This document discusses the growth and development of adolescence across multiple domains. It begins by defining adolescence as the transition period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes. It then covers the biological changes of puberty, psychosocial development, cognitive development, and theories of development. It also addresses nutrition needs, sleep, exercise, sexuality education, injury prevention, and anticipatory guidance for parents.
This includes the physical development , motor - gross and fine motor development , language development , intellectual development , psychosocial development , play, common health problems and areas of health education of the school aged children .(6 - 12 years)
Defines and explains the Physical, Physiological, Gross motor and fine motor, Sensory, Language and Speech Development, Needs of a toddler and accident prevention in toddlers
Childhood is a period where the needs vary according to age.
For a pediatric nurse when dealing with children they should be aware of the needs of a healthy child.
This includes the physical development , motor - gross and fine motor development , language development , intellectual development , psychosocial development , play, common health problems and areas of health education of the school aged children .(6 - 12 years)
Defines and explains the Physical, Physiological, Gross motor and fine motor, Sensory, Language and Speech Development, Needs of a toddler and accident prevention in toddlers
Childhood is a period where the needs vary according to age.
For a pediatric nurse when dealing with children they should be aware of the needs of a healthy child.
Second ppt of adolescence development. This power-point will brings you scope of adolescent. There are 6 aspects of adolescence development: physics, emotions, personal, cognitive, psychosocial, moral and value.
Social Development in children,influences on child social development,stages of child social development, & social development in child at pre-school level.
Social Development.Social Development from Infancy to Adolescence .
Erick Erickson theory of social development. Social Characteristics of Learners and provision of suitable . activities at the following level. . Preschool and Kindergarten . Elementary Level.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT AND THEIR SPECIAL NEEDSRitu Gahlawat
Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood -a time of rapid physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation.
Puberty refers to the maturational, hormonal, and growth process that occurs when the reproductive organs begin to function and the secondary sex characteristics develop.
Separation anxiety is a vital step of emotional development and may continue up to 13 to 15 months of age.
This anxiety usually reduced when the strangers gradually approach from distance in a familiar place especially in presence of the mother or father.
In absence of parents, loving concern of the stranger is very important.
Temper tantrum is a sudden outburst or violent display of anger, frustration and bad temper as physical aggression or resistance such as rigid body, biting, kicking, throwing objects, hitting, crying, rolling on floor, screaming loudly, banging limbs, etc.
The activity is directed towards the environment not to any person or anything.
It is normal in toddler, may continues to preschool period and become more severe indicating the low frustration tolerance. It is found usually in boys, single child and pampered child.
If temper tantrum continues, the child needs professional help from child guidance clinic.
Parent should be made aware about the beginning of temper tantrum and when the child loses control.
Parent should provide alternate activity at that time.
Nobody should make fun and tease the child about the unacceptable behavior.
Parent should explain the child that the angry feeling is normal but controlling anger is an important aspect of growing up.
The child should be protected from self-injury or from doing injury to others.
Physical restraint usually increase frustration and block the outlet of anger.
Frustration can be reduced by calm and loving approach.
Overindulgence should be avoided.
After the temper tantrum is over the child's face and hands should be washed and play materials to be provided for diversion.
The child's tension can be released by vigorous exercise and physical activities. Parents must be firm and consistent in behavior.
Breath-holding spell may occur in children between 6 months and 5 years of age. It is observed in response to frustration or anger during disciplinary conflict. The child is found with violent crying, hyperventilation and sudden cessation of breathing on expiration, cyanosis and rigidity. Loss of consciousness, twitching and tonic-clonic movements may also be found. The child may become limp and look pallor and lifeless. Heart rates become slow. There may be spasm of laryngeal muscles. This attack last for one or two minutes, then glottis relaxed and breathing resumed with no residual effects.
Parents need assurance about the harmless effects of the attack and should be tolerant, calm and kind.
Identification and correction of precipitating factors (emotional, environmental) are essential approach.
Introduction
Puberty
Definition
Types of Development
Health problems of adolescent
Health problem related to sexuality
Eating disorders
Serious health problem of adolescent
Bibliography
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Care of the Childbearing & Childbearing Family
Chapter 33 - Nursing Care of an Adolescent
(ppt based on Joanne Flagg and Adele Pillitteri 8th edition)
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
2. ADOLESCENCE
Is a period of transition between
childhood and adulthood.
A time of rapid physical, cognitive, social
and emotional maturing as the boy
prepares for manhood and the girl
prepares for womanhood.
3. Cont.…..
Adolescence is generally regarded as
the psychologic, social, and
maturational process initiated by the
pubertal changes.
It involves three stages
Early adolescence(11-14yrs)
Middle adolescence(15-17yrs)
Late adolescence(18-20yrs)
5. BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT cont.…..
Obvious changes are
- Increased physical growth
-Development of secondary sexual
characters
-Physical distinction between the sexes
6. Cont.….
Primary sex characteristics- The external and
internal organs that carry out the reproductive
function
Secondary sex characteristics- Changes that
occur through out the body as a result of
hormonal changes
7. The Tanner scale (also known as the
Tanner stages) is a scale of physical
development in children, adolescents and
adults
The scale defines physical
measurements of development based on
external primary and secondary sex
characteristics
9. Breasts (female )
Tanner I
no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest
(prepubertal) [typically age 10 and younger]
Tanner II
breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue;
areola begins to widen [10-11.5]
Tanner III
breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the
borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour
with surrounding breast [11.5-13]
Tanner IV
increased breast size and elevation; areola and papilla form a
secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding
breast [13-15]
Tanner V
breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the
surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. [15+]
10. Pubic hair (both
male and female)
Tanner I
no pubic hair at all (prepubertal Dominic state) [typically age 10 and
younger]
Tanner II
small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base
of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females) [10–
11.5]
Tanner III
hair becomes more coarse and curly, and begins to extend laterally
[11.5–13]
Tanner IV
Adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis[disambiguation needed]
but sparing medial thighs [13–15]
Tanner V
hair extends to medial surface of the thighs [15+]
11. Testis(males)
Tanner I
prepubertal (testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis of 3 cm or
less) [typically age 9 and younger]
Tanner II
testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins,
reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged [9-11]
Tanner III
testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further;
penis begins to lengthen to about 6 cm [11-12.5]
Tanner IV
testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further
and darkens; penis increases in length to 10 cm and circumference
[12.5-14]
Tanner V
testicular volume greater than 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis of
15 cm in length [14+]
12. HORMONAL CHANGES
I t is caused by the hormonal influence and
control by anterior pitutary in response to the
stimulus from hypothalamus.
Functions of gonads-
1) Production and release of
gamates
1) Secretion of sex appropriate
hormones
13. Cont.…….
Estrogen- Feminizing hormone, it is secreted
slowly increasing amount until 11yrs. It
increases and continuous until about 3yrs after
the onset of menstruation.
Androgen-Masculinizing hormone, they are
secreted in small and gradually increasing
amount up to about 7 or 9yrs of age
14. Usual sequence of maturational
changes
Girls Boys
Breast changes Enlargement of testicles
Rapid increase in height and
weight
Growth of pubic hair, axillary
hair, hair on upper lip, hair on
elsewhere on body
Growth of pubic hair Rapid increase in height
Appearance of axillary hair Changes in the larynx and
consequently the voice
Menstruation (usually
begins 2yrs after first signs)
Nocturnal emissions
Abrupt deceleration of linear
growth
Abrupt deceleration of linear
growth
15. PUBERTAL DELAY
In girls - If breast development has not occurred
by age 13 or if menarche has not occurred
within 4 years of the onset of breast
development.
In boys – If no enlargement of the testis or
scrotal changes by 13.5-14 years of age ,or if
genital growth is not complete 4 years after
testicles begin to enlarge.
16. General growth pattern
Boys Girls
Increased shoulder width Due to hormonal effect bones are
more strong, Broader hip
Voice become striking, deep to
high tones as a result of
enlarged larynx and vocal cords
Voice become slightly deeper and
considerably fuller
Lean body mass Chubby body
Muscles well developed Muscle mass increase is
proportionate to general tissue
growth
Sebaceous gland is more active Sebaceous gland is more active
Fat deposits present over body
parts
Fat deposits present over body
parts
Heavy sweating Less sweating
Extremity hairs are more Less extremity hair
17. THEORIES
Psychosocial development- Identity v/s role confusion
Psychosexual – Genital stage
Cognitive development – Formal operative
Moral development –Internalised set of moral
principles
Spiritual development – Deep spiritual concerns
18. Psychosocial development
Adolescence see themselves as distinct individuals
During this period the adolescent is faced with the
problem of group identity.
It is followed by developing a sense of personal identity
as opposed to role diffusion
Group identity appears to be essential to the
development of a sense of personal identity.
19. Cognitive development
Cognitive thinking cumulates with the capacity for
abstract thinking .
This stage, the period of formal operations, is piaget’s
fourth and last stage.
They think beyond the present.
They can imagine a sequence of events that might occur
Thoughts can be influenced by logical principles rather
than just their own perceptions and experiences
20. Moral development
Strong pressure to violate the old beliefs.
Their decision involving moral dilemmas must be based
on an internalised set of moral principles .
Late adolescence is characterised by serious
questioning of existing moral values and their relevance
to society and the individual.
21. Spiritual development
Adolescent are capable of understanding abstract
concepts and of interpreting analogies and symbols.
They are able to empathize, philosophize, and think
logically.
Tendency towards introspection and emotional intensity
often makes it difficult for others to know what they are
thinking.
May reveal deep spiritual concerns.
22. Social development
Adolescents want to grow up and to be free of parental
retrain restraints
They are fearful as they try to comprehend the
responsibilities that are linked with independence.
Acceptance by peers, a few close friends, and the
secure love of a supportive family are requisites for
interpersonal maturation.
23. Relationship with parents
During adolescence the parent- child relationship
changes from protection-dependency to mutual affection
and equality.
On the one hand adolescents are accepted as maturing
preadults.
On other hand they must conform to regulations and
restrictions set by adults.
24. Cont.…….
Teenagers become more competent, and with this
competence come a need for more autonomy.
Parents should use an authoritative style of parenting in
which authority is used to guide the adolescent while
allowing developmentally appropriate levels of freedom
and providing clear, consistent messages regarding
expectations
25. Cont.……..
To gain trust of adolescents, parents must respect their
youngster’s privacy, as well as show a sincere interest
in what the adolescent believes and feels.
26. Relationship with peers
The peer group serves as a strong support to teenagers
providing them with a sense of belonging and a feeling
of strength and power.
To gain acceptance by a group, younger teenagers tend
to confirm completely in such things as mode of dress,
hairstyle, taste in music and vocabulary
27. Cont.………
Within the larger groups smaller, distinct, and rather
exclusive crowds or cliques of selected close friends
who are emotionally attached to each other.
Cliques are usually made up of one sex, and girls tend
to be more cliquish than boys.
To be ignored or criticized by peers creates feelings of
inferiority, inadequacy and incompetence
28. Interest and activity
Adolescent spend a large amount of time engaging in
leisure time activities.
In addition to providing teenagers with fun and
enjoyment, leisure time activities assist in the
development of social, physical, and cognitive skills.
Leisure time activities also allow teenagers the
opportunity to learn to set priorities and structure their
time.
29. Nutrition
Increased nutritional requirements.
The calorie and protein requirement during this
time are higher than at almost any other time of
life.
There is a substantial increase in the need for the
minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc for the generation
of both skeletal and bone tissue.
30. Cont.…..
Girls with very heavy or frequent menses may be
especially susceptible for iron deficiency resulting from
blood loss.
Dietary intervention should promote the regular
consumption of breakfast and a balanced intake of a
variety of foods.
31. Nutritional requirements for
adolescents
Calories
The average teenage boy get about 2,800 calories per
day and the average teenage girl get about 2,200
calories a day.
Grains
All teens should aim to get at least half of their grains
from whole grain products.
girls who are between the ages of 14 and 19 should get
6 oz and boys between the ages of 14 and 19 should get
9 oz. (1 OZ = ½ CUP)
32. CONT…..
Protein
All teenage girls should get 5 oz. equivalents of protein
each day. Teenage boys who are 13 should also get 5
oz. of protein a day, and teenage boys older than 13
should get 6 ½ oz. equivalents.
All teenagers, regardless of age or gender, should get 3
cups of dairy each day.
33. Sleep and rest
Rapid physical growth the tendency towards
overexertion, and the overall increased activity of this
age contribute to fatigue in adolescents.
Teenagers vary in there need for sleep and rest.
Adequate sleep and rest at this time are important to a
total health regimen.
34. Exercise and activity
Many adolescents participated in sports within the
school.
The practice of sports, games and even dancing
contributes significantly with growth and
development, the educational process, and better
health.
35. CONT….
The activities provide exercise for growing muscles,
interactions with peers, and a socially acceptable
means of enjoying stimulation and conflict.
Competitive activities provide teenagers a sense of
self-appraisal and development of self-respect
36. Immunization
TT Booster at 10 and 16 years
Rubella As part of MMR vaccine or (Monovalent) 1 dose to girls at 12-13 years of age, if
not given earlier
MMR 1 dose at 12-13 years of age. (if not given earlier)
Hepatitis B 3 Doses (0, 1 and 6 m) if not given earlier
Typhoid TA, Vi or Oral typhoid vaccine every 3 years
Varicella* 1 dose upto 12-13 years, and 2 doses after 13 years of age. (if not given earlier)
Hepatitis
A*
2 doses (0 and 6 months) if not given earlier
37. Dental health
Dental health should not be neglected during
adolescence, although the rate of caries formation is not
as great as in childhood. Early adolescence is usually
when corrective orthodontic appliances are worn, and
these are frequently a source of embarrassment and
concern to the youngsters.
38. Personal care
Body changes associated with puberty bring special
needs for cleanliness.
The hyperactive sebaceous glands and newly
functioning apocrine glands make frequent bathing or
showering a necessity, and underarm deodorants
assume an important place in personal care
39. Sexuality education and guidance
The development of primary and secondary sex
characteristics and the increased sensitivity of the
genitals produce thoughts and fantasies about sexual
relationship.
The responsibility for providing sex education has been
assumed by parents, schools, churches , community
agencies and health professionals.
Sexuality education should consist of instruction
concerning normal body functions and should be
presented in a straight forward manner using correct
terminologies.
40. CONT……
When discussing sex and sexual activities, nurse should
use simple but correct language, not highly scientific
terminology or evasive jargon.
Teenagers need to discuss intercourse,and how to resist
peer pressure, prevention of sexually transmitted
disease and also value education.
Make them to develop decision making skills and
problem solving so that they can anticipate negative and
positive outcomes of a decision
41. Injury prevention
Physical injuries are the common cause for death in
adolescent age group.
The most vulnerable age are 15-25yrs
Accidental injuries accounts for 60% in boys and 40% in
girls.
Educate the child regarding safety precautions.
They must also help to initiate and develop prevention
strategies that will decrease the number and severity of
these injuries.
42. ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
Encourage parents to:
Accept adolescent as individual.
Respect their ideas, likes and dislikes.
Listen their views
Avoid comparing with other children
Avoid criticism about no win topics
Provide opportunity to select solutions and accept their
consequences.
43. Cont….
Encourage learning by doing.
Respects adolescent privacy.
Try to make the communication clear.
Provide clear reasonable limits.
Avoid comparison with sibling.
Assist them in selecting appropriate career goals and
prepare them for adult role.
Provide unconditional love.
Be willing to apologize when mistaken.