International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
This study examined the sensitivity of autumn wheat (Omid variety) to under irrigation in Shahrekord, Iran. A field experiment was conducted with 9 irrigation treatments and 4 replications. Irrigation was applied starting in June, with the amount reduced based on the treatment. Yield and yield components were measured. Relationships between yield decrease and water consumption decrease were nonlinear, indicating the wheat variety had little sensitivity to under irrigation. For a 30% decrease in water, yield decreased only 3%, showing tolerance to drought conditions.
The document provides information about pestigation (applying pesticides through irrigation systems) including:
- A brief history of pestigation from the 1950s to present.
- Key factors to consider before pestigation like pesticides, soil/land characteristics, irrigation systems, and weather.
- Common insecticides recommended for pestigation and their rates.
- Procedures for calibrating pesticide application for different irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler.
- Advantages of applying pesticides through drip irrigation including saving water and pesticides.
- Case studies showing effective control of pests on tomatoes using chlorantraniliprole applied through drip chemigation.
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY: CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA IRRI...Oyeniyi Samuel
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the evaluated efficiency is sufficient for the irrigation
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
This study examined the sensitivity of autumn wheat (Omid variety) to under irrigation in Shahrekord, Iran. A field experiment was conducted with 9 irrigation treatments and 4 replications. Irrigation was applied starting in June, with the amount reduced based on the treatment. Yield and yield components were measured. Relationships between yield decrease and water consumption decrease were nonlinear, indicating the wheat variety had little sensitivity to under irrigation. For a 30% decrease in water, yield decreased only 3%, showing tolerance to drought conditions.
The document provides information about pestigation (applying pesticides through irrigation systems) including:
- A brief history of pestigation from the 1950s to present.
- Key factors to consider before pestigation like pesticides, soil/land characteristics, irrigation systems, and weather.
- Common insecticides recommended for pestigation and their rates.
- Procedures for calibrating pesticide application for different irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler.
- Advantages of applying pesticides through drip irrigation including saving water and pesticides.
- Case studies showing effective control of pests on tomatoes using chlorantraniliprole applied through drip chemigation.
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY: CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA IRRI...Oyeniyi Samuel
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the evaluated efficiency is sufficient for the irrigation
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Zero water discharge for sustainable development an investigation of a pigmen...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The pigment industry is one of the most important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the environment is related to primary water consumption and wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge for a sustainable development. The results showed that the average recycling of water per month were about 80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also observed that the environmental safety can be achieved by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to the environment.
Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detect...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper briefly describes the importance of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth (Aquatic plant) in the phytoremediation of coal mine and municipal wastewater bio-purifications. A laboratory scale experiment was conducted by taking two mines, one municipal wastewater and which was compared with tap water treated by algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth. The water samples were collected from mines from Jharia, Dhanbad. Municipal waste water was taken from Bekar Bandh, Dhanbad and were compared with the tap water from C.I.M.F.R, Barwa Road, Dhanbad of Jharkhand. Utilization of aquatic plant for bio-treatment of wastewater was a common practice all over the world. Use of Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Waterhyacinth for the treatment of different types of wastewater were being practiced by researchers. But treating mine water by these aquatic plants were not in common. With the view mine water, municipal waste water and tap water were compared by the different combination of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth for the reduction or increases in the chemical properties studied e.g., pH, Sulphate, nitrate, and iron content of the water.
Experiment proved that the significant reduction in pH, Nitrate, Sulphate, Iron with Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Water hyacinth in all the water samples taken for this study. This type of experiment will have more scope by conducting it at the bigger scale to get accurate results.
Keywords: Phytoremediation 1, Mine Water 2, Municipal Waste Water 3, Algae 4, Vetiver grass( Vetiveria zizanioides) 5, Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticilita) 6, Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Marri, Solms)] 7, and,Tap Water 8, Treatments9
Storage conditions have a significant impact on seed quality and longevity for four vegetable crops. Seeds stored at 5°C had the highest germination percentage and germination coefficient, but the shortest mean germination time. Seeds stored at 35°C had the lowest germination percentage and germination coefficient, and the longest mean germination time. Relative humidity levels up to 58.4% did not significantly affect germination percentage, but higher levels lowered germination percentage and increased mean germination time. Tomato and cucumber seeds maintained higher germination percentages than onion and carrot seeds. Cucumber seeds had the shortest mean germination time and highest germination coefficient, while carrot seeds had the longest mean germination time and lowest germination coefficient
Analysis of physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 6 sites along a drainage channel and tested for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus. The results from the study sites were generally within standards for irrigation water but nitrate-nitrogen and electrical conductivity exceeded limits at some sites, indicating higher pollution levels compared to the control site. The study concluded that sewage water supplies more nitrogen than required for crops and periodic monitoring is needed to prevent risks to soils and vegetables from irrigation with sewage water.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
Reuse & Recirculation of Filter Backwash Water of Water Treatment WaterIJERA Editor
Most of the water treatment plant, filtration is done by means of sand filtration process. Due to continuous filtration process, sand pores get clogged and decreases the efficiency. For mitigating such problem, reverse flow of water & air i.e. backwashing process is carried out. To carry out backwashing operation, 4% of treated water has been utilized and will result in muddy water known as backwash water. This backwash water is then discharged into a natural stream or storage tank near the plant for recirculation. The present study includes a trial for the reuse & recirculation of backwash water
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
This document reports on a treatment wetland project that evaluated the effects of different macrophyte species and anammox seeding sources in constructed wetlands. Four wetland mesocosms were operated for 7 weeks, including two vegetated submerged bed wetlands planted with different species and two free water surface wetlands seeded with different sources. Water quality parameters were measured weekly and samples were analyzed for nitrogen species, microorganisms, and fecal coliform. The results showed differences in nitrogen removal performance between the wetland types, with the vegetated submerged bed wetlands generally achieving higher ammonium removal rates than the free water surface wetlands. Microbial analysis identified various bacteria and protozoa present that contribute to nitrogen
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and interZiziphus Jujubealleys cropping on ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to test the effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on blue panic (panicum antidotale) yield, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014). Blue panic was intercropped between interspaces alleys of Ziziphus Jujube under three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha and 400 kg N/ha in the form of commercial Urea,46%) and three distances from the jujube tree (1m ,2m and 4m). Blue panic fresh and dry forage yield (tons/ha) and quality was assessed during ten cuttings harvests. The results exhibited significant effects of intercropping, nitrogen fertilization and distance from the tree on forage yield and quality. Forage yield across all ten harvests were higher under intercropped plots compared to sole crops and in plots treated with 200 and 400 kg N and 2-meter distance from the trees. Total fresh forage yield /ha/10 cuts of the intercropped blue panic under 400 kg N/ha and 2m distance reached 186 tons/ha/year. Whereas the highest protein content means overall the different cuts was 11.51% in plots fertilized with 400 kg N/ha at 1m distance from the trees. This current study highlights the importance of utilizing jujube alleysto maximize land use value of this widely planted arid land tree.
Keywords— Forage yield, Forage quality, Jujube tree, alley cropping.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
the biological indicators studies of zooplanktonIJEAB
The study of biological indicators for zooplanktonis important factors in environmental studies to show the extent of the surrounding organisms, distribution and deployment environment affected. Zooplankton samples were collected from three stations on the Tigris River in the city of Baghdad using zooplankton net, specimens preserved and laboratory-diagnosed using internationally recognized classifications. Results show through the presence of relatively high abundance of zooplankton in the three stations and not affected by the city in addition to the species abundance is the other index gave few differences between stations, a lack of environmental pressures on these organisms in the station directory. Also, Shannon-Weiner diversity Indexpointer gave no significant differences between the study stations.
Tim Poster RH and fungal growth final versionTimothy Tubbs
1. The study evaluated the use of digital and strip hygrometers to measure corn moisture content by monitoring humidity changes over time in sealed containers containing corn samples at different moisture levels and temperatures.
2. Equilibrium was typically reached within 2 hours at 22°C but in only 60 minutes at higher temperatures of 27°C and 37°C. Digital hygrometers provided more consistent measurements than strip hygrometers.
3. Results showed that corn with 15% moisture content or higher supported visible fungal growth after 4 weeks of storage, while 13% moisture supported growth only at 37°C. Moisture levels of 11% or lower prevented fungal growth.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dos hermanos huérfanos, Josep y Sara, viven con su abuela en Siria. Josep comienza a preguntarse cómo murieron sus padres, quienes eran arqueólogos. Él cree que podrían estar vivos. Convencen a su abuela de dejarlos ir de excursión a Afganistán, lugar donde murieron sus padres. Allí, Josep encuentra una cabaña con un hombre que resulta ser su padre. También está su madre. Los padres los llevan a un lugar mágico en la cima de una
El documento proporciona instrucciones para subir una presentación de PowerPoint y transformarla. Solicita al usuario que ingrese su correo electrónico y contraseña, luego haga clic en "Aceptar" y "Clic aquí para subir la presentación de PowerPoint y transformarla", y finalmente seleccione el archivo y haga clic en "Abrir".
1) O documento descreve a aplicação de técnicas de modelagem de processos de negócio para apoiar a especificação de requisitos de um sistema para uma instituição pública brasileira. 2) A modelagem dos processos de negócio foi realizada utilizando a notação UML e resultou na identificação de problemas e possibilidades de melhoria nos processos mapeados. 3) Os resultados da modelagem dos processos serviram de insumo para a especificação de requisitos do sistema de software.
El documento proporciona información sobre diferentes medios de pago bancarios como letras de cambio, cheques, pagarés y tarjetas. Explica los requisitos de cada uno y cómo funcionan conceptos como el endoso y la circulación de letras.
Este relatório descreve as atividades desenvolvidas no projeto "Escrileituras: um modo de ler-escrever em meio à vida" no mês de julho de 2012, incluindo: (1) uma oficina sobre transcriação de palavras que gerou discussão entre os alunos; (2) encontros para elaboração de projetos de pesquisa dos participantes; (3) uma conversa sobre o que já foi aprendido no projeto após as férias escolares.
Zero water discharge for sustainable development an investigation of a pigmen...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The pigment industry is one of the most important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the environment is related to primary water consumption and wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge for a sustainable development. The results showed that the average recycling of water per month were about 80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also observed that the environmental safety can be achieved by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to the environment.
Phyto remediation of waste water through aquatic plants for the change detect...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper briefly describes the importance of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth (Aquatic plant) in the phytoremediation of coal mine and municipal wastewater bio-purifications. A laboratory scale experiment was conducted by taking two mines, one municipal wastewater and which was compared with tap water treated by algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth. The water samples were collected from mines from Jharia, Dhanbad. Municipal waste water was taken from Bekar Bandh, Dhanbad and were compared with the tap water from C.I.M.F.R, Barwa Road, Dhanbad of Jharkhand. Utilization of aquatic plant for bio-treatment of wastewater was a common practice all over the world. Use of Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Waterhyacinth for the treatment of different types of wastewater were being practiced by researchers. But treating mine water by these aquatic plants were not in common. With the view mine water, municipal waste water and tap water were compared by the different combination of algae, vetiver grass, hydrilla and water hyacinth for the reduction or increases in the chemical properties studied e.g., pH, Sulphate, nitrate, and iron content of the water.
Experiment proved that the significant reduction in pH, Nitrate, Sulphate, Iron with Algae, Vetiver grass, Hydrilla and Water hyacinth in all the water samples taken for this study. This type of experiment will have more scope by conducting it at the bigger scale to get accurate results.
Keywords: Phytoremediation 1, Mine Water 2, Municipal Waste Water 3, Algae 4, Vetiver grass( Vetiveria zizanioides) 5, Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticilita) 6, Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Marri, Solms)] 7, and,Tap Water 8, Treatments9
Storage conditions have a significant impact on seed quality and longevity for four vegetable crops. Seeds stored at 5°C had the highest germination percentage and germination coefficient, but the shortest mean germination time. Seeds stored at 35°C had the lowest germination percentage and germination coefficient, and the longest mean germination time. Relative humidity levels up to 58.4% did not significantly affect germination percentage, but higher levels lowered germination percentage and increased mean germination time. Tomato and cucumber seeds maintained higher germination percentages than onion and carrot seeds. Cucumber seeds had the shortest mean germination time and highest germination coefficient, while carrot seeds had the longest mean germination time and lowest germination coefficient
Analysis of physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 6 sites along a drainage channel and tested for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus. The results from the study sites were generally within standards for irrigation water but nitrate-nitrogen and electrical conductivity exceeded limits at some sites, indicating higher pollution levels compared to the control site. The study concluded that sewage water supplies more nitrogen than required for crops and periodic monitoring is needed to prevent risks to soils and vegetables from irrigation with sewage water.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
Reuse & Recirculation of Filter Backwash Water of Water Treatment WaterIJERA Editor
Most of the water treatment plant, filtration is done by means of sand filtration process. Due to continuous filtration process, sand pores get clogged and decreases the efficiency. For mitigating such problem, reverse flow of water & air i.e. backwashing process is carried out. To carry out backwashing operation, 4% of treated water has been utilized and will result in muddy water known as backwash water. This backwash water is then discharged into a natural stream or storage tank near the plant for recirculation. The present study includes a trial for the reuse & recirculation of backwash water
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
This document reports on a treatment wetland project that evaluated the effects of different macrophyte species and anammox seeding sources in constructed wetlands. Four wetland mesocosms were operated for 7 weeks, including two vegetated submerged bed wetlands planted with different species and two free water surface wetlands seeded with different sources. Water quality parameters were measured weekly and samples were analyzed for nitrogen species, microorganisms, and fecal coliform. The results showed differences in nitrogen removal performance between the wetland types, with the vegetated submerged bed wetlands generally achieving higher ammonium removal rates than the free water surface wetlands. Microbial analysis identified various bacteria and protozoa present that contribute to nitrogen
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and interZiziphus Jujubealleys cropping on ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to test the effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on blue panic (panicum antidotale) yield, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014). Blue panic was intercropped between interspaces alleys of Ziziphus Jujube under three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha and 400 kg N/ha in the form of commercial Urea,46%) and three distances from the jujube tree (1m ,2m and 4m). Blue panic fresh and dry forage yield (tons/ha) and quality was assessed during ten cuttings harvests. The results exhibited significant effects of intercropping, nitrogen fertilization and distance from the tree on forage yield and quality. Forage yield across all ten harvests were higher under intercropped plots compared to sole crops and in plots treated with 200 and 400 kg N and 2-meter distance from the trees. Total fresh forage yield /ha/10 cuts of the intercropped blue panic under 400 kg N/ha and 2m distance reached 186 tons/ha/year. Whereas the highest protein content means overall the different cuts was 11.51% in plots fertilized with 400 kg N/ha at 1m distance from the trees. This current study highlights the importance of utilizing jujube alleysto maximize land use value of this widely planted arid land tree.
Keywords— Forage yield, Forage quality, Jujube tree, alley cropping.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
the biological indicators studies of zooplanktonIJEAB
The study of biological indicators for zooplanktonis important factors in environmental studies to show the extent of the surrounding organisms, distribution and deployment environment affected. Zooplankton samples were collected from three stations on the Tigris River in the city of Baghdad using zooplankton net, specimens preserved and laboratory-diagnosed using internationally recognized classifications. Results show through the presence of relatively high abundance of zooplankton in the three stations and not affected by the city in addition to the species abundance is the other index gave few differences between stations, a lack of environmental pressures on these organisms in the station directory. Also, Shannon-Weiner diversity Indexpointer gave no significant differences between the study stations.
Tim Poster RH and fungal growth final versionTimothy Tubbs
1. The study evaluated the use of digital and strip hygrometers to measure corn moisture content by monitoring humidity changes over time in sealed containers containing corn samples at different moisture levels and temperatures.
2. Equilibrium was typically reached within 2 hours at 22°C but in only 60 minutes at higher temperatures of 27°C and 37°C. Digital hygrometers provided more consistent measurements than strip hygrometers.
3. Results showed that corn with 15% moisture content or higher supported visible fungal growth after 4 weeks of storage, while 13% moisture supported growth only at 37°C. Moisture levels of 11% or lower prevented fungal growth.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dos hermanos huérfanos, Josep y Sara, viven con su abuela en Siria. Josep comienza a preguntarse cómo murieron sus padres, quienes eran arqueólogos. Él cree que podrían estar vivos. Convencen a su abuela de dejarlos ir de excursión a Afganistán, lugar donde murieron sus padres. Allí, Josep encuentra una cabaña con un hombre que resulta ser su padre. También está su madre. Los padres los llevan a un lugar mágico en la cima de una
El documento proporciona instrucciones para subir una presentación de PowerPoint y transformarla. Solicita al usuario que ingrese su correo electrónico y contraseña, luego haga clic en "Aceptar" y "Clic aquí para subir la presentación de PowerPoint y transformarla", y finalmente seleccione el archivo y haga clic en "Abrir".
1) O documento descreve a aplicação de técnicas de modelagem de processos de negócio para apoiar a especificação de requisitos de um sistema para uma instituição pública brasileira. 2) A modelagem dos processos de negócio foi realizada utilizando a notação UML e resultou na identificação de problemas e possibilidades de melhoria nos processos mapeados. 3) Os resultados da modelagem dos processos serviram de insumo para a especificação de requisitos do sistema de software.
El documento proporciona información sobre diferentes medios de pago bancarios como letras de cambio, cheques, pagarés y tarjetas. Explica los requisitos de cada uno y cómo funcionan conceptos como el endoso y la circulación de letras.
Este relatório descreve as atividades desenvolvidas no projeto "Escrileituras: um modo de ler-escrever em meio à vida" no mês de julho de 2012, incluindo: (1) uma oficina sobre transcriação de palavras que gerou discussão entre os alunos; (2) encontros para elaboração de projetos de pesquisa dos participantes; (3) uma conversa sobre o que já foi aprendido no projeto após as férias escolares.
Este documento fornece informações sobre os diferentes cursos de ensino secundário oferecidos na Escola Básica Vale de Milhaços, incluindo cursos científico-humanísticos, profissionais e artísticos especializados, assim como escolas secundárias e profissionais nas proximidades. Fornece também detalhes sobre disciplinas, áreas de estudo e certificações.
Criação e desenvolvimento de site joinville agencia communikaHumberto Marketing
A Communika é uma agência de web com mais de dez anos de experiência e sede em Gaspar/SC. Eles conquistaram muitos clientes satisfeitos com projetos de alta qualidade e bom atendimento. A agência oferece diversos serviços de web e marketing digital para clientes em Santa Catarina e Brasil.
La creatividad, la belleza natural y un estado de ánimo alegre pueden llevar a la felicidad para siempre, así como amigos y amor que brillan como la noche.
Os alunos devem formar grupos de 5 a 6 pessoas para criar uma paródia musical sobre um tópico de biologia sorteado, a ser entregue como vídeo até 23-25 de abril e apresentada para a turma. O trabalho vale 1,5 ponto e deve usar uma música conhecida como base para explicar de forma criativa conceitos biológicos.
O documento discute três erros que impedem um relacionamento correto com Deus: 1) Achar que a vida é sobre nós e não sobre Deus; 2) Não reconhecer nossa fragilidade e falta de controle sobre a vida; 3) Esquecer de confiar em Deus no dia a dia e viver com ansiedade em vez de alegria. O texto enfatiza que devemos nos lembrar que Deus é o protagonista e tem poder sobre todos os detalhes de nossas vidas.
Os estudantes preencheram mapas sobre as etapas dos descobrimentos portugueses, a viagem de Colombo e os problemas enfrentados, o Tratado de Tordesilhas e Alcáçovas, e a disseminação global de alimentos após os descobrimentos.
Mensagem 03 O que sua atitude nao pode fazer por voce - 01ABR2012IBGileade 2012
O documento discute como a atitude pode fazer a diferença na vida das pessoas, mas não pode substituir competência, experiência ou mudar fatos. A atitude requer administração contínua para permanecer positiva e não resolve todos os problemas, mas pode somar valor.
O documento descreve como diferentes aspectos da vida humana como vida, razão, estudo, ciência, filosofia, religião, verdade, ideal, fé, esperança, caridade, fraternidade, sacrifício, renúncia, simpatia, trabalho, indiferença, desespero, paixão, ciúme, orgulho e sensualismo são na verdade formas de amor. O ódio é descrito como uma forma gravemente doente de amor. O documento termina encorajando o amor a si mesmo e aos outros.
O documento descreve a Escola Doméstica de Natal, fundada em 1914 para educar meninas da classe média alta. A escola oferecia cursos regulares até a 6a série e internato a partir da 5a série, ensinando matérias como culinária, música e etiqueta para preparar as meninas para o lar. A escola fez história na educação feminina no Brasil ao incentivar o pensamento crítico entre as mulheres.
O documento discute os conceitos de processo organizacional e processos empresariais. Em 3 frases:
1) Processos organizacionais podem ser definidos como qualquer atividade ou conjunto de atividades que transforma inputs em outputs para clientes, utilizando recursos da organização.
2) Existem diferentes modelos de processos, variando de fluxos de trabalho bem definidos a mudanças de estado mais abstratas.
3) Muitos processos empresariais não fabris, como planejamento estratégico e gestão de recursos humanos, envolvem atividades coorden
La psicomotricidad se refiere a la relación entre el desarrollo físico e intelectual y la importancia del movimiento para alcanzar la madurez psicofísica. Se define como la integración de los procesos cognitivos, emocionales, simbólicos y sensoriales-motrices para expresarse en un contexto psicosocial. La psicomotricidad influye en la inteligencia, afectividad y aprendizaje escolar. Sus fundamentos se basan en la neurología, fisiología y psicología. Su objet
This study evaluated crop water stress index of tomato under different irrigation regimes in Kano, Nigeria. Four irrigation water application levels (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% replacement of soil moisture depleted) and three irrigation intervals (7, 14, 21 days) were tested in a field experiment. The crop water stress index increased with lower irrigation amounts and longer intervals, with the most stressed tomato receiving 25% replacement every 21 days. Canopy temperature and vapor pressure deficit were used to calculate crop water stress index. Yield was highest at 26.63 tons/hectare for tomato receiving full irrigation every 7 days, showing this regime minimized water stress for optimal yield and water management under local field conditions.
IRJET- Evaluation of Irrigation Regime on Tomato in Mareko Woreda, Gurage Zon...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation regimes on tomato yield in Mareko Woreda, Ethiopia. Four irrigation treatments were tested: 125% of management allowed depletion (MAD), 100% MAD, 75% MAD, and farmer practice. The combined yield results over two years showed no significant differences in non-marketable, marketable, or total yields between treatments. Maximum water productivity of 4.9 kg/m3 was obtained with 100% MAD, while minimum productivity of 4 kg/m3 was from 125% MAD. It is concluded that applying irrigation at 100% MAD provides better yield and water productivity while minimizing irrigation frequency and labor costs.
Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy of Tomato in Thin Layer ...drboon
The aim of this paper is to report tomato slice moisture diffusivity data determined and activation energy from experimental drying kinetics. The thin-layer drying experiments were carried out under five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80ºC, two air velocity 1.5, and 2 m/s and three level of relative humidity 20, 40 and 60%. It was observed that drying took place in the falling rate period. Moisture transfer from tomato slice was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model. The effective diffusivity values changed from 9.9119×10^-10 to 6.4037×10^-9 m^2/s for the range of temperatures considered. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 33.3299 to 43.2287 kJ/mol and the diffusivity constant value of 1.7695×10^-4 to 3.09156×10^-2 m^2/s were obtained which shows the effect of drying air temperature, air velocity and relative humidity on the diffusivity.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on growth performance of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on the growth performance of sorghum. The study found that sorghum grown under PRD techniques performed better than those under full irrigation. Specifically, irrigation regimes with 75% and 100% of full irrigation water produced better growth parameters, crop water use efficiency, and yields compared to regimes with 50% and 25% irrigation. The study also found interactions between the PRD irrigation techniques and two different soil types (Rengam soil series and Rhu Tapai soil series) for some growth parameters. Overall, the study concluded that using PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in water-limited conditions.
IRJET- Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation Systems on Onion Yield and Water U...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates different furrow irrigation systems on onion yield and water use efficiency in Ethiopia. It finds that alternate furrow irrigation can save 20% of irrigation water applied compared to conventional furrow irrigation, while fixed furrow irrigation saves 30%. Alternate furrow irrigation results in higher water use efficiency and economic return relative to the other systems in both study years. The study concludes that farmers can practice alternate furrow irrigation, which saves water while achieving maximum yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation.
Effect of vegetation cover on sediment yield an empirical study through plots...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effect of vegetation cover on sediment yield through plot experiments in a lateritic environment in India. Five experimental plots with varying vegetation cover were monitored under natural rainfall conditions. Runoff and sediment yield were measured and compared between plots. Results showed that bare plots had higher sediment yields than vegetated plots. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between sediment detachment and explanatory variables like runoff volume and vegetation cover. Specifically, there was a very significant relationship between vegetation cover and sediment concentration. The plot-scale experiments provided detailed monitoring of the processes and demonstrated that increased vegetation cover reduces runoff and sediment yield in this lateritic environment.
Research paper Pressur tube emmiter Anlaysis ofmicrotube emitter of trickle...Col Islam Ul Haq
This document analyzes the uniformity of application and pressure variation of microtube emitters in a trickle irrigation system installed on 1.2 acres of citrus orchard in Pakistan. The study found that the discharge of microtube emitters varied from 15.67 to 8.67 L/h under pressure heads of 10.56 to 7 m when the system was operated at 10.54 m pressure head. Water application uniformity was above 80%, indicating proper system design and dimensions. Pressure variation along laterals caused a 2.03 m drop in one block and 2.4 m drop in another. Coefficient of variation for pressure was 12% in one block and 27% in the other.
performance evaluation and characterization of wetted soil parameters of impr...IJEAB
Field study was conducted to evaluate the emission uniformity (EU), global coefficient of variation (CGv), emitter flow variation (Qvar) and distribution uniformity (DU), and determine the wetted radius (rw) on soil surface of improvised medi-emitters installed in a tomato field. Soil water content (SWC) at four layers was determined after different periods of irrigation. Radius of wetted soil surface was determined and predicted. Irrigation frequency had no significant effect on the average discharge rate of the medi-emitters throughout the growing cycle. Average Qvar and CGv were significantly (P=0.05) influenced by the frequency of application while the EU and DU did not significantly (P=0.05) differ among the treatments. There were significant differences in the average values of SWC in different soil layers under the different periods of irrigation. Both the observed and calculated rw on the soil surface were fitted with fourth order polynomial. The model performance parameters of MAE and RMSE between the calculated and observed radii were low, indicating good prediction. Medical infusion set can successfully replace the more expensive conventional emitters for drip irrigation system.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of organic manure (cowdung) and water management practices (continuous flooding vs. alternate wetting and drying) on methane emissions from rice production. Pot experiments were conducted during the summer and rainy seasons of 2017 in Myanmar. The study found that continuous flooding generally resulted in higher methane emissions than alternate wetting and drying. Methane emissions also varied depending on the rate of applied organic manure. The highest and lowest emitting manure rates differed between the water management practices and seasons. Surface water pH was found to be correlated with methane emission levels.
ABSTRACT: Okra commonly called lady finger or bhindi is one of the most popular and extensively grown
vegetable crop all over India. Water and fertilizers plays a major role in okra production. Drip fertigation is
the technique which applies fertilizers with water by drip irrigation system. In the present paper, as reported by
different research workers throughout world drip fertigation in okra saves 20% to 61% of water, increases yield
by 13% to 76%, fertilizer saving from 15% to 30% and results in higher water use efficiency from 35.5% to 50.8
% as compared with traditional method. It is also economically viable with benefit to cost ratio varying from
1.41 to 2.99.
KEYWORDS: Drip fertigation, drip irrigation, water use efficiency, okra, yield
________________________________________________________________________________________
Drip Irrigation of Apples at a Moderate Continental ClimateIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on drip irrigation of apples in Bulgaria from 2001-2005. It tested different irrigation rates: full irrigation to meet daily water needs (100%), and reduced rates of 80% and 60%. The number of irrigations varied from 14-20 depending on rainfall. Average irrigation rate was 19mm and total 323mm. Yields were highest at 100% irrigation, averaging 2087 kg/da. Lowering irrigation by 20% reduced yields by 7%, and by 40% reduced yields by 14%. Irrigation water productivity was highest at lower rates, averaging 7.6-9.8 kg of apples per cubic meter of water. The optimal irrigation regime was determined to be 100% under good water conditions
The document summarizes a study on the use of a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) to remove nutrients from the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant with aerated lagoons. The HRF achieved 46.6% removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 53.8% removal of total phosphorus from the lagoon effluent over 62 days of operation. The average concentrations of these nutrients decreased significantly from the inlet to the outlet of the HRF. The results indicate that horizontal roughing filtration is an effective method for upgrading aerated lagoon effluent quality.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
This document summarizes a study that determined the water requirements, crop coefficients, and effects of deficit irrigation on hot pepper growth. The study found that:
1) Hot pepper requires about 587mm of water over the growing season under full irrigation.
2) The crop coefficients at different growth stages under full irrigation were 0.47, 0.86, 1.42, and 0.91.
3) Deficit irrigation of up to 20% (80% water requirement) had no significant effects on pepper growth, development, or fruiting.
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
This document discusses a study on determining the crop coefficient (Kc) of Red Bombay onion in central Ethiopia. Researchers grew Red Bombay onion in lysimeters to directly measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over four years. They also calculated reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from weather data. The Kc was then determined as the ratio of ETc to ETo. Results showed Kc values of 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 for the initial, development, mid-season and late stages respectively. These locally determined Kc values can be used for irrigation planning and management in similar agroclimatic conditions.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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O41038993
1. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.89-93
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Partial Rootzone Drying: Changing Alternation Frequency at
Different Phenological Stages and Impact on Tomato Crop
N. Affi*, A. El Fadl*, M. El Otmani*, M.C. Ben Ismail*, L.M. Idrissi**, R.
Salghi***
* Département d‟horticulture, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, IAV-CHA, BP 121 Ait Melloul,
Morocco, Agadir
** Département de biologie, laboratoire de biotechnologies végétales, faculté des sciences, université Ibn Zohr,
BP8106 Agadir, Morocco
*** Département de Génie de l‟Environnement et Biotechnologie, ENSA, Université Ibn Zohr, BP1136 Agadir,
Morocco
ABSTRACT
The goal of the current work was to assess the effect of different alternation frequency applied at different
phenological stages on physiological parameters of a Partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigated tomato crop. Three
treatments were applied. Besides the control irrigated at 100% of its water requirements, T3 and T4 are both
treatments that received 50% of water requirements and that were irrigated by PRD strategy. Crop cycle was
divided into three stages: S1 lasted from transplanting to 6 th truss flowering, S2: the period separating the 6th
truss flowering and the 2nd truss harvest, S3: lasted for the remaining crop cycle period beginning at 2 nd truss
harvest. While T4 was alternated every 10 days similarly, T3 was alternated every 14 days, 12 days and 10 days
during S1, S2 and S3, respectively. T3 maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) was 70% higher than T4 showing that
the later is more efficient than the former. As far as stomatal conductance (Cs) and leaf water potential (Ψl),
results show that both PRD treatments were affected by stress without noticing any statistical differences in
terms of those parameters. The control presented the highest Cs and Ψl levels during the whole crop cycle and
the lowest water use efficiency (WUE).
Keywords – alternation, Cs, leaf water potential, MDS, PRD
I.
INTRODUCTION
It is all known that water supply is limited in
the world and irrigation of agricultural lands accounts
for over 85% of water usage worldwide [1]. New
water-saving techniques such as the partial root-zone
irrigation (PRI) or partial root-zone drying (PRD)
have been proposed as an agronomic practice for
more efficient use of the limited water resources. The
PRD is a potential water saving irrigation strategy
that utilizes plant-to-shoot chemical signaling
mechanisms to influence shoot physiology. It works
in drip irrigation or furrow irrigated crops where each
side of the row is watered independently. When the
crop is irrigated, soil on only one side of the row
receives water while the other is allowed to dry [2]. at
each irrigation time, only a part of the rhizosphere is
wetted while the other side is kept dry [3].
Earlier results demonstrated that PRD reduced
transpiration, and maintained higher level of
photosynthesis [4]. Regarding the effect of PRD on
plant water relations, it was shown that the PRD
reduces tomato stomatal conductance by 20% and
maintain, therefore, the leaf water potential.
www.ijera.com
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experiment Location
The experiment was carried out in the
Agronomic and Veterinary Hassan II Institute - the
Horticultural Complex of Agadir in a multi-tunnel
greenhouse and on an area of 1322 m2. The used
tomato cultivar is „Pristyla‟ that was grafted on
„beaufort‟. The crop was planted in 10th October 2012
and was conducted in vertical trellising and on a
single stem. Crop cycle lasted for 9 months.
2.2 Soilless system
Soilless system consists of containers (10 m
length, 25 cm depth and 40 cm width). Each
container is an experimental unit composed of 20
plants. The used substrate is sandy-silty (78% sand,
19% silt and 3% clay). This later was deposed over
two drainage layers: 5 cm coarse gravel layer and 5
cm fine gravel layer. As far as the separation between
root sides for PRD treatments, each container
consists of two juxtaposed substrate filled containers
and plants were planted on the juxtaposition line to
allow root separation.
89 | P a g e
2. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.89-93
www.ijera.com
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Greenhouse internal climate
According to VPD variation during the crop
cycle, three phases are observed. The first period can
be considered of law evaporative demand since the
VPD didn‟t exceed 1,5kPa. The second period
registered a slight VPD increase that remains,
however, suitable for tomato crop development and
growth . At the end of the crop cycle, VPD values
reached their maxima (4,5 kPa) and the internal
greenhouse climate became too difficult.
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
S2
24/06/13
09/06/13
25/05/13
10/05/13
25/04/13
10/04/13
26/03/13
11/03/13
24/02/13
13/01/13
0.5
29/12/12
2.5 Adopted Treatments
Besides control treatment that received
100% of its daily water requirement, two PRD
treatments were applied:
- T3: that treatment combined PRD and 50% of
crop water requirement supply and was alternated
every 14 days during transplanting – 6th truss
flowering stage, every 12 days during 6th truss
flowering – 2nd truss harvest stage and every 10 days
during 2nd truss harvest – cycle end stage.
- T4: It consists of 50% tomato water requirements
supply and irrigation events alternation every 10 days
similarly during the whole crop cycle.
2.6 Measured Parameters
2.6.1
Greenhouse climate:
Two parameters were automatically and
continuously measured: temperature and greenhouse
air relative humidity (ADCON Model TR1).
Measures were used to determine vapor pressure
deficit using the following formula:
2.6.2
Stomatal Conductance:
Its weekly measurements were performed
using a porometer (Leaf Porometer, SC1, Dacagon,
USA) and occurred between 12:00 and 14:00.
14/12/12
2.4 Experimental Design
A complete randomized design was used.
Three treatments were applied. Each treatment
consisted of 20 plants and was replicated eight times.
Data were analyzed using MINITAB software
version 15.1.1.0. Treatment means were separated by
Tukey‟s test at P ≤ 0.05.
VPD = es - ea
(3)
Where, es is the saturation vapor pressure at a given
air temperature and ea is the actual vapor pressure.
Stem Diameter Micro-Variations: In order to
monitor, continuously and at real time, stem diameter
microvariations, linear variable transducer (LVDT)
sensors (Sifatron Model D.F. 2.5) were used as
indicators of plant water status in tomato. Indices
derived from continuous stem diameter microvariations data have been developed to interpret these
data. Maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) is the studied
parameter and was calculated as the difference
between maximum daily stem diameter (MXSD) and
the minimum daily stem diameter (MNSD).
VPD (kPa)
2.3 Irrigation
The irrigation was performed using double
drip lines irrigation system with 40 cm spaced
emitters that generate a flow of 2l/h/emitter.
Concerning PRD treatments, alternation was allowed
through small valves that are placed in the beginning
of each drip line. Irrigation and fertilization
management were made within a fertigation station
through electro-valves. Daily reference evapotranspiration ETo was calculated using the formula of
[5]. Global radiation was measured by a pyranometer
(kipp and Zonen model splite).
ETo (mm/j) = 0,0016 x Gr (cal/m2/j)
(1)
To avoid water loss, net maximum irrigation
dose was determined referring to granulometric
properties of the substrate using the following
formula
NMD = f x (Hcc – Hpf) x Z x PSH
(2)
Where, f is the allowed water stock decrease (10%),
Hcc and Hpf are, respectively, field capacity and
welting point substrate moistures, Z is the root depth
and PSH is the percentage of the wetted zone.
According to substrate physical properties, calculated
NMD was equal to 0.768 mm. Using irrigation
system rainfall (4mm/h), each irrigation supply must
last 12 mn. As far as irrigation frequencies, they were
variable since they depend on the Etc/NMD ratio.
www.ijera.com
S3
Figure 1: Greenhouse internal vapor pressure deficit
variation through the crop cycle.
3.2 Midday stomatal conductance and leaf
water potential responses
The average midday VPD varied between 1
kPa and 5 kPa recording several fluctuations.
Different treatment responses in terms of stomatal
conductance and Ψl during different measurement
points are illustrated by fig. 2B and fig.2A. The
highest stomatal conductance and Ψl levels were
recorded by the control T0 with statistically
90 | P a g e
3. R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.89-93
Leaf water potential (10xMPa)
4/3/13
18/03/2013
25/03/2013
T3
01/04/2013
T4
08/04/2013
15/04/2013
T0
22/04/2013
06/05/2013
14/05/2013
25/05/2013
10/06/2013
17/06/2013
-6
-7
a
-8
a
a
b
ab
b
b b
b
bb bb
a
a
a
a
a
a a
-9
a
-10
-11
A-12
Stomatal Conductance (mmol/m2/s)
11/03/2013
120
ns
ns
* * *
*
* ns
110
a
100
b
ns
ns * *
* *
* *
ns * *
*
a
90
b
80
70
60
b bb b
b
b
* * *
* * *
*
* *
ns *
a
b
b
b
b
*
*
*
b
*
*
a
a
bb
b
b
*
*
*
*
*
*
ns ns *
*
*
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
50
B
40
www.ijera.com
T3
T4
T0
midday VPD (kPa)
5
4
3
2
1
17/6/13
10/6/13
27/5/13
14/5/13
6/5/13
22/4/13
8/4/13
15/4/13
1/4/13
25/3/13
18/3/13
4/3/13
C
11/3/13
0
S3
Figure 2: Stomatal conductance (B), leaf water
potential (A) and midday VPD variation (C)
Stomatal conductance (mmol/m2/s)
Leaf water potential (10xMPa)
significant differences at 46 % and 84 % of the
measurement points, respectively, showing that the
Ψl is more water stress sensitive compared to the
stomatal conductance. Some research works suggest
that the PRD strategy helps maintain the water status
of tomato plant [3]. However, others researches that
are in accordance with our findings reported the
difference between the PRD treatment Ψl and control
Ψl which records the highest values [6], [7], [8], [9].
These differences are results of phenological stage
effect on tomato crop[8], the soil water status within
the irrigated rootzone side [8], [9] and specie and
variety specificity [6].
During the whole measurement period, there
was no statistically significant difference neither for
stomatal conductance nor Ψl when comparing T3 to
T4. Nevertheless, regression curves (fig.3) show
another difference. In fact, when comparing
regression line slopes, we noticed that T3 regression
line slope is twice that of T4 indicating the ability of
T4 to maintain Ψl despite of stomatal conductance
decrease whereas T3 Ψl was greatly reduced when
same stomatal conductance decline occurs.
According to [10], for tomato crop , a permanent
value of Ψf less than -0.6 MPa indicates that plants
are affected by water stress although midday Ψl
could vary between -0.8 MPa and -1.2MPa without
any effects on plant performance. Thus, PRD
treatments were along the measurement period under
progressive stress without reaching the threshold of
danger.
www.ijera.com
-5
-6 45
-7
95
145
T3 y = -0.096x - 2.939
-8
-9
R² = 0.630
T4 y = -0.047x - 6.780
R² = 0.555
-10
-11
T0
y = -0.039x - 3.669
R² = 0.464
-12
Figure 3: leaf water potential and stomatal
conductance correlation
3.3 Maximum daily shrinkage
At the beginning of the measurement period,
which corresponds to S2 and in terms of MDS, T3
and T4 responses were completely different. While
T3 MDS reached an average of 81µm, that of T4
didn‟t exceed 47µm, 40% lower than T3. Besides, the
rates of the average increase over the control were
141 % and 40 % for T3 and T4, respectively. Hence,
MDS results indicate that T3 is 100% more stressed
than T4. Since S2 is a low evaporative demand
period (VPD≤2kPa) and the phenological stage of the
crop is identical (F6 -R2), the explanation of the
previous results exclude any climate or phenological
stage role. Thus, the effect of alternation frequency
adopted during S1 is confirmed. It seems, in fact, that
developing roots were not enough able to search for
water when they were left to dry the soil.
The beginning of the period S2 corresponds
to the alternation frequency decreasing by two days
for each treatment except T4. The least MDS values
were recorded for T4 reminding, in one hand, the
benefit of alternation frequency maintenance at
different crop cycle periods and, in the other hand,
previous adopted frequencies during S1. The same
explanation was found by [11] who found that the
application of regulated deficit irrigation with
varying doses depending on the phenological stages
91 | P a g e
4. 140
T4
B
T0
120
MDS (µm)
100
80
3
C
2
1.5
1
0.5
14/12/12
17/12/12
20/12/12
23/12/12
26/12/12
29/12/12
1/1/13
4/1/13
10/1/13
13/1/13
16/1/13
19/1/13
18/2/13
21/2/13
25/2/13
28/2/13
3/3/13
26/5/13
29/5/13
1/6/13
4/6/13
8/6/13
11/6/13
14/6/13
17/6/13
25/6/13
28/6/13
0
S2
S3
Figure 4: MDS (A and B) and VPD (C) variation
3.4 Water use efficiency
As showed by the fig.5 below, the control
performed the lowest WUE comparing to PRD
treatments. In fact, T3 and T4 were, respectively,
132% and 168% more efficient than T0. This result
confirms previous findings since higher WUE means
less water loss allowed by stomatal conductance
decrease and leads to MDS reduction as found for
T4.
50
60
a
b
40
30
c
20
10
0
40
T0
20
T3
T4
Figure 5: obtained Water use efficiency
140
T3
A
28 juin 2013
25 juin 2013
19 juin 2013
16 juin 2013
7 juin 2013
13 juin 2013
4 juin 2013
10 juin 2013
1 juin 2013
29 mai 2013
26 mai 2013
3 mars 2013
28 févr. 2013
25 févr. 2013
19 févr. 2013
20 janv. 2013
17 janv. 2013
4 janv. 2013
14 janv. 2013
1 janv. 2013
11 janv. 2013
29 déc. 2012
26 déc. 2012
23 déc. 2012
20 déc. 2012
17 déc. 2012
14 déc. 2012
0
IV.
T0
100
80
60
40
V.
20
0
14 déc. 2012
17 déc. 2012
20 déc. 2012
23 déc. 2012
26 déc. 2012
29 déc. 2012
1 janv. 2013
S2
4 janv. 2013
11 janv. 2013 14 janv. 2013 17 janv. 2013 20 janv. 2013
19 févr. 2013
25 févr. 2013
28 févr. 2013
CONCLUSION
Applying fixed alternation intervals during
the crop cycle seems to be better than varying them at
different phenological stages. Besides, at the
beginning of the crop cycle, long lasting alternation
interval should be avoided.
120
MDS (µm)
www.ijera.com
2.5
Water use efficiency
(kg/m3)
leads to a lower performance in citrus plants while
providing the same dose (50%) identically along the
cycle improves both agronomic and physiological
performances.
As far as the stage S3, during the period
ranging from 01/14/2013 to 24/05/2013, which is
considered the beginning of S3, the averages
recorded MDS were 90µm and 53μm for T3 and T4,
respectively. Compared to the control, the fore
mentioned treatments increase rate were 126 % and
33%. Hence, T3 treatment remains the most stressed
despite frequency alternation decrease. This response
confirms the role of alternation frequency previously
applied. T3 MDS results leads to conclude that long
alternation frequency should be avoided at the
beginning of tomato crop subject to PRD strategy.
Referring to the greenhouse internal climate data,
during the same period (Fig.4C), the values of the
VPD are similar to those of S1 showing that the
studied crop was not affected by the internal climate
[12]. In fact, during vegetative stage, root system
wouldn‟t be enough developed and would be unable
to meet plant water needs during prolonged
dehydration period. Identically, [13] concluded that
applied to 100% water requirement irrigated tomato,
the appropriate PRD introduction period is
recommended between fruit set and harvest.
Vapor pressure deficit (kPa)
R. Salghi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.89-93
3 mars 2013
26 mai 2013
29 mai 2013
S3
1 juin 2013
4 juin 2013
7 juin 2013
10 juin 2013
13 juin 2013
16 juin 2013
19 juin 2013
25 juin 2013
28 juin 2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out within the
SIRRIMED « Sustainable use of irrigation water in
the Mediterranean Region» project which was funded
by the European Union within the 7th Framework
Program for Research and Development.
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www.ijera.com
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