This document provides an overview of Greek civilization through an 11-part presentation outline. It begins with an introduction of the group members and their university. The presentation then covers various aspects of Greek civilization including the land and people, the dark ages, government structures, Alexander the Great, social structures, politics, art and architecture, religion and warfare, science and technology, literature, and the decline of Greek civilization. Key points discussed include the geography of Greece, the development of city-states, the rise and fall of various governments systems, Greek contributions to mathematics, and inherent weaknesses that ultimately led to Greece's decline.

1. Welcome
to our presentation

2. Presented by-
Group ‘E’ of
First year first term,
Sociology discipline.
Khulna University, Khulna.
The group members are-
Name Student ID
1.Sayma Sultana Mim 161648
2.Jannatul Ferdous Mridu Moni 161642
3.Shanta Debi Mondal 161603
4.Sohana Ansary 161610
5.Umme Habiba 161632

3. Title: Greek civilization-
1.The land & the people
2.The dark age
3.Government
4. Alexander The Great.
5.Social Structure
6.Politics.
7.Art & Architecture
8.Religion & Warfare
9.Science & Technology
10.Literature
11.Decline of Greek Civilization.

4. The land & the people
The land:
Greece, or Hellas, as the early Greeks called it, is a peninsula of about 25,000 square
miles, extending from the main land of Europe into the Mediterranean Sea. The Pindus
Mountains from the backbone of the peninsula, extending southward almost to the Gulf of
Corinth. The extreme southern section is a plateau, reaching an elevation of 2000 feet in
some places. The Aegean Sea, which separates Greece from Asia Minor, is dotted with
numerous island, so close together that there are few places where island is not visible.
The Greek cities & colonies

5. The land and the people (cont.)
The climate:
The climate of Greece is very desirable. The temperature is mild, but not
monotonous.Withen a few munities , there is a great variation in temperature that is due
to differences in altitude. Euripides sang praise of the climate.
“Balmy and clement is our atmosphere. The cold of winter has no extremes for us, and
the shafts of the sun do not wound.”
The people:
The Greeks did not invade the Aegean basin, rather than they were the outcome of a
general fusion of many peoples, including several Indo-European tribes. So their culture
was mixed.

6. The Dark Ages (c 1200-c 800 B.C.)
The Dorians, kinfolk of the Achaeans, Ionian Greek, the chief creators of Hellenic
culture. There followed a long period of chaos and confusion, sometimes called
“The Dark Ages”. Minoan culture was destroyed, Tory was conquered, and the
Dorians subdued the Achaeans. By the beginning of the 8th century B.C.,There were
three division of the Greeks---the Dorians, the Aeolians, and the Ionians. Sparta,
Corinth, Aegos, Athens, Thebes, Ephesus and Miletus had become flourishing cities
and centers of Greek culture.

7. Government
The Achaeans were among the earliest Greek tribes to entire the Peloponnesus. They
were followed by the Dorians, but they developed their own individual system of
political administrations.
Many of city states had kings, whose power developed
among the nobles & there was constant struggle for supremacy.
Age of Tyrants (600-500 B.C.): Ancient Greek law
Under this conditions, usurpers, whom the Greeks called Tyrants, came into power. The
tyrant rulers were Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes e t c. Cleisthenes instituted a custom called
Ostracism . Draco gave the first written law in 621 B.C.
The city state (polis):
The city state had its own government, its own deity, its own religious ceremonies, and
its own individuality. Many of them had a representative government, a form of council,
and a public meeting place. Where the government was oligarchical, the council was
made up of the aristocracy.

8. Government (cont.)
Where it was democratic the, the council was elective.
The Repulse of Persia:
By skillful management of Greeks defeated the Persians at the battle of Marathon (490
B.C.) one of the famous battles in history. They had overcome the greatest military
power in the world.
Sparta versus Athens:
The conflict between Athens and Sparta was that the one supporting the traditional &
the rights of a privileged few. Championed by Sparta; the other advocating progress
&the rights of the people, championed by the Athens.
War took place between Sparta &Athens. In the result , the government of Sparta was
bankrupt, prices had risen, selfish men without any real qualification were in charge of
the government, and the army had deteriorated.
Decline of the Greek city state

9. Alexander The Great
Alexander the great, one of the most remarkable men antiquity, a Napoleon of the 3rd
century B.C. Aristotle taught him to love Greek culture, a lesson that the young general
never forget or failed to apply whatever possible.
Alexander, son and successor of Philip, continued the war
Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC),He completely destroyed the
Achaemenid Empire , annexing it to Macedon and earning
Himself the epithet ‘the great’. When Alexander died in 323BC, Alexander
Greek power and influence was at its zenith. However there had been a fundamental
shift away from the fierce independence and classical culture of the polies---- and
instead towards the developing Hellenistic culture.

10. The Social Structure
The social framework varied significantly from city-state to city-state.
Most cities had a large class of free, native born peasant farmer.
The adult males formed the citizen body of the state.
They were entitled to vote in elections, participate in trials in the law courts and hold
public office. There was slavery cast in ancient Greece.
Slavery cast of ancient Greece.

11. Politics
Plato & Aristotle , who were the chief exponents of Greek political theory. Plato used the
term politics
The court of Plato
Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred independent city states(poleis).
The ancient Greek certainly thought of themselves as one people they had the same
religion, language and culture.
However the city states fiercely defended their independence from one another.
Political unity was not an opinion unless imposed from outside

12. Art & Architecture
Greek architecture is known for its grace and simplicity. The finest buildings Greeks
erected were their temples. And the most famous is the Parthenon, in Athens. Here was
located the statue of god.
Ancient Greek Temple

13. Religion & Warfare
Religion: The religion of the Greeks came from the religious ideas and practice of the
people. Its Gods originated as natural sprits. There was no religious tie between the
people and the Goddess.
The main Greek gods were the twelve Olympians, Zeus, his wife Hera, Poseidon, Ares,
Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, and Dionysus.
Other important deities included Hebe, Hades, Helios, Hestia, Persephone and
Heracles.
The city states relied on their own citizens to form their armies.
The scale of Greek warfare increased somewhat in the 6th century BC, when group of
city states formed alliances
Mount Olympia (Home of the 12 Olympians) Ancient Greek warfare and Army

14. Literature
The Greeks organ fine literature, they have no earlier sources of literature. They
developed the literate own self. Like Lyric poetry the pastoral ode. Drama, literacy
criticism, historical writing and the philosophical dialogue.
The literature began with Homer. He wrote two Epics Iliad and Odysec which are
the first rank of poetry.
Greek literature may be said to have reached its golden age in Athens in the 6th and
5th centuries B.C.
Greek literature had three outstanding historians.-
1. Herodotus
2. Thucydides &
3. Xenophon.
Ancient Greek Literature

15. Science & Technology
Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important development of the field of
Mathematics, including the basic rules of geometry, the idea of formal mathematical
proof, and discoveries in number theory, mathematical analysis, applied mathematics
and approached close to establishing integral calculus. The discoveries of several Greek
mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid & Archimedes…
Science & technology developed much in this civilization….
Antikythera mechanism

16. Decline of Greek Civilization
The decline of the civilization of the Greeks was due to certain inherent weaknesses that
they were unable to overcome. They neglected the material and practical side of life for
speculations and abstentions. Manual labor and business enterprises gave way to
philosophical speculation. They failed to great degree to put into practice their political
theories and to establish an adequate central government.
Finally, they fell before the superior military organizations of Macedonia and Rome. The
independence of the Greeks and their political organizations were destroyed, but it must
be remembered that their cultural contributions lived. In some respects they have never
been superseded.

17. Thank you
Everyone
Do you have any question?