ABSTRACT: Okra commonly called lady finger or bhindi is one of the most popular and extensively grown
vegetable crop all over India. Water and fertilizers plays a major role in okra production. Drip fertigation is
the technique which applies fertilizers with water by drip irrigation system. In the present paper, as reported by
different research workers throughout world drip fertigation in okra saves 20% to 61% of water, increases yield
by 13% to 76%, fertilizer saving from 15% to 30% and results in higher water use efficiency from 35.5% to 50.8
% as compared with traditional method. It is also economically viable with benefit to cost ratio varying from
1.41 to 2.99.
KEYWORDS: Drip fertigation, drip irrigation, water use efficiency, okra, yield
________________________________________________________________________________________
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of irrigation interval and plant density on the yield and yield components of mungbean. The study found that:
1) An irrigation interval of 8 days resulted in taller plants, more pods per plant, heavier 100-seed weight, and longer pods compared to 10 or 12 day intervals.
2) Higher plant density of 25cm row spacing led to more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, and longer pods than densities of 15cm or 20cm.
3) The interaction of 8 day irrigation interval and 25cm row spacing produced the highest 100-seed weight.
4) A density of 15cm row spacing resulted in higher biological yield than
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
The document discusses a study on the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management on capsicum. Key findings include:
1) The highest nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O content in both plants and fruits was found with treatment T3 (drip irrigation at 100% EPR with 75% recommended dose of N and K applied through drip).
2) Treatment T3 also resulted in the highest uptake of nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O by both plants and fruits, as well as the highest total uptake and fruit yield.
3) Available nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O in the soil after harvest was highest under drip irrigation treatments where fertilizer
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different drip irrigation levels on the yield of salad cucumber grown under naturally ventilated polyhouses. The study found that lowering irrigation to 65% of the control level (1.3 L per plant per day) sustained production and increased water use efficiency without decreasing yield. The 65% irrigation level produced the highest fruit number, fruit weight, fruit yield, water use efficiency, net return, and benefit-cost ratio compared to other levels. Therefore, the study concludes that a drip irrigation level of 65% is the best recommendation to maximize economic yield of salad cucumber under polyhouse conditions while saving water.
This study aimed to evaluate the filter media (anthracite and sand) in the water treatment plant's filtration system based on effective size and uniformity coefficient, and determine if replacement was needed. Samples of anthracite and sand were analyzed and found to have uniformity coefficients and effective sizes that exceeded international guidelines. The results showed the filter media needed to be replaced to improve filtration efficiency and comply with standards. The filter beds were subsequently renewed based on the findings of this study.
Soil moisture distribution pattern under surface subsurface drip irrigationArpna bajpai
Moisture distribution pattern is one of the basic requirements for efficient design and management of an irrigation system. The knowledge of moisture distribution pattern helps in the effectiveness of drip irrigation
Productivity and quality of sugar beet as affecting by sowing and irrigation ...Innspub Net
Two field experiments were carried out at Kalabsho Experimental Farm, Dakahlia Governorate, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of sowing methods (mechanical and manual methods), irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation system) and hill spacings (10, 15 and 20cm between hills) on yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet cv. Hossam as a multigerm variety under sandy soil conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; the optimum sowing method that produced the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters was mechanical sowing method (planter machine) in both seasons. Irrigation sugar beet plants by using drip irrigation system yielded the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters and followed by using surface flooding irrigation system in both seasons. Planting sugar beet seeds on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed produced, the highest values of yield and its components and root quality parameters and followed by planting on 15cm between hills, resulting plant population density 46666 plants/fed and finally planting on 10cm between hills, resulting plant population density 70000 plants/fed in the two seasons. From the obtained data in this study, it can be concluded that sowing sugar beet using mechanical sowing method (planter machine), irrigation by using drip irrigation system and planting on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed in order to maximizing its productivity and quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
1) The document summarizes a field experiment studying the effects of deficit irrigation and different mulch covers on water use and yield of drip-irrigated onions.
2) It found that onion bulb yield decreased with higher levels of water deficit, but water use efficiency increased.
3) Using straw mulch resulted in the highest onion yields, though it was similar to using clear or black plastic mulches. Straw mulch also provided significant water savings.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of irrigation interval and plant density on the yield and yield components of mungbean. The study found that:
1) An irrigation interval of 8 days resulted in taller plants, more pods per plant, heavier 100-seed weight, and longer pods compared to 10 or 12 day intervals.
2) Higher plant density of 25cm row spacing led to more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, and longer pods than densities of 15cm or 20cm.
3) The interaction of 8 day irrigation interval and 25cm row spacing produced the highest 100-seed weight.
4) A density of 15cm row spacing resulted in higher biological yield than
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
The document discusses a study on the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management on capsicum. Key findings include:
1) The highest nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O content in both plants and fruits was found with treatment T3 (drip irrigation at 100% EPR with 75% recommended dose of N and K applied through drip).
2) Treatment T3 also resulted in the highest uptake of nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O by both plants and fruits, as well as the highest total uptake and fruit yield.
3) Available nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O in the soil after harvest was highest under drip irrigation treatments where fertilizer
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different drip irrigation levels on the yield of salad cucumber grown under naturally ventilated polyhouses. The study found that lowering irrigation to 65% of the control level (1.3 L per plant per day) sustained production and increased water use efficiency without decreasing yield. The 65% irrigation level produced the highest fruit number, fruit weight, fruit yield, water use efficiency, net return, and benefit-cost ratio compared to other levels. Therefore, the study concludes that a drip irrigation level of 65% is the best recommendation to maximize economic yield of salad cucumber under polyhouse conditions while saving water.
This study aimed to evaluate the filter media (anthracite and sand) in the water treatment plant's filtration system based on effective size and uniformity coefficient, and determine if replacement was needed. Samples of anthracite and sand were analyzed and found to have uniformity coefficients and effective sizes that exceeded international guidelines. The results showed the filter media needed to be replaced to improve filtration efficiency and comply with standards. The filter beds were subsequently renewed based on the findings of this study.
Soil moisture distribution pattern under surface subsurface drip irrigationArpna bajpai
Moisture distribution pattern is one of the basic requirements for efficient design and management of an irrigation system. The knowledge of moisture distribution pattern helps in the effectiveness of drip irrigation
Productivity and quality of sugar beet as affecting by sowing and irrigation ...Innspub Net
Two field experiments were carried out at Kalabsho Experimental Farm, Dakahlia Governorate, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of sowing methods (mechanical and manual methods), irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation system) and hill spacings (10, 15 and 20cm between hills) on yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet cv. Hossam as a multigerm variety under sandy soil conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; the optimum sowing method that produced the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters was mechanical sowing method (planter machine) in both seasons. Irrigation sugar beet plants by using drip irrigation system yielded the highest values of yield and its components as well as root quality parameters and followed by using surface flooding irrigation system in both seasons. Planting sugar beet seeds on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed produced, the highest values of yield and its components and root quality parameters and followed by planting on 15cm between hills, resulting plant population density 46666 plants/fed and finally planting on 10cm between hills, resulting plant population density 70000 plants/fed in the two seasons. From the obtained data in this study, it can be concluded that sowing sugar beet using mechanical sowing method (planter machine), irrigation by using drip irrigation system and planting on one side of the ridge, 60cm width, and 20cm between hills, resulting plant population density 35000 plants/fed in order to maximizing its productivity and quality under the environmental conditions of sandy soil in Kalabsho region, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
1) The document summarizes a field experiment studying the effects of deficit irrigation and different mulch covers on water use and yield of drip-irrigated onions.
2) It found that onion bulb yield decreased with higher levels of water deficit, but water use efficiency increased.
3) Using straw mulch resulted in the highest onion yields, though it was similar to using clear or black plastic mulches. Straw mulch also provided significant water savings.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Research paper Pressur tube emmiter Anlaysis ofmicrotube emitter of trickle...Col Islam Ul Haq
This document analyzes the uniformity of application and pressure variation of microtube emitters in a trickle irrigation system installed on 1.2 acres of citrus orchard in Pakistan. The study found that the discharge of microtube emitters varied from 15.67 to 8.67 L/h under pressure heads of 10.56 to 7 m when the system was operated at 10.54 m pressure head. Water application uniformity was above 80%, indicating proper system design and dimensions. Pressure variation along laterals caused a 2.03 m drop in one block and 2.4 m drop in another. Coefficient of variation for pressure was 12% in one block and 27% in the other.
Reuse & Recirculation of Filter Backwash Water of Water Treatment WaterIJERA Editor
Most of the water treatment plant, filtration is done by means of sand filtration process. Due to continuous filtration process, sand pores get clogged and decreases the efficiency. For mitigating such problem, reverse flow of water & air i.e. backwashing process is carried out. To carry out backwashing operation, 4% of treated water has been utilized and will result in muddy water known as backwash water. This backwash water is then discharged into a natural stream or storage tank near the plant for recirculation. The present study includes a trial for the reuse & recirculation of backwash water
This document describes a project on fertigation through drip irrigation using an embedded system. The system uses sensors like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH sensors connected to an ARM cortex M3 processor to automate and precisely control fertigation. The system benefits farmers by saving water and fertilizer, reducing labor, and allowing for high crop yields. Future work may include integrating internet and mobile connectivity for remote monitoring and control of irrigation and fertilization.
Authors: Amod K. Thakur and Norman Uphoff
Title: 1707 - Climate Smart agriculture: How modified crop/water management with SRI can contribute to climate-resilience and higher water productivity
Date: October 23-25, 2017
Presented at: 2017 Annual Meetings of ASA-CSSA-SSSA on ‘Managing Global Resources for a Secure Future
Venue: Tampa, Florida, USA
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of organic manure (cowdung) and water management practices (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on methane emissions from rice production. Pot experiments were conducted during the summer and rainy seasons of 2017 in Myanmar. The study found that continuous flooding generally resulted in higher methane emissions than alternate wetting and drying. Methane emissions also varied depending on the rate of applied organic manure. The highest and lowest emitting manure rates differed between the water management practices and seasons. Surface water pH was found to be correlated with methane emission levels.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Over abstraction of groundwater and limitation of natural recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley are causing an increase in groundwater salinity. The high demand for medicine herbs at international market attracted Palestinian farmers to grow medicine herbs including Oregano. Pilot project was carried out under greenhouse condition where magnetize technology introduced for the first time in irrigation of Oregano to overcome salinity problem. Using of magnetized treated water caused an increase of about 26% in the yield. Positive significant different for the favorite of Oregano irrigated with magnetized water compared with controlled in term of major branches, water content, number of surviving seedling and chlorophyll content. A decrease in the number of clogged dripper was found under treated magnetized water compared with controlled condition.
pillow irrigation is the advance stage of the drip irrigation and furrow irrigation where the weed control can be done without any expenditure and mechanical work
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
-In the field of Agriculture most important things
are fertility of soil, nutrition’s available in soil, water availability
in that area, atmospheric conditions .All these parameters are
playing the measure roll regarding the productivity of crop .In
this paper we are trying to go through the techniques which will
show us how to improve productivity with the minimum use of
natural resources like water, and avoid leaching of soil by using
fertilizers through drip. This can be used in greenhouse or open
environments to efficiently monitor soil moisture and
temperature, ambient temperature, and humidity. Wired
communications, sensor networks, and other complementary
technologies provide the necessary tools to compile and processes
physical variables, including temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, pH of soil, fertilizer concentrations. Greenhouse and
precision agricultural, in general, demand real-time precise
measurement of these parameters in order to avoid unnecessary
exposure to unhealthy ambient conditions, assure maximum
productivity and provide value-added quality. This paper aims to
implement the basic application of automizing the irrigation field
by programming the components and building the necessary
hardware with ARM7 Processor. This is used to find the exact
field condition and maintaining their levels in the soil
This document presents a project to implement drip irrigation in the Bundelkhand region of India to address water scarcity issues. The region has experienced decreasing rainfall and problems with drought. Drip irrigation would help conserve water resources by reducing losses from surface runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation compared to flood irrigation methods. The project aims to study soil properties, rainfall data, and feasibility of drip irrigation for the region. Methodology includes soil sampling and testing, installation of a drip irrigation system, analysis of results, and development of a proposed drip irrigation model and conclusions.
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
IRJET- Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Systems on Onion Yield and Water U...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates different furrow irrigation systems on onion yield and water use efficiency in Ethiopia. It finds that alternate furrow irrigation can save 20% of irrigation water applied compared to conventional furrow irrigation, while fixed furrow irrigation saves 30%. Alternate furrow irrigation results in higher water use efficiency and economic return relative to the other systems in both study years. The study concludes that farmers can practice alternate furrow irrigation, which saves water while achieving maximum yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Research paper Pressur tube emmiter Anlaysis ofmicrotube emitter of trickle...Col Islam Ul Haq
This document analyzes the uniformity of application and pressure variation of microtube emitters in a trickle irrigation system installed on 1.2 acres of citrus orchard in Pakistan. The study found that the discharge of microtube emitters varied from 15.67 to 8.67 L/h under pressure heads of 10.56 to 7 m when the system was operated at 10.54 m pressure head. Water application uniformity was above 80%, indicating proper system design and dimensions. Pressure variation along laterals caused a 2.03 m drop in one block and 2.4 m drop in another. Coefficient of variation for pressure was 12% in one block and 27% in the other.
Reuse & Recirculation of Filter Backwash Water of Water Treatment WaterIJERA Editor
Most of the water treatment plant, filtration is done by means of sand filtration process. Due to continuous filtration process, sand pores get clogged and decreases the efficiency. For mitigating such problem, reverse flow of water & air i.e. backwashing process is carried out. To carry out backwashing operation, 4% of treated water has been utilized and will result in muddy water known as backwash water. This backwash water is then discharged into a natural stream or storage tank near the plant for recirculation. The present study includes a trial for the reuse & recirculation of backwash water
This document describes a project on fertigation through drip irrigation using an embedded system. The system uses sensors like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH sensors connected to an ARM cortex M3 processor to automate and precisely control fertigation. The system benefits farmers by saving water and fertilizer, reducing labor, and allowing for high crop yields. Future work may include integrating internet and mobile connectivity for remote monitoring and control of irrigation and fertilization.
Authors: Amod K. Thakur and Norman Uphoff
Title: 1707 - Climate Smart agriculture: How modified crop/water management with SRI can contribute to climate-resilience and higher water productivity
Date: October 23-25, 2017
Presented at: 2017 Annual Meetings of ASA-CSSA-SSSA on ‘Managing Global Resources for a Secure Future
Venue: Tampa, Florida, USA
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of organic manure (cowdung) and water management practices (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on methane emissions from rice production. Pot experiments were conducted during the summer and rainy seasons of 2017 in Myanmar. The study found that continuous flooding generally resulted in higher methane emissions than alternate wetting and drying. Methane emissions also varied depending on the rate of applied organic manure. The highest and lowest emitting manure rates differed between the water management practices and seasons. Surface water pH was found to be correlated with methane emission levels.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Effects of Using Magnetic Treatment Brackish Water in Irrigation on the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Over abstraction of groundwater and limitation of natural recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley are causing an increase in groundwater salinity. The high demand for medicine herbs at international market attracted Palestinian farmers to grow medicine herbs including Oregano. Pilot project was carried out under greenhouse condition where magnetize technology introduced for the first time in irrigation of Oregano to overcome salinity problem. Using of magnetized treated water caused an increase of about 26% in the yield. Positive significant different for the favorite of Oregano irrigated with magnetized water compared with controlled in term of major branches, water content, number of surviving seedling and chlorophyll content. A decrease in the number of clogged dripper was found under treated magnetized water compared with controlled condition.
pillow irrigation is the advance stage of the drip irrigation and furrow irrigation where the weed control can be done without any expenditure and mechanical work
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
-In the field of Agriculture most important things
are fertility of soil, nutrition’s available in soil, water availability
in that area, atmospheric conditions .All these parameters are
playing the measure roll regarding the productivity of crop .In
this paper we are trying to go through the techniques which will
show us how to improve productivity with the minimum use of
natural resources like water, and avoid leaching of soil by using
fertilizers through drip. This can be used in greenhouse or open
environments to efficiently monitor soil moisture and
temperature, ambient temperature, and humidity. Wired
communications, sensor networks, and other complementary
technologies provide the necessary tools to compile and processes
physical variables, including temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, pH of soil, fertilizer concentrations. Greenhouse and
precision agricultural, in general, demand real-time precise
measurement of these parameters in order to avoid unnecessary
exposure to unhealthy ambient conditions, assure maximum
productivity and provide value-added quality. This paper aims to
implement the basic application of automizing the irrigation field
by programming the components and building the necessary
hardware with ARM7 Processor. This is used to find the exact
field condition and maintaining their levels in the soil
This document presents a project to implement drip irrigation in the Bundelkhand region of India to address water scarcity issues. The region has experienced decreasing rainfall and problems with drought. Drip irrigation would help conserve water resources by reducing losses from surface runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation compared to flood irrigation methods. The project aims to study soil properties, rainfall data, and feasibility of drip irrigation for the region. Methodology includes soil sampling and testing, installation of a drip irrigation system, analysis of results, and development of a proposed drip irrigation model and conclusions.
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
IRJET- Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Systems on Onion Yield and Water U...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates different furrow irrigation systems on onion yield and water use efficiency in Ethiopia. It finds that alternate furrow irrigation can save 20% of irrigation water applied compared to conventional furrow irrigation, while fixed furrow irrigation saves 30%. Alternate furrow irrigation results in higher water use efficiency and economic return relative to the other systems in both study years. The study concludes that farmers can practice alternate furrow irrigation, which saves water while achieving maximum yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY: CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA IRRI...Oyeniyi Samuel
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the evaluated efficiency is sufficient for the irrigation
Comparing the performance of a home-made bottle drip to a commercial drip sys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A study was conducted in which lettuce (Lactucasativa L.) was grown in a plot at the Faculty of Agriculture at Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini to compare three different irrigation methods on the production of marketable heads of lettuce. The performance of lettuce under a commercial drip tape was compared with a home-made bottle drip and a hand watering can as used typically by rural people in the country. The commercial drip had emitters discharging 2 liters per hour and therefore 2 liters per hour was applied with both the home-made bottle drip and the watering can during irrigation. The irrigation frequency was every after two days for all the treatments. The plot sizes were 1.5 m x 4.0 m and there were four replications per treatment. There were eighteen lettuce plants per plot. The lettuce was grown for a period of four weeks and then harvested whole. Yield parameters measured included the plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), root length (cm) and the fresh head mass (grams). Significant differences (P < 0.01) between treatments were obtained for fresh lettuce head mass and root length. The commercial drip treatment had largest fresh mass at 226.8 g. It was followed by bottle drip at 184.8 g. The control had the lowest yield at 165.3 g. There were no significant differences between treatments for plant height and leaf area index. It was concluded that the home-made bottle drip irrigation method could be recommended for rural people who cannot afford to buy the commercial drip system for the production of vegetables for household consumption.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
Comparison of water use savings and crop yields for clay pot and furrow irrig...Alexander Decker
This document compares water use and crop yields for clay pot and furrow irrigation methods in Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Field experiments were conducted using maize and tomato crops under each irrigation method. The results showed that the clay pot system saved 97.1% of applied water for maize and 97.8% for tomatoes compared to the furrow system. Maize yields were 32.2% higher and tomato yields 43.7% higher under the clay pot system due to greater water use efficiency from reduced evaporation and weed competition. The clay pot system provides significant water savings and higher crop productivity per unit of water applied.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield of sorghum. The study consisted of different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied to two soil types and measured various growth parameters. The results showed that irrigation regimes of 100% and 75% performed better in terms of growth, water use efficiency, and economic returns compared to 50% and 25% deficit irrigation. Additionally, there were some interaction effects observed between deficit irrigation and soil type. Overall, the study recommends the use of 75% regulated deficit irrigation for optimizing sorghum growth in this agricultural zone.
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on growth performance of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on the growth performance of sorghum. The study found that sorghum grown under PRD techniques performed better than those under full irrigation. Specifically, irrigation regimes with 75% and 100% of full irrigation water produced better growth parameters, crop water use efficiency, and yields compared to regimes with 50% and 25% irrigation. The study also found interactions between the PRD irrigation techniques and two different soil types (Rengam soil series and Rhu Tapai soil series) for some growth parameters. Overall, the study concluded that using PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in water-limited conditions.
Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Water on Evapotranspiration of TomatoAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses a study on the effect of magnetic treatment of water on evapotranspiration of tomato plants. Three magnetic flux densities were used to treat water for tomato irrigation, along with a control of non-treated water. The amount of water lost daily from buckets containing tomato plants due to evapotranspiration was measured. Plants irrigated with magnetically treated water had higher daily evapotranspiration rates compared to the control, indicating treated water allowed easier water absorption and faster plant growth despite equal water quantities.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 9|| September 2015 || PP.01-05
www.ijesi.org 1 | Page
Growing Okra with Drip Fertigation- A Review
Puneet Sharma1
, Arun Kaushal2
1
(Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India)
2
(Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: Okra commonly called lady finger or bhindi is one of the most popular and extensively grown
vegetable crop all over India. Water and fertilizers plays a major role in okra production. Drip fertigation is
the technique which applies fertilizers with water by drip irrigation system. In the present paper, as reported by
different research workers throughout world drip fertigation in okra saves 20% to 61% of water, increases yield
by 13% to 76%, fertilizer saving from 15% to 30% and results in higher water use efficiency from 35.5% to 50.8
% as compared with traditional method. It is also economically viable with benefit to cost ratio varying from
1.41 to 2.99.
KEYWORDS: Drip fertigation, drip irrigation, water use efficiency, okra, yield
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is extensively grown vegetable crop all over India. Okra
plant requires warm temperatures under optimal range of 21o
C to 30o
C and unable to tolerate frost conditions i.e.
the temperature below 18o
C [1]. It is an enormous challenge to fulfil the vegetable requirement for the world’s
second largest and ever increasing Indian population, putting immense stress on utilization of natural resources.
Proper use of existing water resources by using suitable irrigation technologies to increase okra production per
unit area, keeping in consideration per unit of water used is need of the hour. Application of fertilizers with drip
irrigation system which is called drip fertigation may be an ultimate solution to save and make optimum use of
water and land, and also to increase yield and water productivity.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The work done by the research workers/scientists throughout the world on drip fertigation in Okra has
been collected and critically analyzed and is being presented under following sub-heads.
2.1 Yield response
2.2 Water productivity
2.3 Emitter clogging in drip fertigation
2.4 Economics
2.1 Yield response
Yield and yield attributes of bhindi as influenced by mulching and methods of irrigation in tropical
monsoon climate and sandy clay loam soil was studied by [2]. Randomized block design consisted ten treatments
which included three treatments at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 MPa soil moisture tension under drip irrigation without
mulch; three treatments at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 MPa soil moisture tension under drip irrigation with mulch and
three treatments at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 MPa soil moisture tension under furrow irrigation with mulch. The
experiment also included a control treatment i.e. furrow irrigation without mulch. It was reported that drip
irrigated crop along with mulch condition produced yield of 22.70 tha-1
, whereas mulched and furrow irrigated
crop produced 20.95 tha-1
and the control produced 12.86 tha-1
; indicating better yield by sustainable water
supply under drip irrigation along with mulching than furrow irrigation.
Response of okra to drip irrigation and mulching in coastal Orissa was studied by conducting an
experiment in which drip irrigation system was scheduled on alternate days [3]. The experiment involved
treatments which included irrigation requirements 100%, 80%, 60% under drip irrigation and with 100%
irrigation requirement under surface irrigation with and without application of black coloured plastic mulch. The
design of experiment was randomized block design with three times replications of each treatment. The drip
irrigation system was observed to be economical and cost effective as compared with conventional surface
irrigation. Maximum yield was reported to be achieved under the treatment with 100% irrigation requirement in
combination with black coloured plastic mulch. Drip irrigation system either alone or in combination with
mulching increase the okra yield up to an extent of 61 per cent over surface irrigation method.
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Performance of Okra crop under drip irrigation was experimentally studied by [4] in 2009 from January
to April. The experiment consisted of six replications of three irrigation treatments applied i.e. T1 as 15 min
duration and T2 as 30 min duration through drip irrigation whereas third treatment T3 was applied under basin
irrigation with three days irrigation interval as control with randomized block design. Yield for 1000 m2
area was
reported to be 1516, 1514 and 1084 kg corresponding to 15 minute irrigation, 30 minute irrigation and basin
irrigation treatment, respectively. The percentage of yield increase was indicated to be 28.12% and 26% under
15 minute irrigation and 30 minute irrigation, respectively as compared to control.
Effect of irrigation methods and different mulches on yield of okra in Ber based vegetable production
system during the year 2009 and 2010 was studied by [5]. It was reported that highest yield of 83.92 qha-1
were
obtained under the combination of drip irrigation and plastic mulch as compared to 45.3 qha-1
obtained by
surface irrigation method, whereas it was also indicated that drip irrigation had 13.6 and 14.8 per cent higher
yield in comparison to flood irrigation method.
Experiment on yield and water use of Okra grown under micro-sprinkler irrigation system during off-
seasons was conducted by [6]. Nine micro-Irrigation plots (2×2 m2
) were established following a 3×3 completely
randomized block design. Yield and water use of okra under three different irrigation water managements i.e.
irrigation water treatments at 20% - Low irrigation, 50% - medium irrigation and 75% - high irrigation ; were
measured. Yield response of okra to irrigation reported to show high positive correlation range of 0.9584 to
0.997 while yield increased from 1.08tha-1
at 183.89mm to 2.78tha-1
at 222.30mm for the three treatments.
Hence, it was suggested that yield of okra especially in dry areas and during off-seasons can be obtained through
high water irrigation application, but where water is moderately scarce, medium irrigation treatment is
recommended to serve as supplement.
Effect of different irrigation practices on growth parameters of okra was reported by [7]. Experiment
included methods such as surface irrigation method, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and sub-surface
irrigation. It was concluded that average fruit yield under drip irrigation was 22.40tha-1
which is significantly
higher than the surface irrigation.
2.2 Water productivity
A study of simple micro-irrigation methods done by [8] to improve irrigation efficiency on vegetable
gardens by decreasing soil evaporation and drainage losses and by creating and maintaining suitable soil
moisture conditions for crop growth. Evaluation of micro irrigation techniques on crops i.e. maize, tomato, rape,
okra and cabbage was done under low-head drip irrigation, pitcher irrigation and subsurface irrigation using clay
pipes. The study reported the mean best improvement in water use efficiency as 35.5% for subsurface drip
irrigation treatments which was indicated to be significantly higher than other techniques.
Influence of drip fertigation on yield and resource use efficiency of bhendi (okra) was field studied by
[9] for two years on a sandy loam soil. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments: three drip irrigation i.e. 0.5,
0.75 and 1.0 (on Epan basis) respectively, three fertigation rates i.e. 60, 90 and 120 (N kg ha-1
) respectively,
furrow irrigation +120 kg N ha-1
, family drip system +120 kg N ha-1
and a control treatment (drip at 1.0 Epan
basis + 0 kg N ha-1
) and was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that
yield and water use efficiency differed significantly among the treatments. Water use efficiency i.e. 8.23 and
8.10 kg ha-1
mm-1
were reported when the crop was drip irrigated at 1.0 Epan and fertigated with 120 kg N ha-1
.
A study on effect of drip irrigation on okra at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
during 2003 and 2004 was conducted by [10]. Okra crop was cultivated in three sub-plots with four treatments of
drip lateral depths viz. on the surface, and at depths of 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 m below the soil surface. Laterals
used for three sub-plots were inline drip laterals having discharge rate of 2.03 × 10-6
, 1.53 ×10-6
and 1.22 × 10-6
m3
s-1
per meter length. Crop was irrigated as per irrigation schedule to fulfil its water requirement and the
observations were recorded on growth parameter, soil moisture content and yield of crop. The study indicated
that water use efficiency of sub-surface drip irrigation is highest at 0.10m depth varying from 43.60 to
58.80Mgha-1
m-1
.
Effect of drip irrigation levels and emitters depth studied by [1] on Okra growth under experiment of
four irrigation rates at 60 %(T1), 80 %(T2), 100% (T3) and 120% (T4) of the estimated evapotranspiration and
four drip irrigation emitters depth at surface 0 m (D0), 0.15m (D1), 0.25m (D2) and 0.35m (D3) with split plot
design. Crop water use efficiency was reported to range from 1.45 to 2.93 kg m-3
and 1.29 to 2.43 kg m-3
in 2005
and 2006 respectively.
Effect of irrigation levels and organic compost on okra plants, grown in sandy calcareous soil was seen
by [11] by conducting field experiments in the crop growing seasons 2008 and 2009. The split-plot experimental
design consisted of three irrigation levels 1198.8 (I1), 1798.2 (I2) and 2397.6 (I3) m3
per acre with drip in
conjunction with two organic fertilizers comprising of composted plant remains and chicken waste manure at the
rate of 6 m3
per acre. It was reported that irrigation water quantity 1798.2 (I2) m3
per acre met through drip
irrigation along with the two types organic fertilizers gave the highest yield (3.3 Mg per acre) with 104%
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increase in yield as compared to I1 and I3. Highest mean water use efficiency through drip irrigation was
reported to be 1.83 under I2 treatment with 1.38 and 0.58 under I1 and I3 treatment respectively.
A research study on the effects of marginal quality ground water in comparison to good quality water
(tap water) on okra yield and water use efficiency was conducted by [12]. Okra was grown under drip system of
irrigation during the year, 2011. For T1 marginal quality water (saline water and tap water mixture of equal
proportions) and for T2 tap water was supplied through emitters. The study reported that higher crop yield and
higher water use efficiency i.e. 18.93tha-1
and 2.7kgm-3
were reported under T1 whereas T2 obtained yield and
water use efficiency as 17.0tha-1
and 2.4kgm-3
respectively. The increase of yield and water use efficiency in T1
over T2 was about 10 per cent in each case.
Effect of salinity of irrigation water on the yield of okra under drip irrigation was evaluated by [13].
The study was performed in randomized block design with four levels of saline irrigation water with (Electrical
conductivity) ECiw=0.2, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 dSm-1
in three replications. Significant change in the yield of okra (Var:
Mahyco-10 Hy) was reported at 1% level of significance. Highest water use efficiency was reported to be with
available fresh water of 0.2 dSm-1
at 0.49; for the treatments of 2.0, 4.0, 8.0dSm-1
it was reported at 0.49, 0.46
and 0.38tha-1
cm-1
, respectively.
Effect of different fertilizers and irrigation methods on yield of okra grown in the Keta Sand Spit of
Southeast Ghana was reported by [14]. Four treatments were compared i.e. sprinkler irrigation, manure spread
fertilization; sprinkler irrigation, localized manure fertilization; drip irrigation, localized manure fertilization;
drip irrigation, fertigation with N–K chemical fertilizers, respectively. Highest water productivity was reported
to be 6.5 kg m-3
with the treatment involving drip fertigation with N-K fertilizers. Water productivity was
indicated to be significantly higher in drip irrigation treatment than other treatments within 5% level of
significance.
2.3 Emitter clogging in drip fertigation
Performance of subsurface drip irrigation system with line source of water application for irrigating
okra crop during 2003 and 2004 was reported by [15]. The experiment consisted of treatments randomly placed
laterals at 5, 10 and 15cm depths from surface, with three times replication of each treatment. The parameters
evaluated were pressure-discharge relationship of emitters, and uniformity of water application including
discharge variation, coefficient of variation, uniformity coefficient, statistical uniformity, and distribution
uniformity. The highest level of performance was reported to be of Sub-surface drip system with the depth of
lateral at 10cm and discharge at 7.3 litre h-1
; as the values of coefficient of variation, uniformity coefficient,
statistical uniformity and distribution uniformity was reported to be 0.082, 98.11, 97.68 and 97.02, respectively.
A study on clogging behaviour of drippers of different discharge rates as influenced by different
fertigation and irrigation water levels was conducted by [16]. Use of either lower discharge rate of dripper
having 1.2 litre h-1
or higher salinity water i.e. 8 EC, clogged the dripper 15 to 30 days earlier as compared to use
of higher discharge rate of dripper 4litre h-1
or lower salinity water i.e. 1.47 EC, respectively.
A study on emitter clogging using reclaimed water for evaluation of the effects of different irrigation
frequencies was conducted by [17], including once per 2 days (IF1/2), once per 4 days (IF1/4), once per 8 days
(IF1/8) and once per 16 days (IF1/16), on dynamic emitters’ outflows and biofilms’ growth. It was reported that
emitter clogging degrees increased with shorter drip irrigation interval, mainly because that discharge ratio
variation (Dra) and Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) both decreased. Combined these with previous
studying results, irrigated between once/8 days and once/4 days was believed to be appropriate for planting
maize in North China Plain using reclaimed water drip irrigation.
2.4 Economics
Economic viability of drip irrigation in combination with different types of mulches for an okra crop
was evaluated by [18]. The effect of three irrigation levels that are VD, 0.8 VD and 0.6 VD with drip in
conjunction with black plastic mulch were studied on biometric and yield response compared to furrow
irrigation. The net seasonal income was reported to be highest as USD 1243 for drip irrigation with plastic mulch
(VD+PM) treatment and benefit to cost ratio vary between 1.77 as highest for VD to 1.28 lowest for VF+PM.
Economics of producing Okra and Amaranth under four irrigation methods-basin, drip, furrow and
sprinkler was evaluated in a research study conducted by [19]. Fixed and variable costs of all the methods were
estimated using results from field experiments. The cost-benefit ratios were reported to be 1.24, 1.41, 1.01, and
1.52 (okra) and 1.50, 1.78, 1.22, and 1.55 (amaranth) for sprinkler, drip, basin, and furrow irrigation,
respectively. Drip irrigation had the highest cost to benefit rate for amaranth, with a return of N1.78 and
N1.41·ha-1
for amaranth and okra, respectively. It was reported that 2.5 and 3 year period would be needed to
pay off fixed assets for drip irrigation for amaranth and okra, respectively.
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Economics of low pressure drip irrigation and hand watering for vegetable production in the Sahel
region was studied by [20]. The agronomic and economic performance of the African Market Garden system
(AMG) based on low-pressure drip irrigation combined with an improved crop management package. AMG is
compared to two gardens irrigated manually with watering cans. One of these gardens was managed according to
the same improved crop management package as in the AMG. The other garden was managed according to
common practices of vegetable producers in the area. Crop productivity, labour and water use were observed for
two vegetable species (okra and eggplants). The experiment was performed on-station in Niger on three adjacent
500 m2
plots in a sandy acid soil. The returns on water for the cultivation of eggplant are around USD 2 per m3
in the AMG, against USD 0.1 in the Farmers Practice. It was reported that improved crop management practices
substantially increase crop productivity over traditional methods at comparable production costs. The AMG gave
higher crop yields and higher returns to investment than the treatments irrigated with watering cans.
An experiment to study the effect of crop geometry on okra was conducted by [21]. The seeds were
sown under two plant geometries at 40 x 20 cm and 75 x 40 cm spacing between row to row and plant to plant,
respectively with four irrigation volumes as surface irrigation (1.0 V), drip irrigation 1.0 V, drip irrigation 0.8 V
and drip irrigation 0.6 V, in main plots, two cultivars as ‘Arka Anamika’ and ‘Tulsi’ assigned to sub plots and
three types of mulching as no mulch, organic mulch (Aerva persica) and black polythene (25 micron) in sub-
plots. Highest benefit to cost ratio was reported with 0.6 V of drip irrigation levels as 2.54.
An experiment to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on the various crop parameters and
economic feasibility of Okra Hybrid (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under drip fertigation system was
conducted by [22]. The treatments consisted of two spacings (M1- 60 × 45 cm and M2- 60 × 30 cm) and eight
drip fertigation levels and were replicated three times under split plot design. It was reported that drip fertigation
at 100 per cent with recommended dose of water soluble fertilizer along with Azophosmet and humic acid under
wider spacing was reported to have higher benefit to cost ratio of 2.99.
III. CONCLUSION
This paper reveals that the studies on raising okra by drip fertigation leads to saving of water, fertilizers,
increased yield and water productivity. Although, a lot of work in drip fertigation on okra is carried out all over
the world but the results may vary with local agro-climatic conditions. Hence, the research workers/ scientist
may test the drip fertigation for growing okra in their local regions, so that the locally obtained results of
research work may be passed as recommendation/farming practices to farmers.
IV. Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Dean PGS, Dean College of Agricultural engineering and technology and Head , Deptt. Of Soil and Water Engg.,
Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana for providing necessary facilities and help to carry out this study.
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