The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra which work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels, while the ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until emptying via the urethra. Common urinary tract infections occur when bacteria like E. coli enter the bladder or kidneys, causing symptoms like painful urination and back pain. Risk factors for UTIs include being female due to anatomy and not drinking enough fluids. Proper hygiene and urinating after sex can help prevent infections.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
peritoneal dialysis, management of chronic renal failureSapana Shrestha
Peritoneal dialysis is a technique of dialysis in which solute and fluid exchange occurs between peritoneal capillary blood and dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity via peritoneal layer with the help of peritoneal catheter.
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical problems. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infections, inflammations and progressive impairment of renal functions are common conditions found in children.
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Dialysis and Urolithiasis and its dietary managementSyeda Yousra
Dialysis : principle, types, working ,dietary management its drawbacks and prevention
Urolithiasis :types , causes, most prone regions, diets for recovery and further prevention and treatment.
The duplex renal system involves the presence of two ureters in a single kidney. The renal duplex system may be complete or incomplete. Many patients do not have symptoms. Most of these cases are diagnosed on antenatal scan or when they present with urinary tract infections. It is a congenital condition and may require various procedures to salvage the renal functions.
peritoneal dialysis, management of chronic renal failureSapana Shrestha
Peritoneal dialysis is a technique of dialysis in which solute and fluid exchange occurs between peritoneal capillary blood and dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity via peritoneal layer with the help of peritoneal catheter.
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical problems. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infections, inflammations and progressive impairment of renal functions are common conditions found in children.
If you want to help or donate please donate at my paypal:
dyokimura@gmail.com
SUPPORT ME:
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/dyokimura6
CHECK MY GAMING CHANNEL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoKOObshfyyxhVkw1VjyQNA
Dialysis and Urolithiasis and its dietary managementSyeda Yousra
Dialysis : principle, types, working ,dietary management its drawbacks and prevention
Urolithiasis :types , causes, most prone regions, diets for recovery and further prevention and treatment.
The duplex renal system involves the presence of two ureters in a single kidney. The renal duplex system may be complete or incomplete. Many patients do not have symptoms. Most of these cases are diagnosed on antenatal scan or when they present with urinary tract infections. It is a congenital condition and may require various procedures to salvage the renal functions.
Urinary catheterization
Definition
Types of Urinary catheterization
Effects or risks of Urinary catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
Intermittent catheterization
Caring for catheters
Signs and symptoms of Urinary tract infections
2. *The Urinary System or the Genitourinary System (GU) is the
organ that produces, stores and eliminates urine
*It consists of two kidneys, two tubes called ureters, urinary
bladder and a tube named urethra
*The function of the urinary system is to maintain stable
internal environment, it removes waste products and
adjusts water and electrolyte levels
*These organs control the amount of water and salts that
are absorbed back into the blood and what is taken out as
waste
*This system also acts as a filtering mechanism for the blood
3.
4. *A bacterial infection that can affect any part of the urinary system
*The most common type of bacteria is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which
normally lives in the colon, but when it gets in the bladder or kidney
it causes a UTI
*Most common types of UTI are: acute cystitis (bladder infection) and
pyelonephiritis (infection of the upper urinary tract or kidney)
*Symptoms include pain or burning when you urinate, feeling to
urinate frequently but not much urine comes out, fever and chills,
nausea or vomiting and pain on one side of your back under your ribs
*It’s most common in women because of their short urethra
*It is treated with antibacterial drugs and can be cured in 1 to 2 days
5. *Drink plenty of water everyday (6-8 cups of 8oz)
*Urinate when you feel the need, don’t resist the urge to
urinate
*Wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria around the
anus from entering the vagina or urethra
*Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays and scented douches,
which may irritate the urethra
*Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse and
urinate after intercourse to prevent UTI
*Try drinking cranberry juice or taking cranberry pills
6.
7. * Catheterization is the insertion of a plastic tube, called catheter, into the
patient’s bladder via his/her urethra
* It is used to drain the urinary bladder or to inject liquids for treatment or
diagnosis of bladder conditions
* Types of catheter: Foley, Robinson, Coude, irrigation and external Texas
* Three main catheterization types:
* Indwelling -inserted through urethra or into the bladder via belly button
-left in the bladder for short or long periods of time
* Condom - most frequently used in elderly men with dementia
- it’s a condom-like device that is placed over the penis
* Intermittent – used for short term periods
- it’s removed after the flow of urine has stopped
* Risks: bladder stones, blood infection, kidney damage, urethral injury, UTI
8.
9. *“Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by an enlarged
prostate gland in males”
*It’s a condition in which the bladder neck doesn’t open appropriately
or completely during elimination
*BNO occurs mostly in 50 year old males frequently after being
diagnose with prostate or had previous history of bladder stones
*Symptoms: abdominal pain, slow urine flow, a sense of incomplete
emptying, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence and nocturia
(excessive urination at night)
*Treatment options: watchful waiting, pharmacotherapy and surgical
intervention - unilateral or bilateral transurethral incision of the
bladder neck
*If BNO is not detected in the early stage it can develop into bladder
cancer
10.
11. *Hemodialysis – “cleaning the blood”
*Mechanism: - blood is circulated through a machine, which contains
a dialyzer (also called an artificial kidney) -> the dialyzer has two
spaces separated by a thin membrane -> blood passes on one side of
the membrane and dialysis fluid passes on the other -> the wastes
and excess water pass from the blood through the membrane into
the dialysis fluid, which is then discarded ->the cleaned blood is
returned to your bloodstream
*Occasionally nausea, headaches muscle cramps or dizziness can
occur due to the fast removal of extra water from your body, which
may cause the blood pressure to drop
*Treatment normally takes 4 to 5 hours, and usually 3 treatments a
week are needed
*Hemodialysis may be done in a hospital dialysis unit or at home, for
which special training is needed
12.
13. *Diagnostic procedure which allows to directly examine the
urinary tract, bladder, urethra and the openings to the ureters
*Instrument used: cystoscope – a long, flexible, lighted tube
*Cystoscopy helps in identifying problems with the urinary
tract, such as: prostate cancer, polyps, bladder stones, UTIs,
urinary incontinence, painful urination or blood in urine
*It may also be performed after gynecologic surgical procedures
near the bladder to check for proper placement of sutures and
support devices
*Rare risks involved: infection, bleeding, urinary retention,
bladder perforation, epididymitis (inflammation or pain in the
testicles)