation of the control plane and user plane in 3GPP Release 4, with the MSC Server handling signaling and Media Gateways handling transmission.
2) How the MSC Server system provides operational expenditure savings by moving voice and signaling transmission to IP networks and separating equipment for more flexible siting.
3) How the MSC Server system allows investment protection by supporting existing services on GSM, EDGE, 3G and TDM, IP, and ATM transmission networks.
The document provides an overview of the transition from 2G to 3G mobile networks. It discusses operator options like GSM migration to 3G and introducing GPRS and EDGE as interim steps. 3G is defined as supporting broadband packet-based transmission over 2Mbps. The 3G standardization process within 3GPP is summarized through Release 6, establishing the core network and UTRAN architecture. WCDMA is presented as the dominant 3G standard due to its ability to evolve from GSM, higher voice capacity, and economies of scale. Example 3G applications and the threat of emerging wireless LAN technologies are also covered.
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture and components, including the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also defines important identifiers in GSM like IMSI, TMSI, IMEI, LAI, and CGI. The document describes the radio interface and signaling protocols used in the GSM network like LAPD, BSSAP, DTAP, and MAP.
China had the most cellular subscribers in 2005 with 398 million, representing 19.3% of the global total. The top 15 countries accounted for 68.5% of the world's 2.065 billion cellular subscribers. GSM is now used by over a billion people in more than 200 countries, making it the dominant mobile technology globally. [/SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes GSM's origins and development as the most widely used cellular technology in the world. It details GSM's infrastructure including mobile stations, the base station subsystem containing base transceiver stations and base station controllers, the network and switching subsystem, and the operation and support subsystem. The document summarizes GSM's key technical specifications and network architecture.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network structure. It describes the basic nodes that compose the GSM network including the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem containing elements like the mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also outlines the services offered in GSM like teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services.
Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & OperationsDeepak Sharma
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
- GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that uses narrowband TDMA. It describes protocols for features like GPRS, EDGE, authentication, encryption, and more.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile equipment (handsets), a base station subsystem for radio network management, a network switching subsystem for call routing, and a network management subsystem.
- Key aspects include the SIM card for user identification, base transceiver stations for radio signals, transcoding between speech formats, home and visitor location registers for subscriber data, and authentication centers for security.
Implementation Of Bss And Nss In Mobile CommunicationRajan Kumar
The document discusses the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) in mobile communications. The BSS connects the mobile station to the NSS and consists of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). The NSS includes the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), and Visitor Location Register (VLR). Together, the BSS and NSS provide critical functions such as mobility management, call control, and short message services that enable mobile communication.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) related to a mobile network. It provides information on the relationships between different network elements like BSCs, BTSs, TRXs. It defines terms like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop and reasons they may occur. Solutions for reducing each issue are provided like changing parameters, adding hardware, improving coverage. Reports for analyzing each problem are listed.
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
The document discusses the architecture of a GSM network. It describes the key components including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). The MS communicates with the BTS, while the BSC manages several BTS. The MSC then routes calls between the mobile network and fixed networks, assisted by the HLR for subscriber data and VLR for temporary data.
The document discusses the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) mobile communication technology. It describes GSM concepts like cellular structure and frequency division duplexing. It outlines the GSM network architecture including components like the mobile station, base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also covers GSM channels, mobility management, and call management functions.
The document provides an overview of 2G and 3G mobile phone networks. It describes the basic network architecture including the BSS (Base Station Subsystem consisting of the BTS and BSC), the NSS core network (including the MSC, HLR, VLR, SGSN, GGSN), and their basic functions. It also defines common abbreviations like MS, BTS, BSC, MSC, SGSN, GGSN.
The document describes the key components and features of a mobile station. It discusses the mobile equipment (ME) which contains the radio components and allows network access. It also describes the subscriber identity module (SIM) card which provides subscriber information to allow chargeable calls and personalize the ME. It outlines the basic, supplementary and additional features a mobile station may have such as calling number display, keypad functions and short message capabilities.
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
GSM(Global System For Mobile) CommunicationNavin Kumar
GSM is a standard for second-generation digital cellular networks, first deployed in 1991. It describes protocols for 2G cellular networks used by mobile devices. The document discusses GSM's development and standardization by ETSI, its goals of improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It also outlines GSM's network architecture including subsystems for the mobile station, base station, switching, and operation support.
The document summarizes key aspects of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology including its history, specifications, network architecture, components, services, and future developments. Specifically, it discusses the RF spectrum used by GSM, its TDMA access method, modulation techniques, network subsystems like the MSC, HLR, VLR, authentication center, radio subsystems including the BSC and BTS. It also covers mobile station components, mobile identification numbers, call origination and termination processes, and developments like 2.5G and 3G technologies.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
The document discusses various transmission and mobility management functions in GSM networks including power control, handover procedures, and location update processes. Power control helps balance signal strength between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Handover allows a call to be transferred between channels or cells to maintain quality of service. Location updates allow the network to track a mobile station's movement and route calls and messages appropriately.
This document describes the evolution of 2G and 3G mobile network architectures. It shows:
1) The separation of the control plane and user plane in 3GPP Release 4, with the MSC Server handling signaling and Media Gateways handling transmission.
2) How the MSC Server system provides operational expenditure savings by moving voice and signaling transmission to IP networks and separating equipment for more flexible siting.
3) How the MSC Server system allows investment protection by supporting existing services on GSM, EDGE, 3G and TDM, IP, and ATM transmission networks.
The document provides an overview of the transition from 2G to 3G mobile networks. It discusses operator options like GSM migration to 3G and introducing GPRS and EDGE as interim steps. 3G is defined as supporting broadband packet-based transmission over 2Mbps. The 3G standardization process within 3GPP is summarized through Release 6, establishing the core network and UTRAN architecture. WCDMA is presented as the dominant 3G standard due to its ability to evolve from GSM, higher voice capacity, and economies of scale. Example 3G applications and the threat of emerging wireless LAN technologies are also covered.
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture and components, including the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also defines important identifiers in GSM like IMSI, TMSI, IMEI, LAI, and CGI. The document describes the radio interface and signaling protocols used in the GSM network like LAPD, BSSAP, DTAP, and MAP.
China had the most cellular subscribers in 2005 with 398 million, representing 19.3% of the global total. The top 15 countries accounted for 68.5% of the world's 2.065 billion cellular subscribers. GSM is now used by over a billion people in more than 200 countries, making it the dominant mobile technology globally. [/SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes GSM's origins and development as the most widely used cellular technology in the world. It details GSM's infrastructure including mobile stations, the base station subsystem containing base transceiver stations and base station controllers, the network and switching subsystem, and the operation and support subsystem. The document summarizes GSM's key technical specifications and network architecture.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network structure. It describes the basic nodes that compose the GSM network including the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem containing elements like the mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also outlines the services offered in GSM like teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services.
Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & OperationsDeepak Sharma
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
- GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that uses narrowband TDMA. It describes protocols for features like GPRS, EDGE, authentication, encryption, and more.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile equipment (handsets), a base station subsystem for radio network management, a network switching subsystem for call routing, and a network management subsystem.
- Key aspects include the SIM card for user identification, base transceiver stations for radio signals, transcoding between speech formats, home and visitor location registers for subscriber data, and authentication centers for security.
Implementation Of Bss And Nss In Mobile CommunicationRajan Kumar
The document discusses the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) in mobile communications. The BSS connects the mobile station to the NSS and consists of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). The NSS includes the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), and Visitor Location Register (VLR). Together, the BSS and NSS provide critical functions such as mobility management, call control, and short message services that enable mobile communication.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) related to a mobile network. It provides information on the relationships between different network elements like BSCs, BTSs, TRXs. It defines terms like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop and reasons they may occur. Solutions for reducing each issue are provided like changing parameters, adding hardware, improving coverage. Reports for analyzing each problem are listed.
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
2 g and 3g kpi improvement by parameter optimization (nsn, ericsson, huawei) ...Jean de la Sagesse
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks and how top telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN optimize parameters to improve these KPIs. It outlines techniques for reducing TCH blocking, SD blocking, TCH drop, HOSR, TASR, SD drop, and improving paging success rate through actions like changing configuration parameters, enabling features, addressing hardware issues, and optimizing cells physically. The optimization of these parameters can help maintain balance between network throughput, capacity and radio quality while ensuring a seamless transition between 2G and 3G.
The document provides guidance on optimizing key performance indicators (KPIs) such as call setup success rate (CSSR). It discusses analyzing CSSR by examining its components like SDCCH drop rate. A high SDCCH drop rate can be caused by hardware issues, interference, or transmission problems. The document recommends checking specific counters and alarms to determine the root cause, and describes potential fixes like moving SDCCH channels or adjusting parameters. Overall, the document outlines a process for identifying underperforming cells, analyzing relevant KPIs and counters, and addressing issues to improve network optimization.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for cellular networks and provides relationships between network components and their capacities. It also analyzes reasons for call blocking, dropping, and failures during call setup and solutions to address them, including parameter tuning, hardware checks, interference mitigation, and useful reports.
This document provides guidance on optimizing 3G radio network performance. It begins by discussing network planning best practices and the importance of proper site placement. The document then describes various checks that should be performed to evaluate network health, including alarms, software/parameters, neighbors, cell load, and KPIs. Potential issues that could impact performance are also outlined. The document concludes by listing the top 10 optimization activities that can improve call performance for common issues as well as voice, video, PS, and ISHO-specific problems. Guidance is provided on tools that can be used for optimization, including field measurement tools for drive testing.
This document provides an overview of GSM fundamentals including:
1) It describes the key entities in a GSM network including the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center.
2) It outlines the different frequency bands used in GSM including 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz as well as channel types like traffic and signaling channels.
3) The presentation agenda includes topics on network architecture, frequency resource planning, channel types, and an overview of the main GSM network entities and their functions.
GSM is a standard for digital cellular networks that allows subscribers to use their phones globally. It uses FDMA to divide the spectrum into channels and TDMA to divide each channel into timeslots. The network consists of MSCs, HLRs, VLRs, BSCs, BTSs and cells. The MSC handles calls and interfaces with other networks. HLRs store subscriber data and VLRs temporarily store data for subscribers in the local area. BSCs control BTSs which transmit signals to mobile devices within cells. Key identifiers include IMSI, IMEI, MSISDN and MSRN.
The document provides an overview of the main components and functionality of a GSM mobile network. It discusses the core network components including the MSC, VLR, GMSC and HLR. It also describes the base station system including the BSC and BTS, and the mobile station or handset. Key concepts explained include the home and visited PLMNs, identifiers like IMSI and MSISDN, and mobility management through registration and roaming.
The document discusses the basics of mobile communication and GSM technology. It introduces the concept of cellular networks using small cells with frequency reuse. It describes the different types of cells used and how capacity is increased through sectorization and cell splitting. The document outlines the key components of GSM architecture including the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR and their functions. It also discusses GSM identities, frequency bands, and the evolution of mobile communication technologies.
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a standard for digital cellular networks. It was created in 1982 to standardize cellular networks and the first system was deployed in 1991. GSM uses technologies like MSK and GMSK modulation to achieve higher voice quality and lower costs. MSK provides half cycle sinusoidal waves per symbol while GMSK adds a Gaussian filter to MSK for improved spectral efficiency and reduced interference. GSM is widely used today due to its spectral efficiency and support for voice calls and SMS.
The document provides an agenda on GSM and GPRS theory that includes:
- An overview of GSM definition, history, services, system architecture, functional model, and interfaces
- Descriptions of the radio interface, A-bis, A-interface, signaling protocols, and inter-MSC signaling
- A brief history of GPRS and definitions of its new network elements and air and A-bis interfaces
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to access a single radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. The document discusses CDMA network architecture, which includes mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers. It also compares CDMA to earlier multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA, noting advantages of CDMA like increased capacity and soft handoffs between cells using the same frequency.
The document discusses several advantages of CDMA technology, including frequency reuse, large coverage area, high spectrum capacity, privacy, soft handoff, good voice quality, and smooth migration to 3G. It also provides details on ZTE's involvement with CDMA technology development and key components of a CDMA network such as the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, and HLR.
The document discusses several advantages of CDMA technology, including frequency reuse, large coverage area, high spectrum capacity, privacy, soft handoff, good voice quality, and smooth migration to 3G. It also provides details on ZTE's involvement with CDMA technology development and key components of a CDMA network such as the BSC, BTS, MSC, VLR, and HLR.
The document discusses several advantages of CDMA technology, including frequency reuse, large coverage area, high spectrum capacity, privacy, soft handoff, good voice quality, and smooth migration to 3G. It also provides details on ZTE's involvement with CDMA technology development and key components of a CDMA network such as the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, and HLR.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) including its history, architecture, key components, and technical aspects. It describes GSM concepts such as cellular structure and multiple access techniques. It also outlines the roles of core network elements like the HLR, VLR, MSC, BSC, BTS, and identifies interfaces between them. Finally, it covers topics like channel structure, encryption, and mobility management in GSM.
A mobile station in GSM comprises several functional groups including the mobile terminal, terminal adapter, terminal equipment, and subscriber identity module. The network and switching subsystem is the main component of the public mobile network and controls switching, mobility management, and interconnection. It includes components like the mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. The mobile switching center plays a central role in switching functions and mobility support.
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This document discusses key aspects of GSM networks including:
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- Network planning considerations for omni-directional and directional cell modes.
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The document provides an overview of GSM networks including:
1. GSM was developed in the 1980s to standardize cellular networks in Europe and is now used globally.
2. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers.
3. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio channel simultaneously. It operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands and supports data rates up to 9.6kbps along with services like SMS.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It describes the key components of GSM system architecture including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. It also outlines GSM technical specifications such as frequency bands and modulation methods. Additionally, it covers GSM channels, security features, characteristics, and applications.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It describes the key components of GSM system architecture including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. It also outlines the technical specifications of GSM including frequency bands, modulation, encryption, and security features. Finally, it discusses some common applications of GSM technology such as mobile telephony, telemetry systems, and value-added services.
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Gsm fundamental ok
1. GSM Fundamental
By
Uke Kurniawan Usman
1 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
2. Agenda
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
2 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
3. GSM Network Structure
OMC
MSC/VLR
BSC
E
BIE
Abi A PSTN
BTS s MSC/VLR ISDN
BSS PSPDN
C
Um F H
HLR/
AUC EIR SC/VM
MS
MSS
3 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
4. Mobile Station
( MS )
Equipment used by mobile service subscribers for
access to services.
Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber.
A subscriber is identified with the SIM card.
4 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
5. GSM Network Entity
Base Transceiver Station
( BTS )
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Wireless transmission
Wireless diversity
Wireless channel encryption
Conversion between wired and wireless signals
Frequency Hopping
BaseBand Unit:
voice and data speed adapting and channel coding
RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating, transmitter and receiver
Common Control Unit:
BTS operation and maintenance
5 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
6. GSM Network Entity
Base Station Controller
( BSC )
Managing Wireless network-BSS
Monitoring BTS
Controls:
Wireless link distribution between MS and BTS
Communication connection and disconnection
MS location, handover and paging
Voice encoding, transecoding (TC), rate, adaptation,
The operation and maintenance functions of BSS.
6 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
7. GSM Network Entity
Mobile Service Switching Center
( MSC )
holds all the switching functions
manages the necessary radio resources,
updating the location registration
carrying out the inter-BSC and inter-MSC tender
Inter-working with other networks (IWF).
7 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
8. GSM Network Entity
Home Location Register
( HLR )
Manages the mobile subscribers database
subscriber information
part of the mobile location information
3 identities essential
the International Mobile subscriber Identity
the Mobile station ISDN Number
the VLR address
8 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
9. GSM Network Entity
Visitor Location Register
( VLR )
dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle
incoming/outgoing calls
Mobile Station Roaming Number
When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This MSC
warns the associated VLR of this situation; the mobile
enters a registration procedure through which it is
assigned a mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable
The location area in which the mobile has been
registered
Data related to supplementary service parameters
9 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
10. GSM Network Entity
AUC/EIR
Authentication Center(s) (AUC)
Providing the authentication key used for
authorizing the subscriber access to the
associated GSM PLMN.
Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR)
Handling Mobile Station Equipment Identity
10 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
11. Agenda
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
11 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
12. Overview: Function Layers of GSM-1
S ervice carrie r
O AM Subsc riber
CM
MM
RR
Tran smissi on
12 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
13. Protocol Stack Structure of GSM
MS BTS BSC M SC
CM CM
MM MM
RR BS SAP BS SAP
RR RR
BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
MT P3 MTP3
L APDm LAP Dm LAPD LAPD
MT P2 MTP2
Um Abis A
13 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
15. TDMA
time
Concept:
User 3 channel is composed of a
series of timeslots of
User 2
periodicity. Different signal
User 1 energies are distributed into
different timeslots. The
Frequency
adjacent channel interference
is restricted by connection
GSM adopts TDMA/FDMA mode choosing from time to time. So
channel width: 200KHz the useful signal is passed
each channel has 8 timeslots only in the specified timeslot.
15 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
16. GSM Timeslot and Frame structure
Frequency
200KHz
BP time
15/26ms
interval
16 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
17. Frequency Resource
GSM900 : EGSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz up: 880~890MHz
down: 935~960MHz down: 925~935MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz , bandwidth: 10MHz ,
frequency interval: 200KHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 : GSM1900MHz:
up: 1710-1785MHz up:1850~1910MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz down:1930~1990MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz , duplex interval: 80MHz ,
working bandwidth: 75MHz , working bandwidth:
frequency interval: 200KHz 60MHz ,
17 frequency interval: Usman - 2005
Uke Kurniawan 200KHz
18. Frequency Resource
Single Band Network General Priority
Which one?
900MHz High
1800MHz
1900MHz Low
New Operator
Reason
Propagation
Characteristic
For Operator For Subscriber
18 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
19. Frequency Resource
Single Band Network
Single Band 900MHz
Dual Band 1800MHz
Triple Band 1900MHz
In a sense, the network determines the handsets
can be selected.
But nowadays, most handsets support dual
19 band. Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
20. Frequency Resource
Single Band Network
Cell coverage radius :
We know
Propagation characteristic
The higher the propagation
frequency 900MHz
1800MHz
The higher the propagation loss
1900MHz
The smaller the cell coverage radius.
20 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
22. Physical Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs.
On the time domain, a specified channel occupies the
same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it can be
identified by the timeslot number and frame number.
22 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
24. Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data
Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and
MS.
24 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
25. Channel Type
BCH :
Frequency Correction CHannel ( FCCH )
-- for MS error correction
Synchronous Channel ( SCH)
-- for MS frame synchronization and BTS recognization
Broadcasting Control CHannel ( BCCH )
-- broadcasting information(cell selection information, etc..)
25 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
26. Channel Type
DCCH
Self-help Dedicated Control Channel ( SDCCH )
for channel distribution information transmission
Slow Associated Control Channel ( SACCH )
combined with one traffic channel or SDCCH, to transmit some
specific information of user information
Fast Associated Control Channel ( FACCH )
combined with one traffic channel, taking the same signal as
SDCCH. It occupies the service channel to transmit signaling
information.
26 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
27. Structure of 51-frame Control CH
51 Frame
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
(Downlink)
BCCH+CCCH
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
(uplink)
(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
(Downlink)
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I
8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
(uplink)
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)
BCCH+CCCH+
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
4SDCCH/4
(Downlink) F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
BCCH+CCCH+
D3 RR A2 A3 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 F S D2
4SDCCH/4
(uplink) D3 RR A0 A1 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 F S D2
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
F:FCCH S:SCH
B:BCCH C:CCCH(CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH)
R:RACH D:SDCCH
27 A:SACCH/C I: idle Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
28. Channel Combination Type
Several logic channels combine together in some way to form
some specific types of channel to transmit user data or signaling
information. They are called combined channels. One combined
channel can be mapped to a physical channel.
There are the following combined channels:
a TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF
b TCH/H(0,1) + FACCH/H(0,1) + SACCH/TH(0,1)
c TCH/H(0,0) + FACCH/H(0,1) + SACCH/TH(0,1) + TCH/H(1,1)
d FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
e FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4(0...3) + SACCH/C4(0...3)
f BCCH + CCCH
g SDCCH/8(0 ..7) + SACCH/C8(0 .. 7)
CCCH = PCH + RACH + AGCH
28 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
29. Channel Assignment inside cells
Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX
TN0: FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3)+SACCH/C4(0,_,3);
TN1-7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs
1TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH;
2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7);
29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
29 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
32. Cell Mode Layout
Omni-directional cell
O
Adopt omni-directional antenna ,
the overall directional propagation
characteristic is the same.
Directional cell
In general, cell with multi-sector is in
common use. Every directional cell
adopts directional antenna.
32 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
33. BTS Mode
Capacity
When the traffic is very low, and no possibility for quick
increment, Omni-directional cell is used in common.
Otherwise, we suggest to adopt the sector cell.
Note: TRX-transceiver,each TRX handles 1 frequency.
Coverage Area
Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage
radius because of the higher antenna gain.
For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector
cell is adopted firstly.
33 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
34. System capacity
Erlang :
the traffic intensity of a totally occupied channel (i.e.
the call hour of a unit hour or the call minute of a unit
minute). For example, the traffic of a channel occupied
for 30 minutes in an hour is 0.5 Erlang)
GOS:
defined as the probability of call blocking or the
probability when the call delay time is longer than a
given queuing time.
34 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
36. Reasons for Interference
The transmission path is very complex, ranging
from the simple line-of-sight transmission to
encountering such terrain as buildings, hills and
trees. Wireless channels are extremely
unpredictable.
Abrupt drop, or fading, of signal strength in the
land mobile wireless channel is quite common. The
fading feature of the mobile channel depends on the
radio wave propagation environment.
36 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
37. Reasons for interference
Environmental factors:
• Terrain (mountains, hills, plains, water bodies, etc.);
• The quantity, heights, distribution and materials of
buildings;
• The vegetation of the region;
• Weather conditions;
• Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises;
• Frequency;
• How MS is moved.
37 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
38. Interference
Co-Channel Interference
Conception:
the interference among the signals of co-
channel cells is called co-channel interference.
Result from :
Frequency reuse
Reduction method:
co-channel cells must physically be
spaced at a minimum interval to ensure
38 adequate isolation of transmissions. Usman - 2005
Uke Kurniawan
39. Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
Conception:
The signal interference from the frequency
adjacent to that of the signal used is called
adjacent channel interference.
Reduction method:
accurate filtering and channel allocation
(maximizing channel intervals of the
cell). Interval of frequency reuse inter-cell
interference, such as C/I, C/A
39 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
41. Frequency Hopping Technique
Reason:
counteract Rayleigh Fading
scatter interference among multiple calls
Types:
Base band frequency hopping
keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each
carrier unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission
data to different carrier units at different FN moments.
radio frequency hopping
controls the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver,
making it hop according to different schemes in different time
41 slots. Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
42. Discontinuous Speech Transmission (DTX)
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode:
•lower the total interference electric level in the air
•save transmitter power.
TRAU BTS
BTS MS
480 ms
comfort noise frame
Speech frame
42 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
43. Diversity Reception Technology
The multi-path propagation of radio signals causes
magnitude fading and delay time.
Space Diversity (antenna diversity)
Polarization Diversity
orthogonal polarization diversity.
horizontal polarization and vertical polarization.
Frequency Diversity
The working principle of this technology is that
such fading won’t take place on the frequency
outside the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
43 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
48. Numbering Arrangement
International Mobile Subscriber Identification number
(IMSI)
It identifies a unique international universal number of a
mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN.
1) MCC: country code, 460
2 ) MNC: network code, 00 or 01
3 ) MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4
9XXXXXX,
H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place
H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau
(operator )to different provinces, to each province
H3H4: assigned by each province/city
the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by
48 specific device and software and be stored into the HLR - 2005
Uke Kurniawan Usman
49. Numbering Arrangement
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number ( MSISDN )
It is the subscriber number commonly
used. China uses the TDMA independent
numbering plan:
CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC
CC: country code, 86
NDC: network code, 135—139, 130
H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code
ABCD: mobile subscriber number
49 inside each HLR Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
50. Numbering Arrangement
International Mobile Equipment Identification code
(IMEI)
It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a
decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is:
TAC+FAC+SNR+SP
TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits
FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits
SNR=sequence code, 6 digits
SP=reserved, 1 digit
50 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
51. Numbering Arrangement
Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number
(MSRN)
The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the
subscriber by the VLR according to the request
by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The
MSRN is released and can be assigned to other
subscriber later.
CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC
CC: country code, 86
NDC: mobile network code, 135—139,
130
M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN
ABC: 000 -- 999
51 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
52. Numbering Arrangement
Temporarily Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
(TMSI)
To insure the IMSI security, the VLR will
assign an unique TMSI number for the
accessed subscriber. It is used locally only
and is a 4-byte TMSI number BCD code.
52 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Editor's Notes
This slide shows us the GSM network structure. The whole GSM network includes two parts: One is MSS; another one is BSS. Every subsystem includes some entity. For example, MSS consists of MSC/VLR …….BSS consists of …. The interface between different entity is different. Some of them is open and standard such as A, E,C,F,H.others are not.open and standard. Such as ABIS. entity : 实体 Consists of : 有…组成
There are many technology adopted to counteract interference.such as FH,DPC,DTX and diversity receiving techinique. Let me introduce these technique in detail. Solution 解答 transceive
Two things may account for the adoption of frequency hopping. First, based on the principle of frequency diversity, this technique is used to counteract Rayleigh Fading (short-term shifts in amplitude that mobile radio transmission suffers inevitably when meeting with obstacles). Different frequencies will suffer different degrees of fading, which becomes more independent with the increase in frequency difference. By means of frequency hopping, all the burst pulses containing part of the code elements will not be damaged in the same way. Second, based on the characteristics of interference sources. In areas where traffic is heavy, the cellular system is liable to be restricted by the interference from frequency multiplexing. The ratio of carrier to interference C/I changes a lot during the call). “ C ” is determined by the relative location of MS in reference to BS, “ I ” depends on whether this frequency is used in the adjacent cell The introduction of frequency hopping makes it possible to scatter interference among multiple calls that may interfere cells instead of centralizing it on one call. Frequency hopping refers to the hop of carrier frequency according to certain sequences within a wide spectrum. Data of control information are converted into base band signals after modulation, which are then sent into carrier wave modulation. Afterwards, the carrier frequency changes under the control of pseudo-associated codes, the sequence of which is frequency hopping sequence. Finally, FH sequences are sent via radio frequency filter to antenna for transmission. The receiver determines the receiving frequency according to synchronization signals and FH sequence by receiving corresponding signals after FH for demodulation. Special features of FH techniques: working bands within the system can be increased by adopting FH, thus enhancing the system ’ s anti-interference and anti-fading capabilities. By FH, BP of the effective information part will be improved and protected from being influenced by Rayleigh fading in the communication environment. Via FH, the original data can be retrieved from channel decoding, and the increase in FH numbers may enhance FH gain, consequently improving anti-interference and anti-fading capabilities of the system. Virtually, frequency hopping is to avoid external interference. In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce co-channel interference and frequency selective fading effect by converting frequencies to an extent that interference cannot catch up with them. The increase of FH number is due to the fact that FH system gain equals to the ratio of FH system bandwidth to N minimum FH intervals. Therefore, the increase of FH also improves FH gain. Commonly adopted FH numbers should be greater than 3. If frequency diversity is plus FH and the message is decided more effectively via a large number decision law after several groups of FH simultaneously transmits one, more subscribers work at the same time but mutual interference is the least. Two types of frequency hopping exist in ZXG10, base band frequency hopping and radio frequency hopping. Base band frequency hopping keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each carrier unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission data to different carrier units at different FN moments. However, radio frequency hopping is to control the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver, making it hop according to different schemes in different time slots.
There are two speech transmission modes: 1) No matter whether the subscriber speaks or not, continuous speech encoding is carried out (a speech frame/20ms) ; 2) DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) performs 13kbit/s encoding during voice activity and 500bit/s encoding during non-voice activation. At a rate of very 480ms one frame (20ms each frame) is transmitted. However, merely the comfort noise is transmitted .