GROWTH CURVE.pdf
•
0 likes•1,080 views
This document discusses the bacterial growth curve, which consists of four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. It provides details on each phase, including that the lag phase lasts 1-4 hours as bacteria adapt to their environment, the log phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell division, and the stationary phase occurs when resources are depleted and growth levels off. Mathematical calculations for determining generation time from growth data are also presented, worked through using an example.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Bacteria, Bacteria Structure
Bacteria have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles. Their small size allows rapid growth and inhabitation of diverse environments. Bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. The cytoplasm holds the circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein production, and storage structures. Some bacteria have flagella for mobility or pili for attachment. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while Gram-negatives have a thin wall and an outer membrane. This membrane structure contributes to differences in antibiotic susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Factors affecting the growth of microbes
This document discusses the physical factors that influence the growth of microorganisms, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and radiation. It describes how each factor affects microbial growth and membranes. Temperature is the most important physical factor, as it can damage enzymes and membranes at extremes. Microbes are classified based on their optimal temperature ranges, such as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Optimal pH and osmotic pressure ranges also determine bacterial classifications like acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, and osmotolerant microbes. Higher hydrostatic pressures and radiation can also impact microbial growth.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Pure culture technique
This document discusses techniques for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture sample. It explains that a pure culture contains only one type of microorganism, while a mixed culture contains multiple types. The most common laboratory methods for isolating microbes are the streak plate method and pour plate method. Both rely on diluting bacterial cells to a point where single colonies can grow from individual cells. The streak plate method involves transferring a sample to an agar plate using a sterilized loop and streaking the inoculum in sections to separate individual colonies.
sporulation
This document summarizes the process of sporulation in microorganisms. It describes that spores form as a protective structure during unfavorable conditions and can survive without nutrients. There are two main types of spores - endospores, which form inside the cell, and exospores, which form on the surface. Spores have protective coats, cortex, germ cell wall, and a central core containing DNA. Sporulation is the process where a single cell forms an endospore or exospore, which can later germinate into a new cell under favorable conditions. Key factors like sigma factors regulate genes involved in sporulation and returning to the vegetative state.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size or population numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are two levels of growth - increasing cell size through synthesis of new components, and increasing population size through cell division. Microbiologists study population growth curves, which typically have four phases: lag phase as cells adapt, exponential or log phase of rapid growth, stationary phase as resources are depleted, and death phase. Growth is measured by counting cell numbers directly under a microscope or using counting chambers, or indirectly by culturing cells on agar plates and counting colonies. Environmental factors like nutrients, oxygen, pH, and temperature affect microbial growth rates.
Recommended
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Bacteria, Bacteria Structure
Bacteria have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles. Their small size allows rapid growth and inhabitation of diverse environments. Bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. The cytoplasm holds the circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein production, and storage structures. Some bacteria have flagella for mobility or pili for attachment. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while Gram-negatives have a thin wall and an outer membrane. This membrane structure contributes to differences in antibiotic susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Factors affecting the growth of microbes
This document discusses the physical factors that influence the growth of microorganisms, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and radiation. It describes how each factor affects microbial growth and membranes. Temperature is the most important physical factor, as it can damage enzymes and membranes at extremes. Microbes are classified based on their optimal temperature ranges, such as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Optimal pH and osmotic pressure ranges also determine bacterial classifications like acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, and osmotolerant microbes. Higher hydrostatic pressures and radiation can also impact microbial growth.
Cells & organs of immune system
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the history of immunology including the discoveries of Metchnikoff, Behring, and Fleming. It also describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The main cells of the immune system are B cells, T cells (including T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells), and natural killer cells. Primary lymphoid organs that support immune cell development include the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where immune responses occur include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Pure culture technique
This document discusses techniques for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture sample. It explains that a pure culture contains only one type of microorganism, while a mixed culture contains multiple types. The most common laboratory methods for isolating microbes are the streak plate method and pour plate method. Both rely on diluting bacterial cells to a point where single colonies can grow from individual cells. The streak plate method involves transferring a sample to an agar plate using a sterilized loop and streaking the inoculum in sections to separate individual colonies.
sporulation
This document summarizes the process of sporulation in microorganisms. It describes that spores form as a protective structure during unfavorable conditions and can survive without nutrients. There are two main types of spores - endospores, which form inside the cell, and exospores, which form on the surface. Spores have protective coats, cortex, germ cell wall, and a central core containing DNA. Sporulation is the process where a single cell forms an endospore or exospore, which can later germinate into a new cell under favorable conditions. Key factors like sigma factors regulate genes involved in sporulation and returning to the vegetative state.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size or population numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are two levels of growth - increasing cell size through synthesis of new components, and increasing population size through cell division. Microbiologists study population growth curves, which typically have four phases: lag phase as cells adapt, exponential or log phase of rapid growth, stationary phase as resources are depleted, and death phase. Growth is measured by counting cell numbers directly under a microscope or using counting chambers, or indirectly by culturing cells on agar plates and counting colonies. Environmental factors like nutrients, oxygen, pH, and temperature affect microbial growth rates.
Growth curve of bacteria
1. Bacteria growing in batch culture produce a growth curve with up to four distinct phases: lag, log, stationary, and death.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria are adjusting to their new medium and preparing for active growth.
3. The log phase is when bacteria grow exponentially as cell division occurs rapidly under favorable conditions.
4. As nutrients become depleted and waste accumulates, bacteria enter the stationary phase where growth stops.
5. In the death phase, cell numbers decline as bacteria can no longer survive due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
microbial nutrition and growth
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It explains that microbes require nutrients for energy, cellular activities, and constructing new cellular components. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It categorizes microbes based on their carbon and energy sources. It also describes the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. It discusses culture media, methods for measuring growth, and techniques for obtaining pure cultures.
Growth of bacteria
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
Cell mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. It provides defense against viruses, fungi, and some bacteria through these cells, without involving antibodies. When antigens from invading microbes are presented on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, helper T cells are activated and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Cytotoxic T cells then directly attack and destroy infected cells. Memory T cells also enhance future immune responses. Overall, cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens through cellular immune responses.
Innate immunity
Immunology . classification of immunology. terminology of immunology. detail description of innate immunity. classification of innate immunity. Barrier of innate immune system, immune responses , cellular innate response receptors and signaling , PAMPS and DAMPS, Toll like receptors, Phagocytosis , cellular components of innate immunity, innate lymphoid cells, complement pathways, Mannose binding lecthin pathway, alternative pathway, inflammations, process of inflammations, fever mechanism , factor affecting innate systems, defects in innate immunity, deficiency in innate immunity, disease therapy
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
It contain bacterial growth,growth rate and how do it grow?
and,I include Types of continuous growth and their advantages,disadvantages.
Structural organization of eukaryotic cells 1 (1)
This document provides an overview of the structural organization and functions of eukaryotic cells. It begins with an introduction that defines eukaryotic cells as having a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, unlike prokaryotic cells. The document then discusses the organelles found in plant and animal cells through diagrams and descriptions, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more. It explains the key functions of structures like the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and other organelles. In the end, it provides differences between plant and animal cells.
Staining techniques
This document discusses various staining techniques used to visualize bacteria under a microscope. It covers simple staining techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining, as well as methods to identify specific structures like volutin granules and bacterial spores. Gram staining uses dyes to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Acid-fast staining targets bacteria with thick lipid cell walls like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specialized techniques employ unique dyes and fixation steps to highlight intracellular inclusions and endospores. Proper staining is crucial for bacterial identification and clinical diagnosis.
Morphology and Structure of Bacteria
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPHH8m5zlQGLhXgvH755agg?view_as=subscriber
Facebook group : https://www.facebook.com/groups/836761619701557/
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/PharmU/
Cultivation of microorganism
Microorganisms require specific physical and chemical conditions to grow, including appropriate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. Culture media aim to provide these requirements and allow isolation and differentiation of microbes. General purpose media support growth of many microbes while selective and differential media inhibit some microbes and reveal differences in microbial reactions. Strict anaerobes require specialized reducing media and techniques to cultivate them without oxygen exposure.
Factors affecting growth of bacteria
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
Pure culture technic
Pure cultures are important in microbiology because they allow for the accurate study and identification of microorganisms. There are three main techniques involved in obtaining a pure culture: sterilization of materials to prevent contamination, aseptic transfer of microbes to growth media, and isolating single cells or their progeny. Some common isolation methods are streak plating, spread plating, and serial dilution plating. Once a pure culture is obtained, its purity can be demonstrated by the uniform appearance of colonies and identical growth characteristics of isolated colonies. Pure cultures must then be maintained through refrigeration, paraffin coating, cryopreservation, or lyophilization to preserve them for long-term storage and future use.
Antibody: Structure and Function
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical Methods
This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. It introduces key concepts like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation. Some physical methods covered are heat, filtration, radiation, and desiccation. Chemical methods discussed include phenols, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Specific disinfectants and antiseptics are explained like chlorine, iodine, and alcohol. Conditions influencing effectiveness and the modes of action of different methods are also summarized.
Microbial growth
Growth in bacteria involves an increase in cell size and number through cell division and maturation of tissues, as well as programmed cell death to form the final body structure. The bacterial growth curve depicts the changes in population size over time, consisting of four phases - lag phase with no growth, exponential phase of rapid cell division, stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth slows, and death phase as the population declines. Multiple factors influence microbial growth, including temperature, oxygen requirements, pH, osmosis, and required minerals.
Enzyme classification
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of enzymes. It notes that enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being consumed. There are several ways enzymes can be named, including by the type of reaction they catalyze (using a suffix like -ase), their substrate, source, regulation, or randomly. The document then describes the systematic classification system developed by the International Union of Biochemists which groups enzymes into six major classes based on the type of reaction catalyzed and assigns each an Enzyme Commission (EC) number for identification.
Chapter 3 Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are four phases of microbial growth: lag phase as cells adapt to their environment; log or exponential phase of rapid cell division; stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth balances mortality; and death phase as cells die off. Microbial growth is influenced by environmental factors like pH, temperature, gas availability, and pressure.
The methods for studying microorganisms
Microorganisms are studied through a process involving 5 basic techniques: inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification. Specimens are collected and inoculated into nutrient media to promote growth. After incubation, isolated colonies are examined microscopically and through biochemical tests to identify the microbe. A variety of media types are used for different functions like selecting for certain microbes or enabling differentiation between types.
Pure culture techniques
The learner will understand various methods like streak plate technique, pour plate technique, spread plate technique and micromanupulator technique
Bacterial growth
This document discusses bacterial growth and summarizes key points about the growth cycle of bacteria. It notes that bacterial growth involves an increase in all chemical constituents and occurs through cell multiplication via binary fission. The growth cycle consists of four phases - lag phase, exponential/log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The log phase is when bacteria multiply at their maximum rate and the time for one division is called the generation time. Population growth increases geometrically with each generation. Quantitative measurement of growth can occur through direct cell counting, measuring cell mass, or assessing cell activity.
MICROBIAL GROWTH ( BATCH CULTURE).pptx
I. Batch culture is a technique used to grow microorganisms in a closed system containing a limited supply of nutrients. No nutrients or waste products are added or removed during growth.
II. Microbial growth occurs in distinct phases - lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Population increases exponentially until nutrients are depleted, at which point the stationary phase begins.
III. Batch cultures are used industrially for the production of antibiotics, organic acids, and other metabolites through large-scale fermentation processes.
More Related Content
What's hot
Growth curve of bacteria
1. Bacteria growing in batch culture produce a growth curve with up to four distinct phases: lag, log, stationary, and death.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria are adjusting to their new medium and preparing for active growth.
3. The log phase is when bacteria grow exponentially as cell division occurs rapidly under favorable conditions.
4. As nutrients become depleted and waste accumulates, bacteria enter the stationary phase where growth stops.
5. In the death phase, cell numbers decline as bacteria can no longer survive due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
microbial nutrition and growth
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It explains that microbes require nutrients for energy, cellular activities, and constructing new cellular components. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It categorizes microbes based on their carbon and energy sources. It also describes the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. It discusses culture media, methods for measuring growth, and techniques for obtaining pure cultures.
Growth of bacteria
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
Cell mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. It provides defense against viruses, fungi, and some bacteria through these cells, without involving antibodies. When antigens from invading microbes are presented on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, helper T cells are activated and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Cytotoxic T cells then directly attack and destroy infected cells. Memory T cells also enhance future immune responses. Overall, cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens through cellular immune responses.
Innate immunity
Immunology . classification of immunology. terminology of immunology. detail description of innate immunity. classification of innate immunity. Barrier of innate immune system, immune responses , cellular innate response receptors and signaling , PAMPS and DAMPS, Toll like receptors, Phagocytosis , cellular components of innate immunity, innate lymphoid cells, complement pathways, Mannose binding lecthin pathway, alternative pathway, inflammations, process of inflammations, fever mechanism , factor affecting innate systems, defects in innate immunity, deficiency in innate immunity, disease therapy
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
It contain bacterial growth,growth rate and how do it grow?
and,I include Types of continuous growth and their advantages,disadvantages.
Structural organization of eukaryotic cells 1 (1)
This document provides an overview of the structural organization and functions of eukaryotic cells. It begins with an introduction that defines eukaryotic cells as having a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, unlike prokaryotic cells. The document then discusses the organelles found in plant and animal cells through diagrams and descriptions, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more. It explains the key functions of structures like the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and other organelles. In the end, it provides differences between plant and animal cells.
Staining techniques
This document discusses various staining techniques used to visualize bacteria under a microscope. It covers simple staining techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining, as well as methods to identify specific structures like volutin granules and bacterial spores. Gram staining uses dyes to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Acid-fast staining targets bacteria with thick lipid cell walls like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specialized techniques employ unique dyes and fixation steps to highlight intracellular inclusions and endospores. Proper staining is crucial for bacterial identification and clinical diagnosis.
Morphology and Structure of Bacteria
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPHH8m5zlQGLhXgvH755agg?view_as=subscriber
Facebook group : https://www.facebook.com/groups/836761619701557/
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/PharmU/
Cultivation of microorganism
Microorganisms require specific physical and chemical conditions to grow, including appropriate temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. Culture media aim to provide these requirements and allow isolation and differentiation of microbes. General purpose media support growth of many microbes while selective and differential media inhibit some microbes and reveal differences in microbial reactions. Strict anaerobes require specialized reducing media and techniques to cultivate them without oxygen exposure.
Factors affecting growth of bacteria
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
Pure culture technic
Pure cultures are important in microbiology because they allow for the accurate study and identification of microorganisms. There are three main techniques involved in obtaining a pure culture: sterilization of materials to prevent contamination, aseptic transfer of microbes to growth media, and isolating single cells or their progeny. Some common isolation methods are streak plating, spread plating, and serial dilution plating. Once a pure culture is obtained, its purity can be demonstrated by the uniform appearance of colonies and identical growth characteristics of isolated colonies. Pure cultures must then be maintained through refrigeration, paraffin coating, cryopreservation, or lyophilization to preserve them for long-term storage and future use.
Antibody: Structure and Function
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical Methods
This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. It introduces key concepts like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation. Some physical methods covered are heat, filtration, radiation, and desiccation. Chemical methods discussed include phenols, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Specific disinfectants and antiseptics are explained like chlorine, iodine, and alcohol. Conditions influencing effectiveness and the modes of action of different methods are also summarized.
Microbial growth
Growth in bacteria involves an increase in cell size and number through cell division and maturation of tissues, as well as programmed cell death to form the final body structure. The bacterial growth curve depicts the changes in population size over time, consisting of four phases - lag phase with no growth, exponential phase of rapid cell division, stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth slows, and death phase as the population declines. Multiple factors influence microbial growth, including temperature, oxygen requirements, pH, osmosis, and required minerals.
Enzyme classification
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of enzymes. It notes that enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being consumed. There are several ways enzymes can be named, including by the type of reaction they catalyze (using a suffix like -ase), their substrate, source, regulation, or randomly. The document then describes the systematic classification system developed by the International Union of Biochemists which groups enzymes into six major classes based on the type of reaction catalyzed and assigns each an Enzyme Commission (EC) number for identification.
Chapter 3 Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are four phases of microbial growth: lag phase as cells adapt to their environment; log or exponential phase of rapid cell division; stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth balances mortality; and death phase as cells die off. Microbial growth is influenced by environmental factors like pH, temperature, gas availability, and pressure.
The methods for studying microorganisms
Microorganisms are studied through a process involving 5 basic techniques: inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification. Specimens are collected and inoculated into nutrient media to promote growth. After incubation, isolated colonies are examined microscopically and through biochemical tests to identify the microbe. A variety of media types are used for different functions like selecting for certain microbes or enabling differentiation between types.
Pure culture techniques
The learner will understand various methods like streak plate technique, pour plate technique, spread plate technique and micromanupulator technique
What's hot (20)
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical Methods
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical Methods
Similar to GROWTH CURVE.pdf
Bacterial growth
This document discusses bacterial growth and summarizes key points about the growth cycle of bacteria. It notes that bacterial growth involves an increase in all chemical constituents and occurs through cell multiplication via binary fission. The growth cycle consists of four phases - lag phase, exponential/log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The log phase is when bacteria multiply at their maximum rate and the time for one division is called the generation time. Population growth increases geometrically with each generation. Quantitative measurement of growth can occur through direct cell counting, measuring cell mass, or assessing cell activity.
MICROBIAL GROWTH ( BATCH CULTURE).pptx
I. Batch culture is a technique used to grow microorganisms in a closed system containing a limited supply of nutrients. No nutrients or waste products are added or removed during growth.
II. Microbial growth occurs in distinct phases - lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Population increases exponentially until nutrients are depleted, at which point the stationary phase begins.
III. Batch cultures are used industrially for the production of antibiotics, organic acids, and other metabolites through large-scale fermentation processes.
Bacterial Growth curve
The document discusses bacterial growth curves. It explains that bacterial growth is defined as an increase in cellular constituents that can result in increased cell number or size. The growth of bacteria reproducing by binary fission can be plotted on a curve with four phases: 1) Lag phase where cells adapt to new conditions, 2) Log or exponential phase where growth is maximal, 3) Stationary phase where growth balances with death due to nutrient depletion or waste accumulation, and 4) Death phase where cells begin dying off. The generation time, growth rate, and growth curve mathematics are also explained.
Lecture-6 Reproduction in bacteria.ppt
Bacteria reproduce through binary fission or the splitting of a single parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Binary fission involves the replication of the bacterial genome followed by the formation of a septum that divides the cytoplasm and separates the daughter cells. Under optimal growth conditions, the generation time for many bacterial species is around 20-30 minutes. Bacteria may also reproduce through budding, fragmentation, or through a process called diauxic growth when grown on two different carbon sources sequentially. Synchronous bacterial cultures can be obtained by subjecting asynchronous cultures to stresses that arrest growth at a specific cell cycle stage.
bacterial growth curve unit 2.pptx
The document describes the bacterial growth curve, which tracks the growth of bacteria over time when cultured in an appropriate growth medium. It consists of four phases: 1) Lag phase, where bacteria adapt to their environment but do not multiply; 2) Log phase, where bacteria multiply rapidly through cell division; 3) Stationary phase, where growth rate equals death rate due to limited resources or toxic buildup; and 4) Decline phase, where the bacterial population decreases due to various stressors until few bacteria remain as long-term survivors. The length of each phase depends on factors like bacterial species, medium composition, inoculum size, and environmental conditions.
Growth Curve.pptx
The document summarizes the bacterial growth curve, which shows the characteristic pattern of bacterial population growth over time when bacteria are inoculated into fresh liquid medium. The growth curve consists of four phases: 1) Lag phase where bacteria adjust to the new environment before dividing, 2) Log or exponential phase where bacteria divide rapidly at a constant rate, 3) Stationary phase where growth balances with death resulting in no net population change, and 4) Death phase where the population declines due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Growth curve
The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.
Nutrition & Bacterial Growth
This document discusses various types of bacterial growth and nutrition. It begins by describing autotrophs and heterotrophs, and how they obtain nutrients. It then discusses different types of autotrophs like photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. The document also covers bacterial growth curves, including the lag, logarithmic, stationary and death phases. It describes continuous culture techniques used to maintain bacterial growth. Measurement of bacterial growth through serial dilutions and turbidity analysis is also summarized.
Physiology of Bacteria.pptx
Here are the answers to the MCQs:
1. Binary fission
2. 20 minutes
3. 20 hours
4. 20 days
5. Lag phase
1. Log or exponential
2. Stationary
3. Phase of decline
4. Stationary
5. Log or exponential
Psychrophilic
Mesophilic
Campylobacter spp, Helicobacter spp
Neisseria spps, Brucella abortus
Ambe 101 @ lec 4
This document provides information about the course AMBE-101 Agricultural Microbiology which is worth 2 credits and includes a 1 hour lecture and 1 hour lab. It discusses various topics related to microbial growth including bacterial reproduction methods, factors affecting growth, growth curves and phases, synchronous growth, and continuous culture techniques like chemostats which are used to maintain bacterial cultures in exponential phase. Continuous culture using a chemostat works by maintaining a constant dilution rate and limiting nutrient concentration to control bacterial growth rate and keep cell density constant.
Bahan Ajar 2 - PengBio Rivaldi Sidabutar.pptx
This document provides an introduction to bioprocessing and control of microbial growth. It defines key terms related to sterilization and microbial control. Methods of microbial control discussed include heat sterilization using autoclaves, filtration, and chemical disinfectants. The kinetics of microbial growth are described using equations for exponential growth, substrate utilization, and calculating yields. Different modes of fermentation processes like batch, continuous, and fed-batch are introduced. The next meeting will cover cell disruption, kinetics of continuous culture, yield calculations, and applications of batch and continuous processes.
Continuous Culture ARUL SELVAM.pptx
The document discusses continuous culture, which allows microorganisms to grow indefinitely. It describes two methods: chemostats, which use a constant dilution rate to maintain a stable cell density, and turbidostats, which control nutrient flow to keep turbidity constant. Continuous culture provides advantages like exponential growth and high productivity but requires precise control and equipment to avoid contamination risks. It allows microbial cells to exist in a steady state of growth compared to batch cultures.
Presentation
Bacteria have a life cycle that includes four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death or decline phase. During the lag phase, bacteria adjust to their environment but do not grow. In the log phase, bacteria multiply rapidly through cell division. The stationary phase occurs when growth limiting factors like nutrient depletion cause growth to dwindle. Finally, in the death phase bacteria die off faster than new cells are produced as nutrients are exhausted.
2014_BKCS Lee and Baek
This document summarizes a study that used SWATH-based mass spectrometry to compare the proteomes of the BCG-Korea strain and BCG-Pasteur strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Twenty of the most abundant proteins identified in the BCG proteome were selected for quantification between the two strains using SWATH. Thirteen of the twenty proteins showed significant changes in expression levels between the BCG-Korea and BCG-Pasteur strains, indicating that genomic differences between the strains affect protein expression levels. The SWATH method provided a straightforward, reliable approach for comparative proteomic analysis of the two BCG strains.
bacteria-growthcurveisolationandpreservation-210101092212.pdf
Bacteria can divide through binary fission or other means like budding or fragmentation. The average generation time for bacteria is 1-3 hours, with E. coli taking 20 minutes to divide. Bacterial growth follows distinct phases on a growth curve: lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Factors like nutrients, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence bacterial growth. Diauxic growth occurs when bacteria sequentially utilize two different nutrients for growth. Synchronous bacterial growth can be achieved through techniques like nutrient depletion and addition or physical separation methods. Maintaining bacterial cultures involves isolating pure cultures and continuous culture techniques like chemostat systems.
A procedure for high yield spore production by bacillus subtilis
This document summarizes a study on optimizing culture conditions to increase Bacillus subtilis spore production. The researchers investigated the effects of pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and media composition in batch cultures. They achieved a maximum spore concentration of 5.6 × 109 spores/mL by maintaining pH at 7.5 and optimizing other conditions. They then developed a fed-batch process using an exponential feeding profile, achieving a maximum spore concentration of 7.4 × 109 spores/mL, representing a 3-fold increase over previous studies.
Microbial Growth curve
1. The document discusses microbial growth curves and the different phases of bacterial growth: lag, exponential, stationary, and death phase.
2. It explains key concepts like generation time, growth rate constant, batch and continuous culture techniques, and the importance of understanding growth curves.
3. The mathematics of growth is also covered, including definitions and calculations of generation time and growth rate constant.
Bacterial Growth Curve.pdf
The document describes the bacterial growth curve, which plots the growth of bacteria over time in a batch culture. It discusses the four phases of the bacterial growth curve: 1) Lag phase, where bacteria adapt to their environment and do not multiply significantly; 2) Log or exponential phase, where bacteria multiply at their maximum rate; 3) Stationary phase, where growth equals death rate due to nutrient exhaustion and waste accumulation; 4) Death or decline phase, where bacterial death exceeds growth and their numbers decrease exponentially.
physical factors and growth curve.pdf
1. Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for reproduction through metabolic activity without cell division.
3. The exponential phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell division until nutrients are exhausted or toxic byproducts accumulate.
Bacteria iii
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion
Similar to GROWTH CURVE.pdf (20)
bacteria-growthcurveisolationandpreservation-210101092212.pdf
bacteria-growthcurveisolationandpreservation-210101092212.pdf
A procedure for high yield spore production by bacillus subtilis
A procedure for high yield spore production by bacillus subtilis
More from HarinaGomu
AZOSPIRILLUM
This document is a report submitted by G. Petchiammal to Dr. S. Viswanathan, Head of the Department of Microbiology at Sri Paramakalyani College. The report discusses the biofertilizer Azospirillum, including its history of discovery and classification, characteristics, effects on plant growth, production methods, mode of action, benefits, and field applications. Azospirillum was first isolated in 1922 in Brazil and shown to have nitrogen-fixing abilities. It is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that lives in soil and associates with plant roots. Inoculation with Azospirillum biofertilizer can increase crop yields while reducing the need for chemical fertil
FLAGELLA.pdf
This document provides an overview of a unit on bacterial flagella from a microbiology course. It describes the structure of flagella including the filament, hook, and basal body. It discusses the different types of flagella including monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous. It explains the mechanism of flagellar movement including how rotation propels bacteria and the roles of chemotaxis in bacterial movement toward attractants and away from repellents.
Nitrogenase.pptx
The document discusses nitrogenase enzymes, which are produced by certain bacteria and are responsible for reducing nitrogen gas to ammonia. It notes that nitrogen fixation is essential for life. The summary describes that nitrogenase consists of two components - the MoFe protein that catalyzes nitrogen reduction and the Fe protein that supplies electrons. The mechanism involves electrons flowing from ATP to the Fe-S cluster and then to the FeMo cofactor where nitrogen is reduced to ammonia. Key bacteria that synthesize nitrogenase include rhizobia, cyanobacteria, and azotobacter.
BACTERIAL GROWTH AND BINARY FISSION.pdf
This document discusses bacterial growth and binary fission. It explains that bacteria increase in number through binary fission, where the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. The steps of binary fission include DNA replication, cell growth, DNA segregation, and cell splitting. There are different types of binary fission such as irregular, longitudinal, and transverse. The time for one cell to divide into two daughter cells is called the generation time, which can be used to measure bacterial growth. Common bacteria that use binary fission include Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
CAPSULE.pptx
The document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize. It consists of only blank lines and the words "THANK YOU" without any other context.
Bacterial spore physiology.pdf
Bacterial spores are highly resistant structures that form during unfavorable conditions as part of the lifecycle of certain bacteria. They can survive without nutrients. Spores are formed intracellularly and are called endospores. Key spore-forming bacteria include Bacillus and Clostridium species. The spore has an outer coat, cortex, and core. Sporulation is a multi-stage process where a forespore is formed and engulfed, developing a resistant structure before being released. Endospores can remain dormant for long periods before germinating under favorable conditions.
Immunosuppression ppt.pptx
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficiency of the immune system. There are different types of immunosuppression, including induced immunosuppression which can occur during transplantation procedures due to genetic differences between donor and recipient tissues. Autoimmunosuppression or immunodeficiency is when the immune system does not respond properly to antigens, allowing pathogens to affect the body. Immunosuppressive drugs are a class of drugs that suppress the strength of the immune system and are used to treat autoimmune diseases and prevent rejection after organ transplantation, but can have adverse effects such as increased risk of infection, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Immunosuppression ppt.pptx
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficiency of the immune system. There are different types of immunosuppression, including induced immunosuppression which can occur during transplantation procedures due to genetic differences between donor and recipient tissues. Autoimmunosuppression or immunodeficiency is when the immune system does not respond properly to antigens, allowing pathogens to affect the body. Immunosuppressive drugs are a class of drugs that suppress the strength of the immune system and are used to treat autoimmune diseases and prevent rejection after organ transplantation, but can have adverse effects such as increased risk of infection, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Batch culture.pptx
The document describes the different phases of batch fermentation:
- Lag phase where cells adapt to their new environment with no immediate growth. This phase can be reduced using a suitable inoculum.
- Exponential phase where cells multiply rapidly at their maximum growth rate as they are well-adjusted to their environment.
- Stationary phase where nutrient levels are exhausted and growth rate equals death rate, resulting in no net growth.
- Decline phase which is the final stage where cell numbers decline exponentially due to lysis following first-order death rate kinetics.
The document also discusses how the Monod equation describes growth rate as a function of substrate concentration and utilization.
More from HarinaGomu (9)
Recently uploaded
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Recently uploaded (20)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
GROWTH CURVE.pdf
- 1. Reaacredited with B grade with a CGPA of 2.71 in the second cycle of NAAC affiliated to manomanium sundaranar university, Tirunelveli. Post graduate & Research Centre – Department of Microbiology (government aided) I SEM CORE: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM (ZMBM13) UNIT-5 BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE S . SARAL BEEVI SUBMITTED TO REG.NO:20211232516123 GUIDE :DR. VISWANATHAN. PH.D., I. M. SC. MICROBIOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND HEAD ASSIGNED ON : 05/12/2022 SPKC ALWARKURCHI TAKEN ON : 12/01/2022
- 2. INTRODUCTION GROWTH CURVE-FOUR PHASES LAG PHASE LOGPHASE LIMITATIONS OF LOG PHASE STATIONARY PHASE DEATH PHASE MATHEMETICAL CALCULATIONS OF GROWTH CURVE OF BACTERIA CALCULATION OF GENERATION TIME EXAMPLE REFERENCES
- 3. Bacterial growth is regulated by nutritional environment. When suitable environment is there that time bacterium is incubated, its growth leads to increase in number of cells which allow definite course.
- 4. The growth curve has got four phases: Lag phase Log phase or exponential phase Stationary phase Decline phase
- 5. LAG PHASE(1-4 HOUR) ➢Bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. It is the period where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide. ➢During the lag phase of the bacterial growth cycle, synthesis of RNA, enzymes, and other molecules occurs. ➢Length of this phase depend on type of bacterial species, culture medium, and environmental factors.
- 7. It is a period characterized by cell doubling. The number of new bacteria appearing per unit time is proportional to the present population. The rate of cell division is currently at its maximum with the number of bacteria doubling as often as every 20 minutes. Exponential growth is balanced growth .i.e., all cellular constituents are manufactured at constant rates relative to each other. The population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physiological properties during this phase; therefore log phase cultures are usually used in biochemical and physiological studies.
- 9. Limitations of log phase: Exhaustion of nutrition Accumulation of toxic metabolites and products Rise in cell density Change in PH. (Log phase is the time when cells are most active Metabolically and is preferred for industrial purpose)
- 10. The rate of growth levels stop during this period. This is because: ❑The nutrients are becoming used up ❑The amount of waste produced by the bacteria themselves is increasing. ❑The rate at which new cells are produced is equal to the rate at which other cells are dying.
- 12. During this phase more bacteria are dying than are being produced. This is because: • Very few nutrients are left • Many bacteria are poisoned by the waste produced by such large numbers. • Finally, after certain time period all the cells die and culture becomes sterile.
- 13. Generation time-Doubling time During the exponential phase each microorganism is dividing at constant intervals. Thus the population will double in number during a specific length of time called the generation time or doubling time.
- 14. G (generation time) = (time, in minutes or hours)/n(number of generations) G = t/n t = time interval in hours or minutes B= number of bacteria at the beginning of a time interval b = number of bacteria at the end of the time interval n = number of generations (number of times the cell population doubles during the time interval)
- 15. b = B x 2n (This equation is an expression of growth by binary fission) Solve for n: Log b = log B + n log2 ; n Log2 = log b – log B n = log b – log B log2 ( The value of log 2 is 0.301 & log b – log B = log b/B ) n = log b – log B ; n = 1 log (b/B) 0 .301 0.301 n = 3.3 log b/B G = t/n Solve for G G = t/(3.3 log b/B)
- 17. b = 10⁷; B = 10⁴ ; t = 240 minutes G = t/(3.3 log b/B) G = 240 minutes 3.3 log 107/104 G = 240 minutes 3.3 log 10³ G = 240 minutes ; G = 240 minutes 3.3 x 3 (Log 10³ = 3) 9.9 G = 24 minutes Therefore, generation or doubling time is 24 minutes
- 18. 1. Prescott’s Microbiology 2. Microbiology Principles and Explorations- Jacquelyn G. Black. 3. www.microbenotes.com 4. www.biologydictionary.net 5. www.microbeonline.com
- 22. Communication skill is developed. Confidence level is increased. Searching capability is increased. Gained subject knowledge better. Presentation skills are improved. Learn the time management.