Master Naturalist Presentation: Weather and Climate
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The document discusses various factors that influence weather and climate, including the sun, Earth's orbit and tilt, ocean currents, greenhouse gases, and human activities. It provides details on climate cycles driven by changes in eccentricity, obliquity and precession of Earth's orbit over thousands of years. Climate variations also occur over shorter timescales due to phenomena like El Nino. The document examines how climate change is affecting Virginia's ecosystems and species.
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What difference between weather and climate?
What difference between weather and climate? The climate at a given location on the globe is called the regional climate. It is defined by the statistical characteristics of local weather conditions, obtained over a long period of time. The regional climate informs us about the seasonal variations typical of a region.
Is climate change natural or man made?
This document discusses whether climate change is natural or man-made. It first defines climate change as a change directly or indirectly caused by human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition beyond natural variability. It then outlines opinions on the issue and parameters to measure climate change such as temperature, precipitation, sea level, solar activity, volcanic activity, and chemical composition. While some argue multiple factors can cause climate change, data on temperature, precipitation, sea level, and chemical composition suggest human activity is the dominant cause of current climate change. The document concludes natural cycles only have a small effect and recommendations are provided for mitigating climate change.
Climatology
Climatology seeks to explain the causes of different climates, their variations, effects on vegetation, and interactions with human societies. It analyzes weather and climate elements. Climate is defined as the weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period. Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a given time. Climatology examines climate data from ice cores and ocean sediments dating back millions of years. It also studies how climate has changed in recent centuries and decades due to human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation. Applied climatology explores relationships between climate and other phenomena like agriculture, human health, and industries.
Earth's Climate
The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Future
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
An Overview of the Climate System
An Overview of the Climate SystemCCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
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This document provides an overview of climate zones and climate classification systems. It begins with an introduction to climate and what determines different climate zones. It then discusses several prominent climate classification schemes, including Köppen climate zones and ecoregions. Several key factors that influence climate zones are outlined, such as latitude, proximity to large bodies of water, air currents, land formations, and altitude. Examples are given of how these factors shape regional climates. The document concludes with a brief discussion of Earth's energy balance.
Natural causes of climate change
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
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What difference between weather and climate? The climate at a given location on the globe is called the regional climate. It is defined by the statistical characteristics of local weather conditions, obtained over a long period of time. The regional climate informs us about the seasonal variations typical of a region.
Is climate change natural or man made?
This document discusses whether climate change is natural or man-made. It first defines climate change as a change directly or indirectly caused by human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition beyond natural variability. It then outlines opinions on the issue and parameters to measure climate change such as temperature, precipitation, sea level, solar activity, volcanic activity, and chemical composition. While some argue multiple factors can cause climate change, data on temperature, precipitation, sea level, and chemical composition suggest human activity is the dominant cause of current climate change. The document concludes natural cycles only have a small effect and recommendations are provided for mitigating climate change.
Climatology
Climatology seeks to explain the causes of different climates, their variations, effects on vegetation, and interactions with human societies. It analyzes weather and climate elements. Climate is defined as the weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period. Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a given time. Climatology examines climate data from ice cores and ocean sediments dating back millions of years. It also studies how climate has changed in recent centuries and decades due to human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation. Applied climatology explores relationships between climate and other phenomena like agriculture, human health, and industries.
Earth's Climate
The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Future
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
An Overview of the Climate System
An Overview of the Climate SystemCCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CCAFS workshop titled "Using Climate Scenarios and Analogues for Designing Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture," 19-23 September in Kathmandu, Nepal. Climate zones and climate changes (2)
This document provides an overview of climate zones and climate classification systems. It begins with an introduction to climate and what determines different climate zones. It then discusses several prominent climate classification schemes, including Köppen climate zones and ecoregions. Several key factors that influence climate zones are outlined, such as latitude, proximity to large bodies of water, air currents, land formations, and altitude. Examples are given of how these factors shape regional climates. The document concludes with a brief discussion of Earth's energy balance.
Natural causes of climate change
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
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This document discusses the relationship between solar variation and climatic changes. It introduces that the sun provides the energy that drives Earth's climate and any changes in the sun's output can affect the climate. It then covers topics like how solar variation is measured, records of past solar activity, the relationship between solar activity and historical climate changes like the Little Ice Age, and conclusions that the climate appears to be highly sensitive even to small changes in solar irradiance.
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The document discusses whether global climate change is man-made. It summarizes that while the climate has changed naturally in the past due to the greenhouse effect, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change claims most recent climate change over the last 50 years is due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It notes that carbon dioxide levels have risen faster since the Industrial Revolution, trapping heat in the atmosphere. While some argue climate change is natural, many scientists and countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol argue we need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to mitigate further climate change impacts.
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Large volcanic eruptions can cool the global climate by ejecting ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where they reflect sunlight back into space. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo cooled the planet by 0.5°C for about a year by reducing sunlight by 10%. Even larger eruptions like Tambora in 1815 and Krakatoa in 1883 lowered global temperatures more significantly for multiple years.
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The document discusses factors that affect the absorption of solar energy and temperature in different places. It states that generally, areas closer to the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn absorb more solar energy and have higher temperatures, while areas closer to the North Pole absorb less solar energy and have lower temperatures. However, places at the same latitude can still have different temperatures due to other factors like proximity to water, wind patterns, elevation, etc. The document provides examples of temperatures in different cities to illustrate this.
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The document discusses how the sun provides heat to Earth and the factors that influence temperature variations across our planet's surface. It can be summarized as follows:
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Climate change occurs over long, medium, and short terms.
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This document provides information about climatology and weather elements. It discusses how weather is the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, while climate describes conditions over 30+ years. Climatology studies the distribution of atmospheric phenomena. Key weather elements discussed include temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind systems, solar radiation, and air masses. Temperature is influenced by factors like the sun's angle, cloud cover, elevation, distance from bodies of water, and ocean currents. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature, latitude, and the Earth's rotation. Local winds include land/sea breezes and anabatic/katabatic winds, while global winds are trade winds, westerlies, and polar winds.
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The document discusses different climates and biomes around the world. It begins by explaining the difference between climate, which is average weather over 20+ years, and weather, which is conditions over a shorter time period like days or weeks. It then discusses six main biomes: equatorial, savanna, desert, Mediterranean, tundra, and monsoon climates. Each biome is characterized by its location, description, seasons, rainfall, temperature, and example regions. Other biomes like grasslands, deciduous forests, and boreal forests are also briefly outlined. Factors influencing climate like latitude, distance from oceans, altitude, and ocean currents are explained.
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Large volcanic eruptions can cool the global climate by ejecting ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where they reflect sunlight back into space. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo cooled the planet by 0.5°C for about a year by reducing sunlight by 10%. Even larger eruptions like Tambora in 1815 and Krakatoa in 1883 lowered global temperatures more significantly for multiple years.
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The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
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Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planning
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Climate change and its effects
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming"
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record — extending deep into the Earth's past — has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change.
Natural environmental change
This document discusses natural mechanisms that may contribute to climate change, including variations in the sun's energy output, astronomical variations, and changes in the atmosphere's composition. Variations in sunspot activity and the sun's diameter can influence temperatures. Astronomical cycles like the Milankovitch cycles affect climate over long time periods. Volcanic eruptions inject aerosols that can linger for years and cool the Earth. Some evidence links changes in the Earth's magnetic field to past climate variations.
Orbital variations
The document discusses natural causes of climate change, focusing on variations in Earth's orbit. It describes three types of variations: eccentricity, which refers to changes in Earth's elliptical orbit from nearly circular to more elliptical over long time periods; axial tilt, which involves oscillations in Earth's tilt relative to its orbital plane over 41,000 years; and precession, a 26,000 year cycle involving the wobble and rotation of Earth's axis and orbital ellipse. These Milankovitch cycles alter seasonal and latitudinal sunlight distribution, driving climatic variations like glacial-interglacial patterns over thousands of years.
Temperature of the Earth (student presentation)
student presentation
Temperature of the Earth
General Physics 1
presentation 1 group 4
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trimester 2, 2008-2009
Climate presentation
The document discusses several key pieces of evidence that show the climate is changing due to human activity:
1) Satellite data shows that while the sun's energy output has remained stable, the Earth has been warming since 1979.
2) Greenhouse gas levels, especially carbon dioxide, are higher now than at any other time in the last 800,000 years due to human fossil fuel use.
3) Computer models used to study past and present climates indicate that the observed warming is only explained when human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
Theory of climate change (kiran thorat)
This document discusses the theory of climate change, including natural causes like variations in the Earth's orbit, axis, and solar activity as well as human causes like fossil fuel burning. It also examines effects of climate change such as increased drought and flooding harming agriculture and effects on water resources. The document proposes mitigating climate change through technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and enhance carbon storage in soils and restored lands.
Animal climatology
Climatology is the scientific study of climate and a major branch of meteorology. There are three approaches to climatology: physical, descriptive, and dynamic. Physical climatology seeks to explain climate differences based on physical processes. Descriptive climatology orients itself geographically and describes climates regionally without causes. Dynamic climatology relates atmospheric circulation to climate. Climate is influenced by both physical processes like ocean currents and heat transport, and biological processes in the oceans like the biological pump. Changes in elements like temperature, precipitation, wind and others are driven by factors like latitude, land-sea distribution, and topography.
Climatesystem 100427220733-phpapp02
The document discusses key concepts about the Earth's climate system:
1) Climate is the long-term average weather conditions in an area, while weather describes short-term conditions. Various mechanisms can cause climate change over different timescales.
2) The climate system includes interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life. Feedback loops can amplify or reduce the effects of initial climate changes.
3) Factors that influence the climate on long timescales include variations in solar activity, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gases, and plate tectonics. Climate has fluctuated in the past between ice ages and warmer periods.
Causes of Climate Change and environment.pptx
Volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, variations in solar activity, and human activities all contribute to climate change. Major human factors include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial emissions, and coal mining which increase greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trapping heat and leading to global warming. Deforestation and burning forests also release stored carbon into the air.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses both long-term and short-term effects of climate change. Over millions of years, continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit have triggered changes by altering ocean currents, wind patterns, and the distribution of land masses. In the short-term, volcanic eruptions and shifts in air and ocean currents can temporarily cool the climate by blocking sunlight. The Milankovitch cycles of Earth's orbit and axial tilt occurring over tens of thousands of years are linked to recurring ice ages and interglacial periods.
ENV 101 Ch16 lecture ppt_a
- The document discusses global climate change and provides evidence that rising greenhouse gas levels are causing the planet to warm. It examines feedback mechanisms in the climate system like the albedo effect and carbon cycle. Images show retreating glaciers and rising temperatures. The impacts of a warming planet could include extreme weather, sea level rise, and shifting biomes. Past climate records from ice cores provide context on the rate of current changes.
Causes of climate change
Climate change can be caused by both human and natural factors. Human causes include burning fossil fuels and land use changes which have increased greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and warming the planet. Natural causes include volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, variations in Earth's orbit and axis, fluctuations in solar activity, and feedback loops within the climate system. While factors like volcanic eruptions and solar activity can cause short-term cooling, the long-term trend since the 1800s is due to human greenhouse gas emissions.
Powerpoint effects
This document discusses the causes of climate change, which can be either human-caused or natural. It identifies two types of human causes: burning fossil fuels and land use changes since the Industrial Revolution, which have increased the greenhouse effect and led to global warming. It also discusses several natural causes, including volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, variations in solar activity, and the current warming trend caused by increased greenhouse gases trapping heat in the lower atmosphere.
Natural Disasters Topic 6 (Hydrologic System)
The hydrologic system involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy. It includes atmospheric moisture, precipitation, surface water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. The hydrologic system shapes landscapes through weathering and erosion and transports sediment. It also influences climate patterns and regulates heat distribution around the planet through processes like the greenhouse effect.
Climate_Change_ppt.ppt
The document discusses evidence of climate change caused by human activity since the industrial revolution. It provides evidence of rising global temperatures and CO2 levels from ice core and direct measurements. Some effects of warming include rising sea levels, shrinking ice sheets, retreating glaciers, declining Arctic sea ice, increased extreme weather events, and ocean acidification. The document also discusses how the Earth's rotation, revolution, and tilt influence its climate through factors like seasons and the Milankovitch cycles.
4202: Climate change-1
This document provides information on climate change from a lecture given by Md. Abdullah-Al-Mahbub. It defines weather and climate, noting that weather is specific conditions over days while climate is average conditions over decades for a region. It discusses factors that determine climate like latitude, altitude, winds, and oceans. It also covers causes of climate change, distinguishing between natural causes like orbital changes, solar variations, and volcanic eruptions, and anthropogenic causes like greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and population growth since the Industrial Revolution. Finally, it lists some critical changes caused by climate change like warming temperatures, changes to the water cycle, and declining glaciers.
Physical causes of climate change
The document discusses several factors that can cause changes in Earth's climate, including variations in the Earth's orbit, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, volcanic eruptions, and variations in solar output. Large volcanic eruptions that eject sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can have a short-term cooling effect on global temperatures by reflecting sunlight back to space for up to three years. Rising carbon dioxide levels due to human activities like burning fossil fuels are enhancing the greenhouse effect and leading to increased global warming. Variations in the Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles, may have contributed to past climate changes by altering the amount of solar radiation received by different regions over long time periods.
Solar variability terrestrial climate
1) Even small variations in the sun's output, such as the 0.1% change over the sun's 11-year solar cycle, can significantly impact Earth's climate through complex interactions between the atmosphere and ocean.
2) The sun's extreme ultraviolet radiation varies by much larger factors of 10 over the solar cycle, strongly affecting the chemistry and temperature of the upper atmosphere in ways that can influence surface weather patterns.
3) Recent studies provide evidence that solar variability leaves an imprint on regional climates like the Pacific Ocean through both "top-down" and "bottom-up" atmospheric and oceanic mechanisms.
Presentation on climate change
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time, while climate change refers to significant long-term shifts in weather patterns. The document discusses several lines of evidence for rapid climate change, including rising global temperatures and CO2 levels from ice core data. It also outlines theories for what causes climate change such as changes in Earth's orbit, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, and variations in solar activity. The impacts of climate change include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threatened plant and animal species.
New Climate Change Statement from the American Meteorological Society
New Climate Change Statement from the American Meteorological Society Earth Institute of Columbia University
The largest association of meteorologists and climate scientists issued a fresh statement on the scientific evidence for human-driven climate change and possible impacts. This is an update from the 2007 statement that can be found here: http://www.ametsoc.org/policy/2007climatechange.html
More on climate change on Dot Earth:
http://j.mp/dotBasic http://j.mp/dotBasicsSimilar to Master Naturalist Presentation: Weather and Climate (20)
New Climate Change Statement from the American Meteorological Society
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Master Naturalist Presentation: Weather and Climate
- 1. Weather and Climate Southwestern Piedmont Master Naturalists November 6, 2008 Denny Casey, Ph.D. Director of Education and Public Programs Virginia Museum of Natural History Image credit: www.nasa.gov
- 10. Main factors affecting climate
- 11. Main factors affecting climate This animation shows the global advance and retreat of daily snow cover along with daily sea ice surface temperature over North America from September 2002 through May 2003. The ice-covered areas modify the radiation budget by means of their high reflectivity. Research shows that the global radiation budget at 18,000 B.P was about 7- -10% less than that of today. Image credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Scientific Visualization Studio, The SeaWiFS Project and GeoEye
- 27. The Earth’s Biosphere This composite image gives an indication of the magnitude and distribution of global primary production, both oceanic (mg/m3 chlorophyll a) and terrestrial (normalized difference land vegetation index). Image credit:SeaWiFS Global Biosphere September 1997 - August 1998
- 66. Hurricanes of the North Atlantic 2005
- 76. Weather measurements This is VMNH WeatherBug graph showing relative humidity and temperature over several days.
- 91. A typical year of weather in Virginia
- 92. A typical year of weather in Virginia
- 93. A typical year of weather in Virginia Image credit: www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/lightning/va-lightning.htm