Salient Points of The Draft Charter by Atty. Rodolfo "RV" Vicerra. Presentation for HSF-PPI Seminar on Understanding Federalism for Media Practitioners
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is the constitutional commission responsible for enforcing election laws and regulations in the Philippines. It has several functions including judicial, ministerial, reportorial, and recommendatory functions related to conducting elections, plebiscites, and recalls. Some issues COMELEC has faced include controversies surrounding the ZTE broadband contract and "Hello Garci" wiretapped conversations allegedly involving vote rigging.
This document provides an overview of the election process and legal solutions to election disputes in the Philippines. It discusses the following:
1) The branches of government and elective positions in the country.
2) The different levels of political subdivisions (regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays) and their elective positions.
3) The process of casting and counting votes at precincts and canvassing results through different boards up to the national level.
4) The legal process for resolving election disputes, which involves filing election protests with the appropriate electoral tribunal.
The document discusses suffrage, elections, political parties, and the Philippine government and constitution. It defines suffrage as the right to vote and outlines who can exercise suffrage in the Philippines. It also describes the different types of elections that take place, including general, national, local, and special elections. The document then discusses political parties in the Philippines, including their functions and development. It notes that Philippine political parties historically lacked coherent programs and existed primarily to satisfy demands rather than promote specific ideologies.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
The Commission on Human Rights is an independent office established by the Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights. It is composed of a Chairperson and four commissioners, the majority of whom must be lawyers. President Benigno Aquino III appointed Etta Rosales to chair the commission. The commission has the power to investigate human rights complaints, adopt its operational guidelines, provide legal protection and aid to victims of human rights violations, monitor prisons, conduct research and education on human rights, and recommend legislation to Congress.
1. Suffrage is the right to vote for qualified citizens and refers to the privilege granted by law for citizens to participate in the political process through elections and referendums.
2. There are qualifications for voters including being a citizen of the Philippines, at least 18 years of age, having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the locality for 6 months.
3. Types of voting include regular elections, special elections to fill vacancies, and absentee voting for qualified Filipinos living abroad.
Salient Points of The Draft Charter by Atty. Rodolfo "RV" Vicerra. Presentation for HSF-PPI Seminar on Understanding Federalism for Media Practitioners
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is the constitutional commission responsible for enforcing election laws and regulations in the Philippines. It has several functions including judicial, ministerial, reportorial, and recommendatory functions related to conducting elections, plebiscites, and recalls. Some issues COMELEC has faced include controversies surrounding the ZTE broadband contract and "Hello Garci" wiretapped conversations allegedly involving vote rigging.
This document provides an overview of the election process and legal solutions to election disputes in the Philippines. It discusses the following:
1) The branches of government and elective positions in the country.
2) The different levels of political subdivisions (regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays) and their elective positions.
3) The process of casting and counting votes at precincts and canvassing results through different boards up to the national level.
4) The legal process for resolving election disputes, which involves filing election protests with the appropriate electoral tribunal.
The document discusses suffrage, elections, political parties, and the Philippine government and constitution. It defines suffrage as the right to vote and outlines who can exercise suffrage in the Philippines. It also describes the different types of elections that take place, including general, national, local, and special elections. The document then discusses political parties in the Philippines, including their functions and development. It notes that Philippine political parties historically lacked coherent programs and existed primarily to satisfy demands rather than promote specific ideologies.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
The Commission on Human Rights is an independent office established by the Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights. It is composed of a Chairperson and four commissioners, the majority of whom must be lawyers. President Benigno Aquino III appointed Etta Rosales to chair the commission. The commission has the power to investigate human rights complaints, adopt its operational guidelines, provide legal protection and aid to victims of human rights violations, monitor prisons, conduct research and education on human rights, and recommend legislation to Congress.
1. Suffrage is the right to vote for qualified citizens and refers to the privilege granted by law for citizens to participate in the political process through elections and referendums.
2. There are qualifications for voters including being a citizen of the Philippines, at least 18 years of age, having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the locality for 6 months.
3. Types of voting include regular elections, special elections to fill vacancies, and absentee voting for qualified Filipinos living abroad.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: PHILIPPINE PARTY LIST SYSTEMjundumaug1
The document summarizes key aspects of the party-list system for electing representatives to the House of Representatives in the Philippines. It describes how the system aims to provide representation for marginalized groups. Registered national, regional, or sectoral parties and organizations can participate by fielding nominees who must meet certain qualifications. The number of seats allocated is 20% of the total House seats. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party-list. Seats are allocated based on the percentage of the nationwide vote each party receives. Party-list representatives have the same rights and terms as district representatives.
The Commission on Human Rights is an independent government body established by the Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights. It is composed of a Chairperson and four commissioners, the majority of whom must be lawyers. President Benigno Aquino III appointed Etta Rosales to serve as Chairperson. The Commission's powers and functions include investigating human rights complaints, adopting operational guidelines, providing legal protection and aid to victims of human rights violations, monitoring the government's compliance with international treaties, and performing other duties as mandated by law.
The document establishes a National Commission of Human Rights in Sudan. It outlines that the Commission will be independent and composed of 15 members appointed by the President. The Commission's functions include investigating human rights complaints, advising the government, promoting human rights education, and submitting annual reports. It has powers to form committees, research human rights issues, and address the public to publish opinions. The Commission will have its own budget and general secretariat led by a Secretary General.
Microsoft Power Point Mafikeng Leadership Committee Presents Role Players I...fred fred
karabo wanted to understand how the government works and how all the different people operate. these slides are to give him the opportunity to learn and to question more what he is learning
This document discusses suffrage and voting qualifications in the Philippines. It defines suffrage as the right to vote for qualified citizens. Suffrage is classified as a political right that allows citizens to participate in government. The main qualifications to vote are being a citizen of the Philippines aged 18 or older, not otherwise disqualified, and having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in one's local area for at least six months. The document also outlines the different types of elections and votes, including regular elections, special elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. It provides details on voter registration requirements and procedures for illiterate or disabled voters to vote. Absentee voting is also summarized as
With a population of 104.9 Million (2017), officially named Republic of the Philippines, the uploaded presentation is all about the country as a state and its three branches of government.
In April 2013, the Senate ‘Gang of Eight’ released its proposal for overhauling our nation’s immigration system. Call the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 (s.744), this bill proposes to eliminate the current immigration backlog, create new visa categories for high-skilled and skilled workers, overhaul our green card application system, and address the statuses of approximately 11 million undocumented workers in the United States.
Although only a bill at this point, this is the first serious effort by a bi-partisan group to address the immigration program in quite some time. In this informative webinar, attorneys Murali Bashyam and Ame Coats will educate the public on the bill and what they can expect if it, or something similar, is ultimately passed by Congress and signed by the President.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the Philippine government. It notes that the legislative branch is responsible for making, deliberating on, amending, and repealing laws. The Philippine Congress is the country's bicameral legislative department, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The document outlines the powers of Congress and the process for how a bill becomes a law, which involves readings in both the House and Senate and approval by the President.
This document discusses suffrage and voting rights under Article V of the Philippine constitution. It defines suffrage as the right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote in elections and decisions submitted to the people. It outlines the qualifications to vote as being a citizen of the Philippines over 18 years old who has resided in the country for at least a year and in their local area for at least 6 months. It also discusses the scope of suffrage including elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. The document notes Congress must provide systems for absentee voting and for disabled/illiterate citizens to vote without assistance.
Suffrage refers to the right and obligation to vote for qualified citizens. It is considered both a privilege and a political right that enables citizens to participate in government. The key qualifications to vote in the Philippines include being a citizen at least 18 years of age, having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the local area for at least 6 months. Suffrage encompasses elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. Registering to vote is required by law. Illiterate and disabled citizens can vote if assisted by a relative or election official. Absentee voting is provided for qualified Filipinos abroad. Certain crimes can disqualify a person from voting for a period of
Presentation by Reka Somssich, Hungary, on the Sources of the EU Law and decision making institutional framework in the EU, given at the workshop organised by SIGMA with the Turkish Ministry for EU Affairs on the Transposition of EU legislation into the legal system of Turkey, Ankara 24-25 May 2016.
The Philippine government is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others to maintain separation of powers. The legislative branch enacts laws and has the power to impeach officials. The executive branch implements laws and can declare martial law. The judicial branch interprets laws and can determine if other branches abused their powers. Officials must meet qualifications for their branch and can be impeached for crimes like corruption or betrayal of public trust.
The National Commission for Women (NCW) was established in 1992 as a statutory body to review laws and policies regarding women's rights and safety in India. The NCW investigates issues related to women's rights violations, examines legal safeguards for women, and recommends strategies to improve women's conditions. It handles complaints, takes up cases of violations, and conducts research and outreach programs to promote women's participation and advancement. The NCW advises government agencies and evaluates programs regarding women's development.
The Philippine government structure is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has separate powers and responsibilities under the principle of separation of powers to prevent arbitrary rule. The legislative branch makes and passes laws, the executive branch implements and enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws and settles legal disputes. Officials in each branch also have some powers to check the powers of the other branches to maintain a system of checks and balances.
National Human Rights Commission was established under Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 to promote and protect the human rights provided under the constitution of India and various international conventions and UN.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act was enacted in 1994 and amended in 2003 to prohibit sex selection and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques. The Act bans sex determination and aims to prevent female feticide. It mandates registration of all clinics conducting prenatal diagnostic procedures and maintains strict record keeping requirements. Violations of the Act are punishable by imprisonment, fines, and suspension or cancellation of licenses.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: PHILIPPINE PARTY LIST SYSTEMjundumaug1
The document summarizes key aspects of the party-list system for electing representatives to the House of Representatives in the Philippines. It describes how the system aims to provide representation for marginalized groups. Registered national, regional, or sectoral parties and organizations can participate by fielding nominees who must meet certain qualifications. The number of seats allocated is 20% of the total House seats. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party-list. Seats are allocated based on the percentage of the nationwide vote each party receives. Party-list representatives have the same rights and terms as district representatives.
The Commission on Human Rights is an independent government body established by the Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights. It is composed of a Chairperson and four commissioners, the majority of whom must be lawyers. President Benigno Aquino III appointed Etta Rosales to serve as Chairperson. The Commission's powers and functions include investigating human rights complaints, adopting operational guidelines, providing legal protection and aid to victims of human rights violations, monitoring the government's compliance with international treaties, and performing other duties as mandated by law.
The document establishes a National Commission of Human Rights in Sudan. It outlines that the Commission will be independent and composed of 15 members appointed by the President. The Commission's functions include investigating human rights complaints, advising the government, promoting human rights education, and submitting annual reports. It has powers to form committees, research human rights issues, and address the public to publish opinions. The Commission will have its own budget and general secretariat led by a Secretary General.
Microsoft Power Point Mafikeng Leadership Committee Presents Role Players I...fred fred
karabo wanted to understand how the government works and how all the different people operate. these slides are to give him the opportunity to learn and to question more what he is learning
This document discusses suffrage and voting qualifications in the Philippines. It defines suffrage as the right to vote for qualified citizens. Suffrage is classified as a political right that allows citizens to participate in government. The main qualifications to vote are being a citizen of the Philippines aged 18 or older, not otherwise disqualified, and having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in one's local area for at least six months. The document also outlines the different types of elections and votes, including regular elections, special elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. It provides details on voter registration requirements and procedures for illiterate or disabled voters to vote. Absentee voting is also summarized as
With a population of 104.9 Million (2017), officially named Republic of the Philippines, the uploaded presentation is all about the country as a state and its three branches of government.
In April 2013, the Senate ‘Gang of Eight’ released its proposal for overhauling our nation’s immigration system. Call the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 (s.744), this bill proposes to eliminate the current immigration backlog, create new visa categories for high-skilled and skilled workers, overhaul our green card application system, and address the statuses of approximately 11 million undocumented workers in the United States.
Although only a bill at this point, this is the first serious effort by a bi-partisan group to address the immigration program in quite some time. In this informative webinar, attorneys Murali Bashyam and Ame Coats will educate the public on the bill and what they can expect if it, or something similar, is ultimately passed by Congress and signed by the President.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the Philippine government. It notes that the legislative branch is responsible for making, deliberating on, amending, and repealing laws. The Philippine Congress is the country's bicameral legislative department, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The document outlines the powers of Congress and the process for how a bill becomes a law, which involves readings in both the House and Senate and approval by the President.
This document discusses suffrage and voting rights under Article V of the Philippine constitution. It defines suffrage as the right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote in elections and decisions submitted to the people. It outlines the qualifications to vote as being a citizen of the Philippines over 18 years old who has resided in the country for at least a year and in their local area for at least 6 months. It also discusses the scope of suffrage including elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. The document notes Congress must provide systems for absentee voting and for disabled/illiterate citizens to vote without assistance.
Suffrage refers to the right and obligation to vote for qualified citizens. It is considered both a privilege and a political right that enables citizens to participate in government. The key qualifications to vote in the Philippines include being a citizen at least 18 years of age, having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the local area for at least 6 months. Suffrage encompasses elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. Registering to vote is required by law. Illiterate and disabled citizens can vote if assisted by a relative or election official. Absentee voting is provided for qualified Filipinos abroad. Certain crimes can disqualify a person from voting for a period of
Presentation by Reka Somssich, Hungary, on the Sources of the EU Law and decision making institutional framework in the EU, given at the workshop organised by SIGMA with the Turkish Ministry for EU Affairs on the Transposition of EU legislation into the legal system of Turkey, Ankara 24-25 May 2016.
The Philippine government is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has checks and balances on the others to maintain separation of powers. The legislative branch enacts laws and has the power to impeach officials. The executive branch implements laws and can declare martial law. The judicial branch interprets laws and can determine if other branches abused their powers. Officials must meet qualifications for their branch and can be impeached for crimes like corruption or betrayal of public trust.
The National Commission for Women (NCW) was established in 1992 as a statutory body to review laws and policies regarding women's rights and safety in India. The NCW investigates issues related to women's rights violations, examines legal safeguards for women, and recommends strategies to improve women's conditions. It handles complaints, takes up cases of violations, and conducts research and outreach programs to promote women's participation and advancement. The NCW advises government agencies and evaluates programs regarding women's development.
The Philippine government structure is divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has separate powers and responsibilities under the principle of separation of powers to prevent arbitrary rule. The legislative branch makes and passes laws, the executive branch implements and enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws and settles legal disputes. Officials in each branch also have some powers to check the powers of the other branches to maintain a system of checks and balances.
National Human Rights Commission was established under Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 to promote and protect the human rights provided under the constitution of India and various international conventions and UN.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
The PCPNDT Act prohibits sex selection techniques before and after conception to protect the girl child. It restricts clinics, medical personnel, and machines that can be used for prenatal sex determination. Only registered genetic clinics using qualified practitioners can perform prenatal diagnostic techniques. The act aims to maintain sex ratio and promote the birth of the girl child by banning practices that determine the sex of the fetus. Violations of the act are considered cognizable offenses with non-bailable imprisonment. The Central Supervisory Board provides oversight and the code of conduct outlines proper procedures for clinics.
The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act was enacted in 1994 and amended in 2003 to prohibit sex selection and regulate prenatal diagnostic techniques. The Act bans sex determination and aims to prevent female feticide. It mandates registration of all clinics conducting prenatal diagnostic procedures and maintains strict record keeping requirements. Violations of the Act are punishable by imprisonment, fines, and suspension or cancellation of licenses.
The document discusses several key Acts related to healthcare laws in India:
1) The Transplantation of Human Organ Act (THO) of 1994 which legalized organ donation and transplantation in India but organ commerce still occurs.
2) The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 which regulates drugs and cosmetics in India to ensure they are safe and effective.
3) The Indian Medical Central Council Act of 1970 which established the Central Council to regulate medical education and the medical profession in India.
This document discusses issues related to female foeticide, honour killings, and trafficking of women in India. It provides details on:
1) What female foeticide is, how it occurs through sex determination tests and illegal termination of female fetuses. This has led to millions of "missing" girls and women in India.
2) Legal initiatives in India to address these issues, including the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994 which prohibits sex determination and female foeticide.
3) Offenses and punishments outlined under this law for violations by individuals, companies, doctors, and others. Those found guilty can face imprisonment, fines, and have their medical licenses
Victim Protection in Sri Lanka: An Analysis of the Existing Laws in Relation ...bhagya913
An Analysis of the existing laws on victim protection in relation to the victims of offences of gender based violence in Sri Lanka, along with the existing international standards.
Access to Justice Guidelines in the HIV 03-022 NACA (2) (1).pptxFestusAlexChinaza
The document discusses concepts related to law, human rights, and HIV/AIDS. It outlines an activity where participants will be divided into groups to discuss one of the three topics, with guidance questions provided. Each group will then present to the full participants. The facilitator will conclude with a presentation wrapping up key points. It also provides more detail on the topics of law, human rights, and the Nigerian framework for protecting human rights.
The presentation describes the situation of female foeticide in Indian society. Its causes ,effects and remedies are also described in this presentation.
The document discusses several key Indian public health laws related to children's health. It provides an overview of laws such as the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (prohibiting sex selection), Infant Milk Substitutes Act (regulating infant formula), Child Labor Act (regulating child labor), Juvenile Justice Act (related to juvenile justice system), Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, Children Act, and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act. It also discusses features, provisions, and penalties associated with these important acts. Finally, it outlines some common problems with implementing public health laws in India and suggested approaches to address these issues.
The Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994, also known as the PCPNDT Act, aims to ban sex selection techniques and prevent misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions. The Act regulates genetic counseling centers, genetic laboratories, and genetic clinics. It prohibits determining the sex of a fetus or communicating the sex to the pregnant woman. Violations are punishable by imprisonment and fines. The Central Supervisory Board advises the government on implementing the Act and creating awareness against female feticide. The Act also establishes provisions for registration, cancellation of registration, and appeals for affected centers and clinics. Offenses under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable. The Act was upheld as constitutional in a
An overview of the law on abortion in KenyaLyla Latif
The document provides an overview of abortion law, policy, and guidelines in Kenya. It summarizes that the Constitution allows abortion only for emergency treatment or danger to the mother's life/health, as determined by a trained health professional. However, the law lacks clarity on key terms. National policy aims to improve reproductive healthcare access, and guidelines provide for abortion in cases of rape. Overall the document analyzes inconsistencies between Kenyan and international law on defining life and permitting abortion.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesIFsbh
IF workshop in the European Parliament in Strasbourg, October 2012. Dima Yared, Human Rights Officer at United Nations Office for Human Rights, Regional office for Europe, presented the United Nation Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and how to use it to advocate for and promote the rights to work of people with disabilities.
This document provides summaries of various consumer protection acts and legislation in Nepal, including:
1. The Black Market and Some Social Crime and Punishment Act of 1997 which aims to control public crimes and maintain peace.
2. The Food Act of 1966 which prohibits selling or distributing food below prescribed quality standards to protect public health.
3. The Nepal Standards Act of 1980 which established the Nepal Council of Standards and Nepal Bureau of Standards to determine and enforce standards for goods and services.
4. The Consumer Protection Act of 1999 which defines various consumer rights like protection from harmful goods and right to compensation.
5. The Copyright Act of 2002 which protects copyrightable works and outlines penalties for unauthorized publication or use
Black Market and Some Social Crime and Punishment Act, 1997.
Food Act, 1966.
Nepal Standards Act, 1980.
Consumer Protection Act, 1999.
Copyright Act, 2002
Patient, design and trademark Act,(PPDTA)
This document provides an overview of health law in India. It defines law and describes the various sources and types of law. It discusses key articles in the Indian Constitution related to health and provides details on important health-related legislation in India, including the Indian Nursing Council Act, Consumer Protection Act, Registration of Births and Deaths Act, Epidemic Diseases Act, and International Health Regulation. The document categorizes Indian health legislations and describes a few acts in more detail regarding their aims and provisions.
The clinical establishments (registration and regulation) act 2010 and rules...Dr. Priyanka Srivastava
1. The document discusses the need for regulation of healthcare services in India, as the private healthcare sector remains largely unregulated.
2. It outlines the key aspects of the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010, which aims to set minimum standards for facilities and services in clinical establishments across India.
3. The Act provides for registration of clinical establishments with state and district authorities, compliance with standards, transparency of charges, and penalties for non-compliance. It is aimed at improving public health outcomes.
Links between positive prevention, the legal environment and programmes to em...gnpplus
This document discusses the links between positive prevention efforts, the legal environment, and programs that empower people living with HIV/AIDS. It argues that an effective response requires improving the entire legal environment through three main strategies: 1) Empowering affected communities with legal literacy and access to justice, 2) Improving law enforcement through training, and 3) Legislating or reforming discriminatory laws. Monitoring the legal environment and working with partners in government and civil society are also important. Support for essential programs that reduce stigma and discrimination, provide legal aid, and change harmful social norms need to be properly funded and scaled up. Positive prevention efforts should advocate for human rights and demand that combination prevention includes a focus on legal and policy reforms.
The document provides an overview of various public health laws in India. It begins by defining what constitutes a law and the different sources of law. It then discusses key public health legislations in India related to areas such as medical education, registration of births and deaths, prevention of diseases, maternal and child health, environmental protection, and management of health services. Specific acts discussed in more detail include the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Consumer Protection Act, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, and Registration of Births and Deaths Act. The document emphasizes that public health laws are essential to effectively regulate the health system and improve population health outcomes.
The document discusses various legislative initiatives regarding certification and licensure requirements for medical imaging providers, including ultrasound technicians. It outlines current bills in New Mexico and Oregon that would require certification or licensure to perform medical ultrasound. Concerns are raised that the bills could restrict non-prescriptive providers like nurses from using ultrasound. The document advocates working with relevant societies to address these issues and ensure ultrasound remains within the scope of practice for vascular access professionals.
This document discusses several key topics related to medico-legal aspects in obstetrics and gynecology:
1. It summarizes the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) which regulates and restricts the misuse of technologies like ultrasound for sex-selective abortion.
2. It discusses the issue of female feticide in India and the ethical debates around it.
3. It provides an overview of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 and its amendments, which were introduced to address the high rates of unsafe abortions in India and reduce associated mortality and morbidity.
METHODS OF TEACHING: LECTURE METHOD AND STORY TELLING METHODANCYBS
The document discusses two teaching methods: the lecture method and the storytelling method. The lecture method involves the teacher speaking while students passively listen. It can efficiently cover content but lacks student participation. The storytelling method creates interest by sharing true stories, myths, and legends. It develops imagination but risks exaggerating facts. Both methods have advantages and limitations depending on the topic, class, and objective.
This document discusses health behaviors and habits. It notes that establishing good health behaviors early in life is important. Healthy behaviors include getting enough sleep, not smoking, eating breakfast, light drinking, and regular exercise. Barriers to changing unhealthy behaviors include a lack of immediate incentives, pleasure derived from unhealthy activities, and emotional factors like stress. Health behaviors are also unstable and influenced by different factors for different people. The document outlines determinants of health behaviors and discusses individual differences, risk factors, and problems promoting wellness.
THE RIGHT OF INFORMED CONSENT AND DIMENSIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY.ANCYBS
The document discusses the concepts of informed consent and confidentiality in counseling. It defines informed consent as a client's agreement to undergo counseling, treatment, or research after understanding the nature, risks, and benefits. Obtaining informed consent is an ongoing process that involves providing information to clients, evaluating their understanding, and documenting their consent. Confidentiality is important to build trust in the counseling relationship. Exceptions to confidentiality like mandated reporting or risk of harm must be explained to clients as part of the informed consent process. The document also provides examples of how informed consent and confidentiality apply in different counseling situations.
Family counseling has evolved from early schools of thought to become more individualized. Feminist perspectives challenged the field by highlighting gender biases and societal influences. Today, therapists aim to empower both women and men by helping families reexamine restrictive gender roles and balance responsibilities more equitably. The political goals of feminist therapy also focus on achieving greater equality both inside and outside the home.
Definition of ethics, Ethics and counselling,
Professional codes of ethics and standards,
the Development of Code of Ethics of
Counsellors, Ethical counselling
Family: Definition, Changing trends in family structure, Types of families, C...ANCYBS
1. The document discusses different types and definitions of families. It defines family as a group united by marriage, blood, or adoption that interacts and communicates within defined social roles.
2. Families are characterized by universality across societies, an emotional basis in relationships, limited size, influence on socializing children, and both persistence as an institution but change over time.
3. The document outlines nuclear families, extended families, families based on marriage structure (monogamous or polygamous), and families based on residence (patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal, etc.). It provides details on the characteristics and prevalence of each type.
The document discusses the stages of the family life cycle as developed by Evelyn Duvall. It identifies 8 stages that families typically pass through: independence/single adult, coupling/marriage, parenting with young children, parenting with school-aged children, parenting with teenage children, launching adult children/empty nest, middle-aged adults, and retirement/elderly years. Each stage involves different family tasks and goals as families adjust to changes in roles and responsibilities throughout the lifespan. Challenges like illness, death, or financial problems can influence how smoothly families transition between these stages.
A chronic condition is a disease or illness that lasts for a long time or recurs frequently. Common chronic diseases include arthritis, asthma, cancer, diabetes, and some viral diseases. Chronic conditions are distinguished from acute conditions by affecting multiple body systems long-term and not being fully responsive to treatment. They may involve periods of remission or relapse. Chronic conditions can hinder independence and create additional limitations. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, not smoking, and limiting alcohol can help prevent or manage chronic diseases.
This document discusses family dynamics and gender roles. It covers topics such as power structures and allocation of roles within families. It describes the different subsystems that exist within families, including spousal, parental, and sibling subsystems, and how boundaries separate these subsystems. It also discusses types of power like legitimate, informational, referential, coercive, expert, and reward power, and how these influence dynamics and decision making. Gender roles are defined as the socially and culturally accepted behaviors for each sex.
This document discusses counselling for those with terminal illnesses. It describes terminal illnesses as diseases that cannot be cured and will likely cause death within a few years. Common terminal illnesses include various cancers, heart disease, Alzheimer's, and ALS. The document outlines challenges of end-of-life care in hospitals, where death can be lonely and painful, and staff may experience burnout. It emphasizes the importance of counselling and support groups for terminally ill patients to help them process complex emotions surrounding their diagnosis and death. Counselling goals include informed consent, comfort, meaningful use of remaining time, and a timely, dignified death.
Dual and multiple relationships in counsellingANCYBS
This document discusses dual and multiple relationships in counseling practice. It defines dual relationships as situations where two or more connections exist between a therapist and client, such as being friends or colleagues. Multiple relationships involve additional roles beyond the treatment relationship. While some dual relationships can be unavoidable, they risk undermining client trust and confidentiality. The document outlines different types of dual relationships and strategies for counselors to maintain ethical standards by prioritizing client autonomy, trust, and consent.
The document discusses the roles of a college counsellor in providing life skills training and study skills training to students. It defines life skills as capabilities that empower young people to make positive decisions and develop healthy relationships and lifestyles. Some key life skills discussed are self-awareness, decision making, problem solving, effective communication and coping with stress. Study skills discussed include time management, note taking, active participation and effective reading strategies. The document also covers counsellors providing training to develop students' overall personalities by enhancing traits like responsibility, consideration, humility and empathy.
Consultation involves a consultant, consultee, and client, with the goal of bringing about positive change in the client. The consultant works through the consultee to indirectly serve the client. There are different types of consultation including client-centered, consultee-centered, program-centered, and consultee-centered administrative consultation. Effective consultation follows phases including entry, defining the problem, analyzing alternative actions, dealing with barriers, and termination. Consultation can also involve working with groups.
LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR DEFINATION AND THEORIESANCYBS
This document discusses various theories and concepts related to leadership in organizational settings. It begins by defining leadership and providing examples. It then covers several leadership theories including: great man theory, trait theory, behavioral theory, contingency theory, transformational leadership theory. For each theory, the key aspects and ideas are summarized. The document also discusses different types of leadership, functions of leadership, and essential elements of leadership.
Somatic symptom disorder is a mental illness that causes distressing physical symptoms without a clear medical cause. Treatment focuses on improving daily functioning rather than just symptoms, and may include therapy, stress reduction, and addressing any underlying mental health conditions. Hypochondriasis involves a persistent fear of having a serious illness despite reassurance. Illness anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about personal health without clear physical symptoms. These somatic symptom disorders can be chronic and difficult to treat, often requiring therapy and management of anxiety.
The document discusses several key ethical standards related to psychological testing:
- Test developers should clearly define what a test measures and its limitations. Test givers must be properly trained and only use tests for their intended purposes.
- Informed consent is required, with test takers provided information on their rights regarding results and how data will be stored and shared. Competence and maintaining privacy are also important standards.
- Potential issues include labeling people in a way that causes stigma, divided loyalties when psychologists have obligations to both individuals and institutions, and ensuring the testing process does not dehumanize or remove human elements from decision making. Overall, ethical codes aim to protect test takers and uphold integrity of testing
The document discusses different techniques used in behavioral counseling including relaxation techniques, systematic desensitization, and assertiveness training. Relaxation techniques teach clients to control anxiety and muscle tension through slow breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery. Systematic desensitization uses relaxation and gradual exposure to reduce phobias and fears. Assertiveness training teaches people to stand up for themselves and express their honest feelings through modeling, roleplaying, and challenging unassertive beliefs. The overall approach of behavioral counseling is to identify specific behaviors to change and use scientific methods and reinforcement to modify behaviors.
The document discusses several models of counselling including Susan Gilmore's eclectic model, psychodynamic approach, social influence model, Bordin's working alliance model, psychodrama, transactional analysis, eclectic model, existential model, and gestalt model. Susan Gilmore's eclectic model focuses on the content, purpose, and process of therapy using three sub-triangles to explain each. The psychodynamic approach views personality as consisting of the id, ego, and superego and that unconscious motives influence behavior. The social influence model is based on the idea that counselling is a social interaction that involves mutual influence between counsellor and client.
Bipolar disorders are characterized by marked variations in mood, from manic episodes to major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode in addition to major depressive episodes. The document provides diagnostic criteria for manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and major depressive episodes based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It also discusses differential diagnoses between bipolar disorders and other conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, substance-induced disorders, and ADHD.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Legislation
1. LEGISLATION
• Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been promulgated
(or "enacted") by a legislature or other governing body or the
process of making it.
• Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to
outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare or to
restrict.
• Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g.
a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, where
upon it is debated by members of the legislature and is often
amended before passage.
2. • Legislation is regarded as one of the three main functions of
government, which are often distinguished under the doctrine of the
separation of powers.
• Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as
legislators
• A judicial branch of government will have the formal power to
interpret legislation (statutory interpretation)
3. THE 4 BASIC TYPES OF LEGISLATION
• There are four basic types of legislation that are handled by Congress.
They include bills, simple resolutions, joint resolutions and concurrent
resolutions.
Bill
• A bill is the most common type of legislation and can be either
permanent or temporary.
• It may also be general or special in nature; public or private.
• Bills can originate in either the Senate or the House of Representatives
4. • General appropriation bills typically originate in the House of
Representatives by tradition.
• A public bill affects the public in general while a private bill is one
that affects a private party or specified individual.
Joint Resolutions
• A joint resolution may originate in either the Senate or the House of
Representatives, even though it is often assumed that this type of
legislation originates in both houses.
• There is actually not much difference between a joint resolution and a
bill, but one difference is that a joint resolution can include a preamble
that precedes the resolving clause
5. Concurrent Resolutions
• A matter that affects the operations of both chambers of Congress is
typically initiated through a concurrent resolution.
• They are often used for expressing opinion, principles, facts and
purposes of the two houses of Congress.
Simple Resolutions
• A matter that concerns the rules, opinion or operation of either House
alone is begun with a simple resolution.
• A simple resolution will be considered only the House in which it is
introduced.
6. ACTS
• A bill which has passed through the various legislative steps required
for it and which has become law.
• They are passed by the government, to let people know the rules and
regulations about specific situations.
• Some of the acts are PNDT act, Organ Transplantation act, Consumer
Protection act etc
7. PRE-CONCEPTION AND PRE-NATAL
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ACT, 1994
• Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act,
1994 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to stop female
foeticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India.
• The act banned prenatal sex determination.
• An Act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after
conception, and for regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques for the
purposes of detecting genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or
chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or
sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of their misuse for sex
determination leading to female foeticide; and, for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto.
8. Citation Act No. 57 of 1994
Enacted by Parliament of India
Assented to 20 September 1994
Commenced 1 January 1996
Amended by: The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act. 2003
9. The main purpose of enacting the act is to ban the use of sex selection
techniques after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal
diagnostic technique for sex selective abortions.
Salient features
Offences under this act include conducting or helping in the conduct of
prenatal diagnostic technique in the unregistered units, sex selection on
a man or woman, conducting PND test for any purpose other than the
one mentioned in the act, sale, distribution, supply, renting etc. of any
ultra sound machine or any other equipment capable of detecting sex of
the foetus.
Main provisions in the act are:-
• The Act provides for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after
conception.
• It regulates the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, like ultrasound
and amniocentesis by allowing them their use only to detect :
10. • Genetic abnormalities
• Metabolic disorders
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Certain congenital Sex linked disorders. Malformations
• Haemoglobinopathies
11. • No laboratory or centre or clinic will conduct any test including
ultrasonography for the purpose of determining the sex of the foetus.
• No person, including the one who is conducting the procedure as per
the law, will communicate the sex of the foetus to the pregnant woman
or her relatives by words, signs or any other method.
• Any person who puts an advertisement for pre-natal and pre-
conception sex determination facilities in the form of a notice, circular,
label, wrapper or any document, or advertises through interior or other
media in electronic or print form or engages in any visible
representation made by means of hoarding, wall painting, signal, light,
sound, smoke or gas, can be imprisoned for up to three years and fined
Rs. 10,000.
12. • no pre-natal diagnostic techniques shall be used or conducted unless
the person qualified to do so is satisfied for reasons to be recorded in
writing that any of the following conditions are fulfilled, namely:
(i) age of the pregnant woman is above thirty-five years;
(ii) the pregnant woman has undergone of two or more spontaneous
abortions or foetal loss;
(iii) the pregnant woman had been exposed to potentially teratogenic
agents such as drugs, radiation, infection or chemicals;
(iv) the pregnant woman or her spouse has a family history of mental
retardation or physical deformities such as, spasticity or any other
genetic disease;
(v) any other condition as may be specified by the Central Supervisory
Board;
13. Compulsory registration
• The Act mandates compulsory registration of all diagnostic
laboratories, all genetic counselling centres, genetic laboratories,
genetic clinics and ultrasound clinics.
Amendment in 2003
Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse)
Act, 1994 (PNDT), was amended in 2003 to The Pre-Conception and
Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act
(PCPNDT Act) to improve the regulation of the technology used in sex
selection.
14. Implications of the amendment are:-
• Amendment of the act mainly covered bringing the technique of pre
conception sex selection within the ambit of the act
• Bringing ultrasound within its ambit
• Empowering the central supervisory board, constitution of state level
supervisory board
• Provision for more stringent punishments
• Empowering appropriate authorities with the power of civil court for
search, seizure and sealing the machines and equipments of the
violators
• Regulating the sale of the ultrasound machines only to registered
bodies.
15. OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
• No person, organization, Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, including clinic, laboratory or centre
having ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any
other technology capable of undertaking determination of sex of foetus
or sex selection shall issue, publish, distribute, communicate or cause
to be issued, published, distributed or communicated any
advertisement, in any form, including internet, regarding facilities of
pre-natal determination of sex or sex selection before conception
available at such centre, laboratory, clinic or at any other place.
• Any person who contravenes shall be punishable with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to three years and with fine which may
extend to ten thousand rupees.
16. MISCELLANEOUS
• Maintenance of records.
• Power to search and seize records, etc.
• Protection of action taken in good faith.- Removal of difficulties
• Power to make rules.
• Power to make regulations.
• Rules and regulations to be laid before Parliament.
17. CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986
• The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (COPRA) is an Act of the
Parliament of India enacted in 1986 to protect the interests of
consumers in India.
• It is replaced by the consumer protection act 2019 it is made for the
establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the
settlement of consumer's grievances and for matters connected there
with it.
• The act was passed in Assembly in October 1986 and came into force
on December 25, 1986.
18. Citation Act No. 68 of 1986
Enacted by Parliament of India
Commenced 24 December 1986
Significance of the statute
This statute is regarded as the 'Magna Carta' in the field of consumer
protection for checking unfair trade practices, ‘defects in goods’ and
‘deficiencies in services’ as far as India is concerned.
Consumer Protection Council
Consumer Protection Councils are established at the national, state and
district level to increase consumer awareness.
19. Various Consumer Organizations
• To increase the awareness of consumers, there are many consumer
organizations and NGOs that have been established.
• Consumer guidance society of India (cgsi) was the first consumer
organization established in India in 1966.
It was followed by many others such as
1. Consumer Education and Research Centre (Gujarat)
2. Bureau of Indian Standards
3. Federation of Consumer Organisation In Tamil Nadu
4. Mumbai Grahak Panchayat
20. 5. Consumer Voice (New Delhi)
6. Legal Aid Society (Kolkata)
7. Akhil Bhartiya Grahak Panchayat
8. The Consumers Eye India.
9. United India Consumer's Association
Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies
• District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (DCDRF): Also known
as the "District Forum" established by the State Government in each
district of the State.
• The State Governments may establish more than one District Forum in
a district.
21. • It is a district level court that deals with cases valuing up to ₹2 million
(US$28,000).
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC): Also known
as the "State Commission" established by the State Government in the
State. It is a state level court that takes up cases valuing less than ₹10
million (US$140,000)
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC):
Established by the Central Government. It deals with matters of more
than 10 million.
22. OBJECTIVES
Objectives of Central Council
The objectives of the Central Council is to promote and to protect the rights
of the consumers such as:-
• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which
are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity,
standard and price of goods or services, as the case may be so as to protect
the consumer against unfair trade practices;
• The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and
services at competitive prices
• The right to be heard and to be assured that consumer's interest will receive
due consideration at appropriate forums
• The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or restrictive trade
practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers
• The right to consumer education.
23. Jurisdiction/Three Tier System of Council Courts
Jurisdiction of District Forum
Subject to the other provisions of this Act, the District Forum shall have
jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services
and the compensation, if any, claimed does not exceed rupees twenty lakhs.
Jurisdiction of State Commission
• Complaints where the value of the goods or services and compensation, if
any, claimed exceeds rupees twenty lakhs but does not exceed rupees one
crore (R10 million); and
• Appeals against the orders of any District Forum within the State; and
24. Jurisdiction of National Commission
• Complaints where the value of the goods or services and
compensation, if any, claimed exceeds rupees one crore; and
• Appeals against the orders of any State mayor; and
25. NATIONAL ORGAN TRANSPLANT ACT OF 1984
• An Act to provide for the regulation of removal, storage and
transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes and for the
prevention of commercial dealings in human organs and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
• The National Organ Transplant Act (1984 Pub.L. 98–507), approved
October 19, 1984, and amended in 1988 and 1990
26. HISTORY
• Before NOTA was put in place, there was no clear jurisdiction on what
property rights were for a human corpse. Instead, America applied a
"quasi-right" to a corpse. This meant that the relatives of a deceased
person had a possessory right long enough to decide how to bury or
dispose of the corpse. This does not mean a property right which
means they do not have a right to transfer, devise, possess, and lease
the human organs and tissues.
• Due to a shortage in organs but a growing demand for transplantations,
people began to use other means to purchase organs outside of a
hospital setting. The organ market began to become a commercial
market. H. Barry Jacobs, the head of a Virginia company, announced
in 1983 a new plan to buy and sell human organs on the market.
27. • This plan put healthy, human kidneys in the price range of up to
$10,000 plus a $2,000 to $5,000 commission fee for Jacobs. This
brought the issue out into the open. NOTA was a response to this
proposal making it criminal to transfer human organs for valuable
consideration for the purposes of a human transplantation.
28. Title I - Task Force on Organ Procurement and Transplantation
• Title I states the Secretary of Health and Human Services will establish a
Task Force on Organ Procurement and Transplantation to regulate how
deceased donor organs are handled and who receives transplantations and
the process one must go through in regards to a deceased donor organ
transplantation along with other lines of duty. This Task Force is composed
of 25 members.
Duties of the Task Force include:
• Handling all medical, legal, ethical, economic, and social issues that may
rise from obtaining deceased human organs and the transplantation of them.
• Assessing immunosuppressive medication used to prevent organ rejection in
transplant patients, including safety, effectiveness, costs, insurance
reimbursements, and making sure those who need these drugs can receive
them
29. • Prepare a report including assessments of public and private efforts to
obtain deceased human organs, problems in obtaining these organs,
recommendations for education and training of health professionals
and for education of the general public
• Assessment of the effectiveness and of establishing a national registry
of deceased human organ donors
30. Title II - Organ Procurement Activities
• Title II established the Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) for
deceased organ transplants. These OPO's are designed to increase the
number of registered deceased organ donors and when those donors
become available, they coordinate the donation process from donor to
patient.
• NOTA also established the Organ Procurement and Transplantation
Network (OPTN), a membership organization transplant-related
individuals and organizations, primarily transplant centers.
• The Act also introduced a scientific Federal Registry of all the
recipients of organ transplants. This registry includes patient
information and transplant procedures.
31. Their duties include:
• "facilitating the deceased organ matching and placement process through
the use of the computer system and a fully staffed Organ Center operating
24 hours a day"
• "developing consensus based policies and procedures for deceased organ
recovery, distribution (allocation), and transportation"
• "collecting and managing scientific data about organ donation and
transplantation"
• "providing data to the government, the public, students, researchers, and the
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients for use in the ongoing quest for
improvement in the field of solid organ allocation and transplantation"
• "developing and maintaining a secure Web-based computer system, which
maintains the nation's deceased organ transplant waiting list and
recipient/donor organ characteristics"; and,
• "Providing professional and public education about donation and
transplantation, the activities of the OPTN and the critical need for
donation."
32. Title III - Prohibition of Organ Purchases
• NOTA specifically states "it shall be unlawful for any person to
knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for
valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer
affects interstate commerce." The penalty of breaking this law is a fine
of $50,000 or up to five years in prison, or both.
33. Title IV - Miscellaneous
• NOTA created a "national registry of voluntary bone marrow donors."
Donors on this list have given informed consent and their names are
kept confidential. This registry is upheld by the Secretary of Health
and Human Services.
Amendments
• 1988:- The 1988 Amendment of NOTA introduced the Organ
Procurement Organizations and Organ Procurement and
Transplantation Network explained in detail in Title II of NOTA.
• 1990:-The 1990 Amendment of NOTA introduced the Federal
Registry.
34. ETHICS
• Some believe that if organ transplantation is a commercial process,
incentives for the disfranchised and poor would be created to
manipulate them into being more willing to donate.
• The issue of putting a purchase price on a body part resembles slavery
and treats a class of people as subhuman. These critics believe that this
dehumanization is intolerable. Also, the buying and selling of organs
for transplantation as a business arrangement would lead to
misrepresentation of a person's medical information if the donor was
in poor financial shape.