The document provides information about group dynamics and the stages of group development. It discusses how groups are formed and function, including defining what constitutes a group, reasons people join groups, how norms develop, factors that affect group performance such as composition, size and cohesion. It also outlines Bruce Tuckman's five stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

2. SHIPWRECKED!

3. Risk of being marooned!....

4. You have just 2 minutes!
• Get ready for a trip on a life boat to a far off
island…?
• You are allowed to take with you, only one
item, other than what you are wearing.
• Write the name of the item in a slip of paper.

5. You have 4 minutes!
• Make groups of 5 each
for life on the island
• Now share your ideas
with your team. Make
adjustments as required.

7. What is a ‘Group’?
• 2 or more individuals interacting, who have
come together to achieve a particular goal
• Have a stable pattern of relationship

8. Criteria for a group include:
• Formal social structure
• Face-to-face interaction
• 2 or more persons
• Common fate
• Common goals
• Interdependence
• Self-definition as group members
• Recognition by others
Societies are large groups consisting of a myriad of sub-groups.

9. The members….
• Are motivated to join the group
• Perceive the group as a unified unit for
interaction
• Contribute in various degrees
• Have agreements and disagreements, but
finally come to a consensus

10. ‘Group’ Vs ‘ Random collection
of individuals’
Group Random collection of
individuals
Mutual interaction and influence is specific - Interaction and influence may be
there, but non specific
Develop several dynamic processes - norms,
roles, relations, development, need to
belong, social influence, and effects on
behavior
Random interactions
Family, fellow workers, crowd… Crowd at any place

11. WHY USE GROUPS?
• Simulates the “real world” - use of teams
• Learn better when actively involved
• Peer instruction, teaching each other
• Learn more fully and with less effort
• Learn in context
• Modification of –
- Personality
- Power
- Behaviour

12. Types of groups

13. Primary group - close,
personal, enduring relationships
Secondary group – Less
personal. Performs functions

14. Category group
- associated with an application or global set

15. Formal group
Informal group

16. Command and task group

17. Interest and friendship group

18. Coalition group

19. Why do people join groups?
• Goal achievement
• Attraction – To persons, to group
activities & to group goals
• Group membership per se
• Need for – Power, affiliation, self esteem,
status, security

20. “Hey friend, your support means
a great deal to us!”

21. Group Dynamics
Sociology of Groups

22. Group Dynamics
• The study of groups
• A general term for group processes.
• Explains the internal nature of a group –
 How it is formed
 Structure & process
 It’s function
 Effect on individual members
 Effect on the organization
• Relevant to the fields of psychology, sociology and
communication studies
• Primarily concerned with small group behavior.

23. Domains of Group Dynamics
• Communication processes
and interaction patterns
• Interpersonal attraction
and cohesion
• Social integration
and influence
• Power and control
• Culture
• Goal achievement
• Power
• Affiliation
• Self esteem
• Status
• Security

24. Criteria for Group Development
(Mills 1967)
Needs of the individual
Pattern maintenance and extension
Social forces
Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Group

25. Stages of group development
- Bruce Tuckman (1965)

26. Stage I – Forming
(Dependence)
• Confusion – Not certain about purpose, task, leadership
• Orientation, dependence, inclusion
• Interaction is cautious, language ambiguous and there is a
great deal of agreement
• Minimal work is accomplished
• Breaking of ice (small talk, socializing)
• Takes one day to several weeks

27. Stage II – Storming
(Counter dependence)
• Conflict , confrontations, disagreements, evaluation,
control
• Assertion of individuality - A chaotic vying for leadership
• Language - Clear, unambiguous, direct
• Minimal work is accomplished
• 2 issues:
– how close we should be (affection)
– does the leader know what he/ she is doing (control)
• Risk for communication failures
Now there, you two! You
can’t both be Australia,.
One of you has to be
England.

28. Stage III- Norming
(Interdependence)
• Settling down, cooperation, collaboration
• Agreement on how the group operates
• Maintaining harmony, focused work emergence
• Marked by several layers of balance:
– Individualism vs group ness
– Group goals vs individual goals
– Closeness vs distance
– Role of leader vs members
• Cohesion begins to emerge

29. Norms
= Acceptable standards of behaviour shared by
group members
• All groups have norms
• They define what ought/ ought not to be done
by the members
• May be laid down formally or informally
• They act as behaviour influencing parameters
without outside control
• Differ from group to group

30. Why have norms?
• Facilitate survival of the group
• Simplify role expectations
• Protect self-images
• Enhance the group's unique identity
• Avoid rejection from the group
• Increases predictability of group members behaviour
• Reduces embarrassing IPR problems of group members
• Allows the group members to express the central values and
apply

31. How are Norms formed ?
• Norms develop in many ways -
- Explicit statement by managers
- Critical events in group’s history
- Primacy – The first behaviour pattern that
emerges becomes the norm
- Carry over behaviour what one followed

32. Forms of Norms
• Performance – parameters as to how hard a
person has to work, what production level to
achieve
• Appearance – Dress, code of conduct…
• Arrangement – Social interaction
• Allocation of resources – Pay, bonus,
equipment ..

33. Stage IV – Performing
(Independence)
• Group fully functional, devoted to task at hand
• Works to meet its objectives
• Period of consensus and maximum
productivity
• Spirit is high
• Negative comments are
not expressed

34. Factors affecting group performance
1. Composition
2. Size
3. Norms
4. Cohesiveness

35. 1. Composition of group
• Acts as a predictor of turnover
• Heterogeneous group - gender, personality,
opinion, skill, perspective
– More conflict laden  More deliberate
- Cultural diversity  Difficulty in
processes
• Groups that have cohorts (persons with
common attributes) - perform better

36. 2. GROUP SIZE
# in
group
Relationships Interactions
possible
2 1 2
3 3 9
4 6 28
5 10 75
6 15 186
7 21 441
8 28 1056
Dyad:
a to b
b to a
Triad:
a to b
a to c
b to a
b to c
c to a
c to b
a to b&c
b to a&c
c to a&b
• Dyad - close but unstable because one person leaving ends the
group. Hence move from dyads to triads
• Third person : - Mediator, Vyer for attention, Divide and conquer

37. Does the size of the group affect the
group’s overall behaviour?
Yes
• Simmel (1950): size changes two aspects of groups:
– Intimacy (diluted)
– Coordination of behaviors (harder)
• Smaller group – Good for completion of a particular
(productive) task
• Larger group – Good for problem solving

38. As size increases…?
Advantage –
• Range of abilities & knowledge increases (added resources for
problem solving)
Disadvantage -
• Satisfaction of each member decreases
• Time to decide increases
• Cohesion decreases
• Disagreement increases
• Factions and antagonism increase
• Member participation decreases
- Bales & Strodbeck (1951)

39. Group behaviours
• Task behaviour – Initiating, clarifying,
information seeking/ giving, consensus
• Maintenance behaviour – Encouraging,
harmonizing, compromising, gate keeping
• Self interest behaviour – Dominating,
controlling, blocking, belittling

40. Transactional Analysis
Social attraction between individuals –
• Parent – Protective, nurturing, controlling,
critical, guiding
• Adult – Rational calculating, factual,
unemotional
• Child – Rebellious, spontaneous, dependent,
creative, emotional

41. The PAC interactions
?
Person A Person B
Parent
Adult
Parent
Adult
Child Child

42. Reactions within a Group
I’m OK – You’re OK
I’m OK – You’re not OK
I’m not OK – You’re OK
I’m not OK – You’re not OK

43. 4. Group cohesion
Affected by the ability of the group to –
• Work as a unit, share tasks, recognize members’
contributions,
Vs
Conflict, role ambiguity, lack of motivation
• Attract high performers, opportunists, achievers
• Affected by - Group size, cliques, acts of protest,
self interest behaviour

44. Stage V - Adjourning
• Dissolving, termination
• The process of "unforming" the group, that is, letting
go off the group structure and moving on.
• Tail end behavior
- Happy
- Sad
- Depressed
- Angry
- Dissatisfied

45. I’m OK – Are you OK?
ThanQ