Group dynamics refers to the attitudinal and behavioral characteristics within and between social groups. It concerns how groups form and function, as well as the psychological processes that occur within groups. Key factors that affect group dynamics include communication processes, interaction patterns, interpersonal attraction and cohesion, social integration and influence through norms and roles, the exercise of power and control, and the development of group culture. Understanding group dynamics can provide insights into decision-making, the spread of ideas, and forms of social prejudice.
The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Types of Groups. Need for formation of Group. Formal group and Informal gro...peddada4
Types of Groups.
Need for formation of Group.
Formal group and Informal group.
Stages of Group formation.
Group Norms.
Group Cohesiveness
Group Conflicts
The following topics should be included in your key understandings a.pdfamolmobileshop
The following topics should be included in your key understandings and take-away for this
week. What do you know about these topics?
Definition of group
Formal vs informal groups
Tuckman’s stages of group development
Groups as open systems
Characteristics of effective groups
Advantages and disadvantages of groups
Advantages and disadvantages of decision making in groups
Social facilitation, synergy, social loafing,
Norms, cohesiveness, impact of different combinations of these.
Definition of team
Team building process
Different team roles
Advantages/ disadvantages of teams
Types of teams (High performing, self managing, etc)
Homogenous and heterogeneous teams
Types of team building/ approaches to team building
Difference between groups and teams
Solution
.1. A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual
influence, common feeling fcamaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of
goals.
2. Formal Groups- Formal groups are created and maintained to fulfill needs or tasks which arc
related to the total organisation mission. Thus these are consciously and deliberately created.
Such groups may be either permanent in the form of top management team such as board of
directors or management committees, work units in the various departments of the organisation,
staff groups providing specialised services to the organisation, and so on; or the formal groups
may be constituted on temporary basis for fulfilling certain specified objectives. When such
objectives are fulfilled they disappear. These may be in the form of temporary committee, task
force, etc. The working of formal groups is regulated by organisational rules and regulations.
Informals Group- Informal groups, on the other hand, are created in the organisation becausc of
operation of social and psychological forces operating at the work-place. Members create such
groups for their own satisfaction and their working is not regulated by the general framework of
organisational rules and regulations. Thus formal and informal organisations differ from each
other in the following respects:
1. Origin—As discussed above, reasons and circumstances of origin of both formal and informal
organisations are quite different. The formal groups are created deliberately and consciously in
the organisation by the framers of the organisation. On the other hand, informal groups arc
created because
of the operation of socio-psychological forces at the workplace, that is, people while working
together develop certain liking and disliking for others for the type of interactions not provided
officially.
2. Purpose—Since formal groups are deliberate creation, they are created for achieving the
legitimate objectives of the organisation. In fact, formal groups are basic product of formal
ogranisation structure. The informal groups are created by organisational members for their
social and psychological satisfaction. Thus they serve the purpose of organisational members
wh.
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, GROUP FORMATION, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, GROUPS, KINDS OF GROUPS, GROUP VS TEAM, REASONS OF GROUPS FORMATION, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS IN A GROUP, STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION, PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF THE GROUP, ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Definition of ethics, Ethics and counselling,
Professional codes of ethics and standards,
the Development of Code of Ethics of
Counsellors, Ethical counselling
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. A group can be defined as several individuals who
come together to accomplish a particular task or goal.
Group dynamics refers to the attitudinal and
behavioral characteristics of a group.
Group dynamics concern how groups form, their
structure and process, and how they function.
Group dynamics are relevant in both formal and
informal groups of all types.
In an organizational setting, groups are a very
common organizational entity and the study of
groups and group dynamics is an important area of
study in organizational behavior.
4. Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological
processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics),
or between social groups (intergroup dynamics).
The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding
decision-making behaviour, tracking the spread of diseases in
society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the
emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies.
Group dynamics are at the core of understanding racism, sexism,
and other forms of social prejudice and discrimination.These
applications of the field are studied
in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political
science, epidemiology, education, social work, business,
and communication studies.
The three main factors affecting a team's cohesion (working
together well) are: environmental, personal and leadership.
5. Group dynamics is a set of behavioural and
psychological processes that occur within a
social group or between groups. It refers to
the "nature of groups, the laws of their
development, and their interrelations with
individuals, other groups, and larger
institutions" (Cartwright and Zander, 1968).
6. 1.The group can influence the thinking of its
members.The members are always influenced
by the interactions of other members in the
group.
2. A group with a good leader performs better as
compared to a group with weak leader.
3.The group can give the effect of synergy, that is,
if the group consists of positive thinkers then its
output is more than the double every time.
4. Group dynamism can give job satisfaction to the
members.
7. 5.The group can also bring team spirit among the
members.
6. Even the attitude, perceptions, and ideas of members
depend on group dynamism. For example, the
negative thinkers can be converted to positive
thinkers with the help of the facilitator.
7. If the group works as a cohesive group, the
cooperation and convergence can result in maximiza-
tion of productivity.
8. Lastly, group dynamism can reduce the labour unrest
and labour turnover due to emotional attachment
among the group members.
8. A)COMMUNICATION PROCESSES AND
INTERACTION PATTERNS
WHY PEOPLE COMMUNICATE:
1. Understanding other people
2. Finding out where they stand in relation to
other people
3. Persuading others
4. Gaining or maintaining power
5. Defending themselves
6. Provoking a reaction from others
7. Making an impression on others
8. Gaining and maintaining relationships
9. Presenting a unified image to the group
9. INTERACTION PATTERNS:
1. Maypole – leader to member & member to leader
2. Round Robin – members take turns
3. Hot Seat – extended back and forth exchange between
leader and a member
4. Free Floating – all members take responsibility for
communicating
Patterns of Interaction are influenced by:
1. Cues and Reinforcers
2. Emotional Bonds
3. Subgroups
4. Size and Physical Arrangements
5. Power and Status
10. B)INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND COHESION
The result of all forces acting on members to remain in a
group is called cohesion
Four interacting sets of variables determine a member’s
attraction to a group:
1. Need for affiliation, recognition, and security
2. The resources and prestige available through
participation
3. Expectations of the beneficial and detrimental
consequences of the group
4. Comparison of the group with other group experiences.
11. C)SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND INFLUENCE
How members fit together and are accepted in a group.
Groups are not able to function effectively unless there is
a fairly high level of social integration among members
Social Control Mechanisms – the processes by which the
group-as-a-whole gains sufficient compliance and
conformity from its members to enable it to function in an
orderly manner.
“Social order and stability are prerequisites for the
formation and maintenance of a cohesive group.”
12. Norms – shared expectations and beliefs about
appropriate ways to act in a social situation such as a
group.
Increase predictability, stability, and security
result from what is valued, preferred, and accepted
behavior
Roles – shared expectations about the functions of
individuals in the group
Status – an evaluation and ranking of each member’s
position in the group relative to all other members
13. D)POWER AND CONTROL
Order is necessary for functioning of a social unit
such as group.As noted earlier ,group develop
norms to regulate member.A system of control
and power is inevitably developed to enforce
compliance.
Formal group such as commercial organizations
or formal associations develop written rule,
while other groups follow a informal approach.
14. E)GROUP CULTURE
The culture of a group is defined by the values ,beliefs ,customs
,traditions ,and preferred ways of doing business that are
implicitly understood and shared by all group members.
Some groups would tend to be formal and some are informal in its
culture.
Eg.,a group formed to achieve a specific task in a commercial or
governmental organization are formal
A group formed to work with children or women by an NGO
would be more informal.The culture of a group is also a
determined , in part , by sponsoring organization , the
community, and the largest society, as groups take on some of the
dominant values and traits of these larger social systems.