Groups can be formal or informal. Formal groups are consciously created to serve organizational objectives, like work teams, while informal groups form spontaneously based on personal relationships or interests. Every group passes through stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. People join groups for benefits like security, status, goals, and interests. Factors like leadership, roles, norms, size, and task influence group dynamics and performance.

2. UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
SADAF MA’AM .

4. DEFINITIONS
Stephen robbins defines a
group “as two or more
individuals, interacting and
interdependent, who have
come together to achieve
particular objectives.”

5. TYPES OF GROUPS
Most individuals belong to various types of groups. These
different groups can be broadly classified in two types.
• {1} FORMAL GROUPS: these groups are consciously
created to serve an organizational objective. The crew of
an airline flight is an example of a formal group.
• Formal groups can be further divided into different types.
• [a] Command group: It is a group determine by the
connection between individual who are a formal part of
the organization. For eg, the marketing department
comprising of the general manager and the other
marketing staff.
• [b] Task group: A task group is created by the
management to accomplish certain organizational goals.
It is specifically created to solve the problem or preform a
defined task.

6. [2] INFORMAL GROUPS: Informal groups are groups that
develop naturally among people, without any direction from
the organization within they operate. They are formed
spontaneously and are based on personal relationships or
specific interests.
The different types of informal groups are:
[a] Interest groups: Interest groups consist of person who
share common interests. They may be job related interest, or
such as sports, national politics or religion.
[b] Friendship groups: friendship group consist of individual
who come together because they share one or more common
characteristics. They consist of people with natural affinities for
one another.

7. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
Every group passes through different stages in its life
cycle. According to a popular model, every group passes
through five distinct stages of group development.
(1) Forming: In the forming stages the members share
personal information and try to know more about the
tasks to be preformed.
(2) Storming: the members compete for positions of status
and control. This is a period of high emotionality and
tension among group members. The storming stage is
completed when the intra group conflicts are resolved and
the group’s leadership is accepted.

8. (3) Norming: In this stage the group really begins to come
together as a co-ordinated unit. Members start co-operating
with each other and place their competing interest in the
background.
(4) Performing: This stage is sometimes called as total
integration. During this stage, the group members work
effectively and efficiently towards achieving the group
objectives.
(5) Adjourning: In this stage the group prepares for
disbandment. The group’s focus is now on wrapping up
activities rather than achieving high task performance.

9. WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS
people join groups for a variety of different reason. Most people
belong to several groups because different groups provide
different benefits. The following are the benefits:
(1) Security.
(2) Self-esteem.
(3) Status.
(4) Affiliation.
(5) Power.
(6) Goal achievement.
(7) Satisfaction of needs.
(8) Shared interest and goals.

10. GROUPS DYNAMICS- FACTORS
INFLUENCING WORKING OF GROUPS
Each group has its own unique personality. This is because
several factors affect the working of groups. The different
factors that influence group dynamics can be classified in to:
(1) EXTERNAL FACTORS
(2) GROUP RESOURCES
(3) GROUP STRUCTURE
(4) GROUP PROCESS
(5) GROUP TASKS

11. Fig 6.1 Group Behaviour
Model

12. EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS
work groups don’t exists in isolation. They are a part of the
larger organization. They are as follows.
(1) organization strategy.
(2) authority structures.
(3) formal regulations.
(4) organizational resources.
(5) human resources selection process.
(6) performance evaluation and reward system.
(7) organizational culture.
(8) physical work setting.

13. GROUP MEMBER RESOURCES
To succeed a group must have members with the right skills and
competencies. The resources that individual members bring to the
group have a strong influence on its performance. Abilities and
personality characteristics of group members are two important
resources.
(1) Abilities: What group members can do it has a strong bearing
on group performance. Intellectual and task relevant ability of
group members affects overall group performance.
(2) Personality characteristics: The personality traits of individual
group members strongly influence how they interact with other
group members. Characteristics such as authoritarianism and
dominance have a negative impact on groups.

14. GROUP STRUCTURE
Group structure refers to the pattern of interrelationships
between the individuals constituting a group. The different
aspects or variables of group structure are:
(1) Formal leadership
(2) Roles
(3) Norms
(4) Status
(5) Size
(6) Cohesiveness
(7) Composition

15. GROUP PROCESS
Group process includes the communication patterns used by
members for information exchange, group decision processes,
leader behavior, conflicts and the like. One group process that
has generated considerable interest among researchers is the
social facilitation effect. Psychologists have given different
explanations for the social facilitation effect. Some of the
prominent explanations are:
(1) Drive theory.
(2) Evaluation apprehension.
(3) Distraction-conflict model.

16. GROUP TASK
Task may be simple, routine and standardized or they be
complex, non routine, and novel. The nature of the task
moderates the group process and effect group performance
and member satisfaction. For certain kind of tasks, large groups
are more suitable while for some tasks smaller groups are
desirable. Greater interaction among group members is
required when there is a high degree of interdependence
among the tasks that group members must perform.

17. THE END
MADE BY :
HARISH 05