Ch5 gsm network protocols
•
2 likes•986 views
The document discusses various transmission and mobility management functions in GSM networks including power control, handover procedures, and location update processes. Power control helps balance signal strength between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Handover allows a call to be transferred between channels or cells to maintain quality of service. Location updates allow the network to track a mobile station's movement and route calls and messages appropriately.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Gsm
The document provides an overview of key components in a GSM cellular network including the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, HLR, MGW, and SDP. It describes the functionalities and purposes of each component such as the BTS controlling the radio link, BSC managing communication with mobile terminals, MSC handling mobility and switching, VLR and HLR keeping track of subscriber locations, MGW converting between network transmission techniques, and SDP providing subscriber information. The document also gives brief histories of the development of cellular networks and standards such as GSM.
Gsm architecture with gmsk
- GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that uses narrowband TDMA. It describes protocols for features like GPRS, EDGE, authentication, encryption, and more.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile equipment (handsets), a base station subsystem for radio network management, a network switching subsystem for call routing, and a network management subsystem.
- Key aspects include the SIM card for user identification, base transceiver stations for radio signals, transcoding between speech formats, home and visitor location registers for subscriber data, and authentication centers for security.
Full gsm overview (modified)
The document discusses the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) mobile communication technology. It describes GSM concepts like cellular structure and frequency division duplexing. It outlines the GSM network architecture including components like the mobile station, base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also covers GSM channels, mobility management, and call management functions.
Basic gsm principles
The document provides information on basic GSM principles and comparisons between TACS, GSM 900, and DCS 1800 mobile networks. It discusses topics like uplink and downlink frequencies, carrier separation, number of channels, access methods, logical channels, control channels, cell identities, and other key GSM concepts and terms. The document also includes detailed descriptions and explanations of terms like IMSI, TMSI, LAI, CGI, BSIC, SIM, and concepts like cell selection, location updating, and pin management.
2 introductin mobile & cellular
The document provides an overview of mobile communications networks and technologies. It discusses (1) how electromagnetic waves are used to transmit voice and data wirelessly, (2) the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G with increasing data capabilities, and (3) examples of common applications that require higher data rates like multimedia content, online gaming, and mobile banking.
Summary 2G y 3G
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
Gsm1
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
Gsm Overview
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
Recommended
Gsm
The document provides an overview of key components in a GSM cellular network including the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, HLR, MGW, and SDP. It describes the functionalities and purposes of each component such as the BTS controlling the radio link, BSC managing communication with mobile terminals, MSC handling mobility and switching, VLR and HLR keeping track of subscriber locations, MGW converting between network transmission techniques, and SDP providing subscriber information. The document also gives brief histories of the development of cellular networks and standards such as GSM.
Gsm architecture with gmsk
- GSM is a standard for 2G digital cellular networks that uses narrowband TDMA. It describes protocols for features like GPRS, EDGE, authentication, encryption, and more.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile equipment (handsets), a base station subsystem for radio network management, a network switching subsystem for call routing, and a network management subsystem.
- Key aspects include the SIM card for user identification, base transceiver stations for radio signals, transcoding between speech formats, home and visitor location registers for subscriber data, and authentication centers for security.
Full gsm overview (modified)
The document discusses the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) mobile communication technology. It describes GSM concepts like cellular structure and frequency division duplexing. It outlines the GSM network architecture including components like the mobile station, base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also covers GSM channels, mobility management, and call management functions.
Basic gsm principles
The document provides information on basic GSM principles and comparisons between TACS, GSM 900, and DCS 1800 mobile networks. It discusses topics like uplink and downlink frequencies, carrier separation, number of channels, access methods, logical channels, control channels, cell identities, and other key GSM concepts and terms. The document also includes detailed descriptions and explanations of terms like IMSI, TMSI, LAI, CGI, BSIC, SIM, and concepts like cell selection, location updating, and pin management.
2 introductin mobile & cellular
The document provides an overview of mobile communications networks and technologies. It discusses (1) how electromagnetic waves are used to transmit voice and data wirelessly, (2) the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G with increasing data capabilities, and (3) examples of common applications that require higher data rates like multimedia content, online gaming, and mobile banking.
Summary 2G y 3G
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
Gsm1
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
Gsm Overview
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
GSM Network - Distributed Service Model
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
GSM Base transceiver station
Topics covered in this presentation:
What is a Base Transceiver Station ?
Components of any BTS
BTS transceiver, BTS O&M module, clock module
BTS Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
BTS configurations
BTS functions and Protocols on Um and Abis Interface
BTS security aspects
Gsm Network
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
Coral gsm cdma gateway
The document summarizes the features of the CORAL GSM Gateway, which is a universal gateway that offers integrated interfaces for GSM, CDMA, VoIP, ISDN, and POTS networks. It supports interfaces like GSM/CDMA cards, VoIP, ISDN, and analog trunk and extension cards. Key features include SIM, network, and BTS locking for security, least cost routing, caller ID presentation and translation, call detail recording, and CLI, web GUI, and EMS-based system management. The gateway allows transparent calling across different networks and provides cost savings through intelligent routing options.
Gsm system and radio frequency
The document describes the key components and architecture of the GSM system. It discusses the objectives of GSM including supporting international roaming and good speech quality. It then describes the hierarchy of the GSM system including the mobile station, radio subsystem with base stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem with mobile switching centers and databases. It also discusses the air interface including frequency allocation and channel structure.
Cellular Mobile Communication Concept and GSM Frequency Band
Short notes on Mobile Phone,how mobile works,SIM,Various Channel,Various Frequency bands,Handover,GSM,Adaptive Power Control
GMSK with GSM
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a standard for digital cellular networks. It was created in 1982 to standardize cellular networks and the first system was deployed in 1991. GSM uses technologies like MSK and GMSK modulation to achieve higher voice quality and lower costs. MSK provides half cycle sinusoidal waves per symbol while GMSK adds a Gaussian filter to MSK for improved spectral efficiency and reduced interference. GSM is widely used today due to its spectral efficiency and support for voice calls and SMS.
Call flow in gsm
The document summarizes the call flow process in GSM networks. It describes the sequence of events that occur when a mobile subscriber makes a call to a landline, when a landline subscriber calls a mobile, and between two mobile subscribers. It also provides an overview of the user services, data services, supplementary services, and security features supported in GSM networks, such as encryption, authentication, and temporary identification numbers to protect subscriber privacy.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & Operations
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
GSM Network
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
Gsm (an overview)
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes GSM's origins and development as the most widely used cellular technology in the world. It details GSM's infrastructure including mobile stations, the base station subsystem containing base transceiver stations and base station controllers, the network and switching subsystem, and the operation and support subsystem. The document summarizes GSM's key technical specifications and network architecture.
Gsm channels concept
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
Ch3 air interface
The document discusses the air interface in GSM systems. It describes:
1) GSM uses TDMA to allow multiple users to share the same radio frequency by dividing each carrier into 8 time slots, with each user assigned a time slot.
2) The TDMA frame structure consists of 8 time slots of 0.577ms each, with a total frame duration of 4.615ms. Guard periods are used between time slots.
3) There are different types of logical channels including traffic channels, control channels, and broadcast channels that carry user data, signaling information, and system parameters respectively.
GSM Traffic Cases
The document provides information on various GSM traffic cases including call setup, location updating, and call handover. It describes the processes for mobile originated and mobile terminated calls. Location updating includes normal location updating, IMSI attach, and periodic registration. It also outlines different types of call handover such as intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers.
GSM(Global System For Mobile) Communication
GSM is a standard for second-generation digital cellular networks, first deployed in 1991. It describes protocols for 2G cellular networks used by mobile devices. The document discusses GSM's development and standardization by ETSI, its goals of improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It also outlines GSM's network architecture including subsystems for the mobile station, base station, switching, and operation support.
03 Wireless Concept
This chapter provides an overview of basic wireless communication concepts such as frequency, bandwidth, channels, transmission rate and modulation methods. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) used in digital cellular systems and discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog. Transmission problems like path loss, shadowing, multipath fading and solutions like channel coding, interleaving, antenna diversity and adaptive equalization are also covered. The chapter then explains the GSM transmission process from analog to digital conversion to burst formatting and modulation.
GSM Bands and Frame Structure
This document discusses GSM bands and frame structure. It describes the basic GSM bands of 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz. It then explains the overall frame structure in GSM and the different types of bursts used - frequency correction burst, synchronization burst, access burst, normal burst and dummy burst. It also discusses the structure of multi-frames in GSM. Finally, it covers the topics of interference in GSM networks, the sources and types of interference including co-channel and adjacent channel interference.
Digital cellular networks GSM
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
GSM Technology
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Mobile tracking sysytem using call registry
This application is mainly designed for tracking any symbian mobile. Suppose you have mobile phone and it is lost in middle of the way, then this Lost Mobile Tracking System is used to track the mobile where it is present for that you have to send one sms in a particular format .
The mobile will reply by sending the Location String. If person change SIM card then it will send all the information of new SIM on one predefined number. If we want to retrieve contact list of new SIM we have to send one SMS, it will fetch all contact list of new SMS card. If there is any incoming or outgoing call it will track that call and send it to one predefined number.
Gsm network
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
More Related Content
What's hot
GSM Network - Distributed Service Model
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
GSM Base transceiver station
Topics covered in this presentation:
What is a Base Transceiver Station ?
Components of any BTS
BTS transceiver, BTS O&M module, clock module
BTS Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
BTS configurations
BTS functions and Protocols on Um and Abis Interface
BTS security aspects
Gsm Network
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
Coral gsm cdma gateway
The document summarizes the features of the CORAL GSM Gateway, which is a universal gateway that offers integrated interfaces for GSM, CDMA, VoIP, ISDN, and POTS networks. It supports interfaces like GSM/CDMA cards, VoIP, ISDN, and analog trunk and extension cards. Key features include SIM, network, and BTS locking for security, least cost routing, caller ID presentation and translation, call detail recording, and CLI, web GUI, and EMS-based system management. The gateway allows transparent calling across different networks and provides cost savings through intelligent routing options.
Gsm system and radio frequency
The document describes the key components and architecture of the GSM system. It discusses the objectives of GSM including supporting international roaming and good speech quality. It then describes the hierarchy of the GSM system including the mobile station, radio subsystem with base stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem with mobile switching centers and databases. It also discusses the air interface including frequency allocation and channel structure.
Cellular Mobile Communication Concept and GSM Frequency Band
Short notes on Mobile Phone,how mobile works,SIM,Various Channel,Various Frequency bands,Handover,GSM,Adaptive Power Control
GMSK with GSM
GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a standard for digital cellular networks. It was created in 1982 to standardize cellular networks and the first system was deployed in 1991. GSM uses technologies like MSK and GMSK modulation to achieve higher voice quality and lower costs. MSK provides half cycle sinusoidal waves per symbol while GMSK adds a Gaussian filter to MSK for improved spectral efficiency and reduced interference. GSM is widely used today due to its spectral efficiency and support for voice calls and SMS.
Call flow in gsm
The document summarizes the call flow process in GSM networks. It describes the sequence of events that occur when a mobile subscriber makes a call to a landline, when a landline subscriber calls a mobile, and between two mobile subscribers. It also provides an overview of the user services, data services, supplementary services, and security features supported in GSM networks, such as encryption, authentication, and temporary identification numbers to protect subscriber privacy.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & Operations
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
GSM Network
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
Gsm (an overview)
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes GSM's origins and development as the most widely used cellular technology in the world. It details GSM's infrastructure including mobile stations, the base station subsystem containing base transceiver stations and base station controllers, the network and switching subsystem, and the operation and support subsystem. The document summarizes GSM's key technical specifications and network architecture.
Gsm channels concept
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
Ch3 air interface
The document discusses the air interface in GSM systems. It describes:
1) GSM uses TDMA to allow multiple users to share the same radio frequency by dividing each carrier into 8 time slots, with each user assigned a time slot.
2) The TDMA frame structure consists of 8 time slots of 0.577ms each, with a total frame duration of 4.615ms. Guard periods are used between time slots.
3) There are different types of logical channels including traffic channels, control channels, and broadcast channels that carry user data, signaling information, and system parameters respectively.
GSM Traffic Cases
The document provides information on various GSM traffic cases including call setup, location updating, and call handover. It describes the processes for mobile originated and mobile terminated calls. Location updating includes normal location updating, IMSI attach, and periodic registration. It also outlines different types of call handover such as intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers.
GSM(Global System For Mobile) Communication
GSM is a standard for second-generation digital cellular networks, first deployed in 1991. It describes protocols for 2G cellular networks used by mobile devices. The document discusses GSM's development and standardization by ETSI, its goals of improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It also outlines GSM's network architecture including subsystems for the mobile station, base station, switching, and operation support.
03 Wireless Concept
This chapter provides an overview of basic wireless communication concepts such as frequency, bandwidth, channels, transmission rate and modulation methods. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) used in digital cellular systems and discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog. Transmission problems like path loss, shadowing, multipath fading and solutions like channel coding, interleaving, antenna diversity and adaptive equalization are also covered. The chapter then explains the GSM transmission process from analog to digital conversion to burst formatting and modulation.
GSM Bands and Frame Structure
This document discusses GSM bands and frame structure. It describes the basic GSM bands of 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz. It then explains the overall frame structure in GSM and the different types of bursts used - frequency correction burst, synchronization burst, access burst, normal burst and dummy burst. It also discusses the structure of multi-frames in GSM. Finally, it covers the topics of interference in GSM networks, the sources and types of interference including co-channel and adjacent channel interference.
Digital cellular networks GSM
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
GSM Technology
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
What's hot (20)
Cellular Mobile Communication Concept and GSM Frequency Band
Cellular Mobile Communication Concept and GSM Frequency Band
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...
Viewers also liked
Mobile tracking sysytem using call registry
This application is mainly designed for tracking any symbian mobile. Suppose you have mobile phone and it is lost in middle of the way, then this Lost Mobile Tracking System is used to track the mobile where it is present for that you have to send one sms in a particular format .
The mobile will reply by sending the Location String. If person change SIM card then it will send all the information of new SIM on one predefined number. If we want to retrieve contact list of new SIM we have to send one SMS, it will fetch all contact list of new SMS card. If there is any incoming or outgoing call it will track that call and send it to one predefined number.
Gsm network
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
GSM security solution by FINETUNE Technologies
This document provides an overview of GSM security solutions and UMTS authentication. It discusses GSM subscriber authentication using the A3 and A8 algorithms as well as encryption of voice traffic and signaling data using the A5 algorithm. It describes the use of temporary mobile subscriber identities and issues around roaming fraud. The document also outlines UMTS authentication and key agreement, noting that it adds mutual authentication between the user equipment and network compared to GSM. Finally, it discusses some security aspects and attacks related to mobility in Mobile IPv6 networks.
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOC
In this project, AODV and Flooding routing protocols using different parameter metrics have been simulated and analyzed
Simulation results show that performance parameters of the routing protocols may vary depending on network load, mobility and network size.
Under G-Sense Model, AODV experience the highest Packet Delivery Fraction and Throughput with the increase of nodes stop time, and mobile nodes number.
AODV and Simple Flooding performance is due to their on demand characteristics to determine the freshness of the route. And it is proved also that AODV has a slightly higher Average end-to-end Delay than Simple Flooding.
Lecture 9 10 .mobile ad-hoc routing protocols
Mobile ad-hoc networks have frequent host and topology changes with no cellular infrastructure and require multi-hop wireless links for data transmission between nodes. Routing protocols must discover routes between nodes that may not be directly connected. Table-driven protocols like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) maintain up-to-date routing tables through periodic broadcasts but generate significant control overhead. DSDV uses sequence numbers to distinguish stale routes and avoid loops while WRP maintains four tables for routing information.
Dynamic routing protocols (CCNA)
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
UMTS/WCDMA Call Flows for Handovers
It is a handbook of UMTS/WCDMA call flows for Handovers.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
Gsm architecture
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
Gsm call routing
This document provides an overview of call routing in GSM networks. It discusses key components like the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) that store subscriber data. It then describes different call routing scenarios like mobile originated calls, mobile terminated calls, and roaming calls. It explains the signaling process and interactions between network elements like the mobile station, base station, MSC, HLR, and other switches. Finally, it briefly discusses the handover process to transfer calls between base stations when a mobile changes location.
LinkedIn SlideShare: Knowledge, Well-Presented
70 million professionals use LinkedIn SlideShare to learn about any topic quickly and stand out.
Viewers also liked (10)
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOC
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOC
Similar to Ch5 gsm network protocols
GSM Network Protocols
GSM Network Protocols (Handover, Power Control, Call Scenario)
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I9F3UOTU-NG6IApRv5Bj5RhWVJDhZGEN/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
CDMA 1x Introduction to Power Control Issue2.1
One of the aims of the CDMA1X system is to maximize the number of its users. If each mobile station (MS) adjusts its transmitter power to minimize the signal noise received by the base transceiver station (BTS), the capacity of the system is maximized. Higher power brings higher interference and results in more capacity loss. Power control can adjust the transmission power of the MS and BTS, aiming to minimize the interference
After learning this course, you will learn the following：
The importance of the power control of the CDMA system
Categories and calculating theories of the power control
Data configuration of the power control
Chapter 1 Goals and Principles of Power Control
Chapter 2 Categories and Arithmetic of Power Control
Chapter 3 Data Configuration of Power Control
Each couple of customers is in a same room.
Each couple of customers speaks a language different from that spoken by other couples.
If the noise becomes louder, all the customers will raise their voices.
If the noise is too louder, the customers may go to other rooms.
The customer who speaks too loudly will affect the communication of others.
The transmission power of the control BTS and MS must ensure that the signal sent to the receiver through the complicated radio space can meet the threshold of correct demodulation.
When the first principle is satisfied, the transmission power of the BTS and MS is required to be lowered as much as possible to decrease the interference between users and best optimize the network performance.
The transmission power of the MS near the BTS is lower than that of the MS far from the BTS and of the MS in the fading areas.
Basic of gsm anurag
This document provides information on key concepts in GSM networks including call drop reasons, handover reasons, beam width and tilt, Rx level and quality, interference, channels, frequency bands, and more. It also covers basics of WCDMA/3G including frequency bands, codes, signal strength metrics like RSCP and EC/Io, and handover types between nodes.
Basic of gsm by pawan
1. The document provides information on key concepts in GSM networks including call drop reasons, handover reasons, antenna parameters, signal quality metrics, interference types, logical and physical channels, and frequency bands.
2. It describes parameters related to signal quality like RX level, RX quality, BER, FER, and C/I ratio. It also covers concepts like frequency hopping, handover types, tilt, scrambling codes, and signal strength metrics in WCDMA networks.
3. The document is a reference for drive testing and troubleshooting mobile networks, outlining important factors that impact call quality and connectivity issues like call drops, handover failures, and interference.
3 g by pasha
1. The three sets involved in 3G handover are the active set, monitored set, and detected set. The active set contains cells in soft handover, the monitored set contains cells to monitor, and the detected set contains detected cells.
2. The major difference between GSM and UMTS handover decision is that GSM uses time-based reporting while UMTS uses event-triggered reporting.
3. Events 1A-1F relate to changes in primary common pilot channel power levels and adding or removing cells from the active set.
Handover
The document discusses handover in mobile networks. Handover is the process of transferring a mobile device's connection from one base station to another as the device moves through the network coverage area. There are different types of handover including intra-cell, inter-cell, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. The base station controller monitors signal strength and quality and initiates a handover when the device would be better served by a new base station to avoid call drops and ensure quality of service.
Radio network overview
RF Planning Overview, Cell Planning, 2G, UMTS & LTE Architecture, Cellular Concept, Basic RF KPI, GSM Antenna Basic, Radio Infrastructure, GSM Data Serivce, MS Class, Access Technology, RAKE Receiver, UMTS vs LTE
08102014_Huawei handovers-handover-algo
The document discusses Huawei's handover algorithm II for cellular networks. It describes the different types of handovers considered in the algorithm (forced, emergency, intra-cell, inter-cell) and the procedures involved, including determining triggering conditions, selecting candidate cell lists, and performing a comprehensive decision to determine the best candidate cell. It also discusses related concepts like handover priority, penalty adjustments, and measurement report processing.
GSM Air Interface
GSM Air Interface, GSM Frequency Band
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xGLIMwstH1B7Z8y4kLS72HUG-XMtckvb/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
Power Line Carrier Communication
This document summarizes power line carrier communication (PLCC), which is used for communication over medium and long distances in power networks. PLCC uses existing power lines as a communication medium. It provides a more economical and reliable communication method than alternatives like telephone lines or wireless systems. The key components of a PLCC system include transmitters, the power line channel, receivers, carrier signals in the audio frequency range, modulation techniques, and coupling arrangements like capacitors to introduce signals onto power lines. Modern PLCC systems can handle various functions like telemetry, signaling, control, and protection.
Gsm
GSM is a cellular communication standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The network consists of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home location registers and other components. Handoffs between base stations are performed to maintain connectivity as users move between different areas.
Gsm interfaces
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
Basic celluar-system
The document describes the key components of basic cellular systems including circuit-switched and packet-switched systems. It discusses two types of circuit-switched systems: analog and digital. The main components of an analog system are mobile units, cell sites, and a mobile telephone switching office. A digital system consists of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, and switching subsystems. It also outlines the main elements of a packet-switched cellular network and discusses performance criteria such as voice quality, data quality, coverage, and special features.
basic-celluar-systefhurdhguudhugudhguugudghum.ppt
The document discusses the key components of basic cellular systems including circuit-switched and packet-switched systems. It describes the main elements of analog circuit-switched systems including mobile units, cell sites, and mobile telephone switching offices. For digital circuit-switched systems, it outlines the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, and switching subsystems. It also summarizes the mobile station, radio network controller, support nodes, and gateway for packet-switched systems and reviews performance criteria such as voice quality, data quality, coverage, and special features.
GSM channels wireless
GSM channels (fast, slow, stand-alone dedicated control channel), broadcast, common control or signalling channel
Telecommunications
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
Implementation Of Bss And Nss In Mobile Communication
The document discusses the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) in mobile communications. The BSS connects the mobile station to the NSS and consists of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). The NSS includes the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), and Visitor Location Register (VLR). Together, the BSS and NSS provide critical functions such as mobility management, call control, and short message services that enable mobile communication.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
This document discusses key WCDMA wireless technologies including power control, handover, and RAKE receivers. It provides details on:
- Power control including inner loop power control to maintain signal quality and outer loop power control to set thresholds based on quality of service. Both uplink and downlink power control are discussed.
- Handover types including soft handover which maintains service continuity and hard handover which interrupts service. Softer handover between sectors is also mentioned.
- The general handover flow including measurement, reporting, and the RNC deciding whether to initiate a handover based on reports and algorithms.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
This document discusses key WCDMA wireless technologies including power control, handover, and RAKE receivers. It provides details on:
- Power control including inner loop power control to maintain signal quality and outer loop power control to set thresholds based on quality of service. Both uplink and downlink power control are discussed.
- Handover types including soft handover which maintains service continuity and hard handover which interrupts service. Softer handover between sectors is also mentioned.
- The general handover flow including measurement, reporting, and the RNC deciding whether to initiate a handover based on reports and algorithms.
Cellular radio
The document defines cellular radio systems as radio communication networks divided into small geographic areas called cells. Each cell contains a low-power transmitter/receiver base station that can communicate with mobile units within its cell. As a mobile unit moves between cells, it automatically switches to the nearest base station. The mobile telephone switching office coordinates calls between cells and landline networks. Key components include mobile units, base stations, and the switching office. Channels include control channels for signaling and voice channels for calls.
Similar to Ch5 gsm network protocols (20)
Implementation Of Bss And Nss In Mobile Communication
Implementation Of Bss And Nss In Mobile Communication
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Recently uploaded
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
It gives the overall description of SIH problem statement " AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India".
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Convolutional Neural Network used for image classification
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Recently uploaded (20)
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Ch5 gsm network protocols
- 2. Transmission function: MS, BTS and BSC are concerned with transmission HLR, VLR or EIR transmit their signaling needs.
- 3. RR is a group of functions concerned with administration of channels at Um. Main RR procedures: Power control Channel quality monitoring Handover Frequency hopping Discontinuous transmission Timing advance.
- 4. Enables power adaptation of MS and BTS. Main reasons for power control: Saving MS battery Power Improve CIR. Can be enabled or disabled. Performed separately for uplink and DL. Measurements on UL and DL are sent to BSC every 480 ms. Measurements in terms of: Signal strength in dB. Signal quality in BER.
- 5. MS Power (dBm) Max. transmit power Power increase step Signal strength measured at BTS Upper threshold Lower threshold Distance Power control increase command Distance
- 6. Handover Control Automatic switching of a call from one TCH to another. Can be within the cell or between cells. Handover occurs on TCH when call is in speech stage. Only started if power control is not helpful. Unique feature of mobile network. Reasons for intra-cell handover 1. reduction of co-channel interference. 2. Maintenance activity 3. Equipment failure
- 7. Handover types: Inter cell handover Involves change of carrier and BTS. Intra-cell handover Involves change of carrier in same cell.
- 8. BSC BSC MSC-A BTS BTS BTS BTS BSC BTS Inter-MSC HO Inter-BSC HO Intra-MSC HO Intra-BSC HO Intra-cell HO MSC-B Handover types
- 9. Requirements for Handover 1. Execution speed 2. Reliability 3. Transparent to users (not aware) 4. Service-dependent (voice, data) • No excessive HO • No delayed HO • No early HO
- 10. Criteria for Handover BSC receives measurement data from BTS and MS. The MS measures downlink: Signal strength (dBm) Signal quality (BER) Signal strength of 6 neighboring BTSs downlink The BTS measures UL: Signal strength received from MS. Signal quality received from MS. Distance between BTS and MS.
- 12. Handling of Handover Reserved channel concept Some channels are reserved for HO 1 2 Nc N New calls Handover
- 13. N-times retry Multiple request for Handover Handover queue HO wait for a free channel. Sub-rating algorithm Full rate TCH is split into 2 half rate TCHs.
- 14. Intra-BSC (Inter-cell) HO Old BTS 1 2 BSC 5 2 6 5 4 3 New BTS
- 15. Old BTS 4 New BSC 7 6 5 New BTS MSC Old BSC 4 9 1 4 8 2 3 7 4 7 Inter-BSC (Intra-MSC) HO
- 16. Old BTS New BSC 5 8 7 6 New BTS MSC-AOld BSC 5 8 1 5 34 8 5 MSC-B 2 GSM PLMN PSTN Inter-MSC HO 99
- 17. Mobility Management (MM) o Main task of MM is to support mobility. o MM activities include: 1. IMSI attach and detach. 2. Location update 3. Registration 4. Update HLR/VLR 5. TMSI re-allocation. 6. Authentication of MS.
- 18. Location Update in same MSC/VLR If MS detects a change in LAI, it informs network MSC/VLR check if it is a visitor BTS BSC VLR HLR MSC 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
- 19. Location Update with New MSC/VLR When MS enters into new LA, location update. LA may belong to new MSC/VLR. BTS BSC New VLR HLR MSC 4 1 5 3 2 Old VLR 4
- 20. Periodic Registration o MS is forced to send registration periodically. o If MS miss registration, the network marks o it as detached. o This occurs if MS is out of area. o This avoids paging. o Periodic registration has Ack. o MS tries until it receives Ack.
- 21. IMSI Attach o When MS is switched on, it performs attach. BTS BSC MSC/VLR 32 4 1 4
- 22. Mobile Terminated Call 8 GMSC BSC TRAU 5 11 8 7 GSM PLMN PSTN 6 2 HLR MSC VLR 4 5 11 9 8 8 9 11 10 BTS BTS Local Exchange Telephone 1 1 10