This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
Structural and Geological Study of a part of the Chitradurga Schist BeltSai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Indian plate consists of several microplates, in the plate tectonic process they merged and disintegrated. The stable part of India i.e., Southern India, consists of several microplates, including the Eastern Dharwad and Western Dharwad in between lies the Chitradurga Schist belt. It has even the primordial rocks and rich in minerals. It was a pleasure to see the oldest rocks and understand all the structural changes happened in the history. This structural and geological study gives a glimpse into one of the oldest parts on earth. I am thankful to Prof. K. V. Subba Rao, a very well known Geologist of India for introducing me to this field area.
Key words: geology books, tectonic geomorphology, physical geology of India, minerals of India, plate tectonics and crustal evolution, Karnataka Geography, structural geology
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
Structural and Geological Study of a part of the Chitradurga Schist BeltSai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Indian plate consists of several microplates, in the plate tectonic process they merged and disintegrated. The stable part of India i.e., Southern India, consists of several microplates, including the Eastern Dharwad and Western Dharwad in between lies the Chitradurga Schist belt. It has even the primordial rocks and rich in minerals. It was a pleasure to see the oldest rocks and understand all the structural changes happened in the history. This structural and geological study gives a glimpse into one of the oldest parts on earth. I am thankful to Prof. K. V. Subba Rao, a very well known Geologist of India for introducing me to this field area.
Key words: geology books, tectonic geomorphology, physical geology of India, minerals of India, plate tectonics and crustal evolution, Karnataka Geography, structural geology
The Lectures describes the Electrical method of Geophysical Prospecting in brief. SP surveying and Occurrence of Self potential and its application is discussed in brief.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
This power point Presentation explains Engineering Geology of Dams & Reservoirs .Also explains the influence of geological conditions on choice & types of the Dams
CH7.1.pptx: ground water hydrolog of ethiymulugeta48
The annual amount of rain falls runoff is estimated around 122 billion m³ of water.
Groundwater resources are estimated around 36 billion m³.
In Ethiopia, some 80% to 90% of water resources are found in the basins of large rivers such as the Abay (Blue Nile), the Tekeze, the Baro Akobo and the Omo Gibe.
Application Of Resistivity For Groundwater, Hydrogeology and Pollution ResearchOmokpariolaElshalom
It was a group seminar geophysics course presentation in my year 3 of which I was asked to represent the group in giving an oral presentation of how we can apply resistivity in the geophysical investigation of groundwater, pollution ansd hydrogeology.
Similar to Ground water Survey and Water Quality (20)
MANY TIME WHEN NO. OF ROWS ARE MORE AND THE PROCESS OF MERGING CELLS IS TOO IRRITATING AND CONSUME LOTS OF TIME.
MERGE ACROSS CAN REDUCE YOUR TIME BY MERGING THE CELLS YOU HAVE SELECTED
If you have a worksheet with data in columns that you want to rotate so it’s rearranged in rows, you can use the Transpose feature. It lets you quickly switch data from columns to rows, or vice versa.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. 2.1 Geophysical Investigations
• Geophysical investigations involve simple methods of study made
on the surface with the aim of ascertaining subsurface detail. This is
achieved by measuring certain physical properties and interpreting them
mainly in terms of subsurface geology.
Importance of Geophysical Investigations
• Geophysical methods are gaining importance very rapidly because
of their success in solving a vast variety of problems.
• These investigations are carried out quickly. This means large area
can be investigated in a reasonable short period and hence time is
saved.
• The geophysical instruments used in the field are simple, portable
and can be operated easily. This means fieldwork is not laborious.
• Since the work is carried out quickly and only physical
observations are made. Without the use of consumables (like
Chemicals), it is economical too.
2. • Different interferences to suit different purposes can be drawn
from the same field data, for example electric resistivity data can
be interpreted for knowing subsurface of rock types, geological
structures, groundwater conditions, ore deposits depth to the bed
rock, etc. Hence the investigations are multipurpose.
Applications of Geophysical Investigations
• Geophysical explorations are numerous, important and widely
varied.
• Investigations aimed in solving problems of regional geology.
• Investigations aimed at locating and estimating economically
important mineral deposits.
• Investigations aimed at locating and assessing groundwater
potential and its quality
• Investigations aimed at solving problems connected with geology.
Classification of Geophysical Methods
There are many kinds of geophysical methods of investigation.
These method are
• Gravimetric method
• Magnetic method
• Electrical method
• Seismic method
• Radiometric method
• Geothermal method
Electrical Method
• Among the methods different geophysical Methods electrical
method are numerous and more versatile, They are more popular
because they are successful in dealing with a variety of problems
like groundwater studies, subsurface structure, and many others.
Controlling Properties
• In electromagnetic methods, electrical conductivity, magmatic
permeability and dielectric constant of subsurface bodies are the
relevant properties.
Principle
• Electric methods are based on the fact that the subsurface
formation, structures, ore deposits, etc. possess different
3. electrical properties. These differences are investigated suitably
and exploited to draw the necessary conclusion.
• Electrical resistivity methods, electromagnetic methods, self-
potential methods and induce polarization methods are the very
important categories of electrical methods.
•
4. Electrical Resistivity Method
Principle
• The electrical resistivity's of subsurface formation vary from one
another if they are inhomogeneous and are studied with the help
of resistivity method. In the case of a resistive subsurface body,
current lines move away from it and in the case of a conductive
subsurface body, the current lines move towards it.
• Profiling and Sounding are two types of resistivity investigations.
Profiling is done to detect lateral changes in resistivity. This
throws light on the change in the subsurface lithology or structure
from place to place.
• Sounding is done to determine the vertical changes in resistivity.
In other words, this study reveals changes in lithology, etc. at a
particular place with increasing depth.
• All geological formations have a property called electrical
resistivity which determines the ease with which electric current
flows through them. This resistivity is expressed in the units of Ώm
ohms meter and is indicated by the symbol ᵖ
6. Resistivity method and measurement of Resistivity
• For the principle of the electrical resistivity method of exploration
and for measurement of resistivity. A high resistive overburden is
a disadvantage for resistivity studies. This is so because very little
current penetrates the ground which means that the investigation
of deeper layer is not possible.
Classification of Resistivity Methods
• The resistivity method are classified as profiling type, sounding
type, and potential type of methods.
• Profiling method is used for measurement of resistivity in lateral
direction. Sounding type in which measurement are made in
vertical direction. Potential methods are used in ore prospecting
and are of not of engineering relevance.
Seismic Methods
• Controlling Properties
• Elastic property differences in rocks is the controlling property.
Principle
• Seismic method of study is based on the principle that subsurface
rock formations bear different elastic properties. Because of this,
the velocities of propagation of seismic waves through the
subsurface layers of earth, suffer reflection or critical reflection
arrive at the surface of the earth where they are detected by
geophones. From the time taken by the waves to travel through
the subsurface formation and from the seismic wave velocities of
the media. It is possible to determine the depth of various elastic
boundaries.
• With the help of geophones fixed at suitable intervals on the
ground, the different seismic waves reaching the surface are
recorded and from the times of their arrival, time –distance curves
are constructed. The direct waves are the first to reach the
geophones placed between point and the distance beyond the
point is called the critical distance.
7. • Depending upon whether reflected waves or refracted waves are
used in the investigation, there are two types of methods, namely,
seismic reflection method and seismic refraction method.
• A geophone an amplifier and a galvanometer are the basic units
required for reflected or refracted wave registrations.
• Seismic refraction studies are effective for depths more than
100m but are not suitable for shallow exploration
• Refraction methods are employed for investigating depths from
close to the surface to several kilometer deep. These methods are
also followed for the investigation of deeper crust under seismic
studies.
• Shallow seismic refraction have found effective application in
investigating the suitability of foundation sites for civil engineering
structures.
• Seismic Refraction: the signal returns to the surface by refraction
at subsurface interfaces, and is recorded at distances much
greater than depth of investigation
• Seismic Reflection: the seismic signal is reflected back to the
surface at layer interfaces, and is
• recorded at distances less than depth of investigation
8.
9. 2.2 Ground water quality
- Factors affecting ground water quality
• Sediment and natural organic materials
• Nutrients
• Bacteria
• Toxic substances
Sediment and Natural Organic Materials
• Sediment is defined as particles derived from soil, rock, or organic
matter that have been, or are being, transported by water or
wind. Natural organic materials include plant debris, and human
and animal wastes. The erosion of land surfaces and stream banks
produces sediment. Erosion occurs naturally, but human activities,
like farming, logging, or road construction can increase sediment
transport to and within streams. Sediment deposited in streams
can restrict navigation. Sediment can also increase the potential
for floods by decreasing reservoir storage and stream-channel
capacity. Suspended sediments contribute to the reduction of
water clarity and quality. Fine sediments can severely alter aquatic
communities by clogging fish gills and suffocating fish eggs and
aquatic insect larvae. Harmful materials such as heavy metals and
toxic chemicals can attach to sediments and move with them
down the stream system. Sediment is a major water quality issue
in most places.
Nutrients
• Nutrients are any organic or inorganic compound needed to
sustain life. Examples include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. Nutrients are contributed to waters from the
atmosphere, agricultural lands, golf courses, lawns, septic
systems, wastewater treatment plants, and factories. An excess
amount of nutrients in water can result in a disproportionate
amount of aquatic vegetation. The decomposition of this excess
vegetation can remove oxygen from water and cause fish and
other aquatic life to die. An overabundance of aquatic vegetation
can also interfere with recreation. High nitrate or ammonia
concentrations can impact drinking water or kill fish. Nitrate and
ammonia are forms of nitrogen.
10. Bacteria
• Some bacteria are disease-causing organisms that may be
delivered to surface water and groundwater by sewer overflows,
leaking septic tanks, and runoff from animal feedlots or
pastures. Some bacteria are a threat to humans, and indicator
organisms such as fecal coliform are used to determine their
presence. Indicator bacteria are found in great numbers in the
intestines of humans and other warmblooded animals. When
water tests confirm the presence of the indicator bacteria, the
water body may be contaminated by untreated sewage and other
more dangerous organisms may be present.
Toxic Substances
• In sufficient quantities, toxic substances, such as cleaning solvents,
pesticides, and certain metals, can cause sickness, genetic
disorders, and even kill organisms. Toxic chemicals can enter
waters through direct discharge from industry or by improper
disposal of industrial, mining, farm, and household wastes.
Contaminants contributed from industrial uses of water include
toxic substances produced from cleaning solvents, acids, and
alkalis. The over application of pesticides can result in the excess
entering waters through runoff to surface water and infiltration
into groundwaters.
• Even extremely low concentrations of some chemicals are
hazardous to humans and aquatic life. Toxic substances also can
affect an organism’s growth, metabolism, reproduction, or
behavior. The potential dangers of many toxic substances are only
now being recognized. Assessing the environmental dangers of
these substances has been enhanced as our ability to detect
smaller concentrations has improved and our understanding of
their effects on the environment has increased.
11. 2.3 Water quality requirements
• Water quality criteria for aquaculture systems have typically
considered parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen,
total gas pressure, ammonia, and nitrite. Many of the published
criteria are derived for environmental protection of a wide range
of species and life stages. These criteria may not be appropriate
for a single species and life stage, especially in commercial
applications. The value of a given water quality criterion may
depend strongly on the species, size, and culture objectives. In
water reuse systems, fine solids, refractory organics, surface-
active compounds, metals, and nitrate may become important.
The limiting factors in very high intensity reuse systems are not
entirely understood at this time. Development of more relevant
water quality criteria for reuse systems will require production-
scale trials. Separate water quality criteria for bio filter operation
are also needed.
• The following are important requirements of water for domestic
use :
•
12. 2.4 Groundwater quality degradation
• Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants are released to the
ground and make their way down into groundwater. It can also
occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted
constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which
case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than
pollution.
• The pollutant creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer.
Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the
pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a
plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into
surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies
unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume,
called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological
transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater
pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology,
hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
• Pollution can occur from on-site sanitation systems, landfills,
effluent from wastewater treatment plants, leaking sewers, petrol
filling stations or from over application of fertilizers in agriculture.
Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally
occurring contaminants, such as arsenic or fluoride. Using polluted
groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoning or
the spread of disease.
• Different mechanisms have influence on the transport of
pollutants, e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the
groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with
surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.
13. 2.5 Reasons of groundwater quality degradation
Factors affecting ground water quality
Principal sources and causes of pollution with regard to their
occurrence:-
a. Municipal sources and causes
b. Industrial sources and causes
c. Agricultural sources and causes
d. Miscellaneous sources and causes
1. Municipal sources and causes
a) Sewer leakage
Sources: Poor workmanship, defective sewer pipe, breakage by
tree roots, ruptures from heavy loads, earthquakes, loss of
foundation support etc.
Results: Introduce high concentrations of BOD,COD, nitrate,
organic chemicals, bacteria and heavy metals into groundwater
b) Liquid wastes
Sources: Domestic wastes, Disposal wells industries, storm, runoff
etc.
Results: Introduce bacteria, viruses, trace elements and heavy
metals, inorganic and organic chemicals etc.
c) Solid wastes
Sources: Landfills
Results:
Leachate from landfills can pollute groundwater
Leachate include iron manganese, nitrate, trace elements etc.
2. Industrial sources and causes
a) Liquid wastes
Sources: Industrial waste water discharged into pits, ponds,
lagoons etc.
Results: Introduction of hazardous and toxic industrial wastes into
the groundwater
14. b) Tank and pipeline leakage
Sources: Gasoline stations, fuel oil tanks, petroleum and
petroleum products from industrial pipelines and tanks
Results: Immiscible liquids like oil and petroleum, liquid
radioactive wastes etc. reaches the water table and pollutes the
groundwater
c) Mining activities
Sources:-
Coal, phosphate and uranium mines
Stone, sand and gravel quarries
Results: Low pH, increase in iron, aluminium and sulphate content
in the soil
d) Oil-field brines
Sources:-
Substantial discharges of wastewater in the form of brine
Constituents of brine include sodium, calcium, ammonia, boron,
chloride, trace metals and high total dissolved solids
Results: Groundwater become saline
3. Agricultural sources and causes
a) Irrigation Return Flows
Sources: Irrigation return flow drains to surface channels or joins
the underlying water
Results:-
Increases salinity of groundwater
Increases the amount of bicarbonate, sulphate, chlorides, nitrates
etc. in the groundwater
b) Animal wastes
Sources: Wastes from slaughter houses
Results:-
The natural assimilative capacity of the soil become overtaxed
Salts, organic loads and bacteria are transported into the soil
Nitrate-nitrogen is the most important persistent pollutant that
may reach the water table
15. c) Fertilizers and Soil Amendments
Sources:
Leachate of phosphate and potassium fertilizers
Leachate of soil amendments like lime, gypsum and sulphur
Results: Increases salinity of soil
d) Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
Sources: Leachate of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides used
in agricultural fields
Results: Causes serious consequences in relation to the portability
of water
4. Miscellaneous sources and causes
a) Urbanisation
Groundwater pollution can occur both in rural as well as urban
areas and is affected by differences in chemical composition,
biological and chemical reactions, density and distance from
discharge areas
b) Spills and Surface Discharges
Causal activities includes leaks from pipes and valves, uncontrolled
waste disposal, intermittent dumping of fluids on ground, flushing
hazardous and flammable liquids into water etc.
Washing aircraft with solvents and spills of fuel at airports can
form a layer of hydrocarbons floating on the water table.
c) Stockpiles
Solid materials are frequently stockpiled near industrial plants,
construction site etc.
Precipitation falling on unsheltered stockpiles causes leaching of
heavy metals, salts and other pollutants into the groundwater
d) Septic tanks and Cesspools
Septic tank: A watertight basin intended to decompose the
domestic sewage and to
Discharge this into the biologically active zone
Of the soil mantle through a subsurface percolation system
16. Cesspools: large buried chamber with porous walls designed to
receive and percolate raw sewage
e) Saline water intrusion
Salt water may invade freshwater aquifers to create point or
diffuse pollution sources
g) Surface water
Polluted surface water bodies that contribute to groundwater
recharge become sources of groundwater pollution