The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest urban civilizations, existed from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC in South Asia, notably in present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, starting its peak around 2500 BC. Major cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro showcased advanced urban planning and a strong agricultural economy, primarily focused on cotton production and trade. The civilization eventually declined due to a possible natural calamity, giving rise to subsequent cultures such as the Aryans, who established a caste system and contributed to literary works like the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

4.  The indus valley civilization was (3300 BC to
1300 BC) was one of the worlds earliest urban
civilization of the Bronze age along with its
contemporaries like Mesopotamia and Ancient
Egypt. This civilization was formed in the western
region of South Asia and extended to regions of
modern-day India,pakistan and Afghanistan. The
indus valley civilization was discovered in early of
20th century with the excavation of the harappan
city, the first city of Indus valley.

5.  It started at about 2500 BC on Indus river valley.
 It flourished from 2500 BC to 256 BC

6.  The Indian subcontinent has an area slightly
more than half of the United States and is
inhabited by more than four time as many
people.
 Geographically India falls into two main
divisions.
# Deccan

7.  The southern triangle or peninsular portion, known as
the Deccan.
 Most of the area was arid, unproductive and sparsely
populated.
 It was semi-mountainous and heavily forested.
 It sheltered some of the indigenous hill tribes.

8.  Some big rivers like Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra were in this
region.
 The area was fertile and fit for cultivation.
 Here the most influential centers of Indian civilization had been
located.

9.  The Indus valley civilization was established in
Indus river valley at about 2500 BC and
flourished about 1000 years and then most
probably for a natural calamity it was vanished.
 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are the two capitals
of Indus valley civilization.

10.  The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
were fairly big, they contained many
dwelling houses of varying sizes.
 The streets of the city were wide and straight
and there was covered drain beside the
streets.
 There was well organized Government

11.  Most Indus valley people were farmers.
 They cultivate cotton and weave into clothes.
 They traded cotton, grain, copper, pearls, and ivory.

12.  Polytheistic
 Mother Goddess were source of creation
 Bulls were sacred
 Special regard for the cattle

13.  Aryan civilization lasted between 1500 BC -500 BC.
 Aryans were divided into five categories on the basis
of occupation.
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaisyas
4. Sudras
5. Untouchables

14.  Polytheistic
 They believed that Gods control natural forces
 Brahmins could call the Gods at the time of
crisis
 Brahmins have the spiritual power beyond the
Gods.

15.  Mahabharata
The greatest epic of India with 1,00,000 verses. In it discussed about
Indian religious beliefs, immorality of soul, and importance of duty.
 Ramayana
Rama’s bride Sita was kidnapped by the demon king Ravana and the
story of Ramayana is all about how Rama got his bride back.

16.  Almost at the very beginnings of recorded history Indian Civilization
was a great civilization which produced wonderful art, architecture
literature, and so on. This account of the period between the 3200 BC-
2750 BC and the AD illustrates the fundamental pattern of India
history. There is greater loyalty to the social order and the caste system
than to any one political institution. Culture is accordingly both a
unifying and a divisive force.

17.  Rahman Dr. A.H.M.Mostafizur,Histroy Of Society & Civilization
 Swain James Edgar, A History of World Civilization
 https://en.m.wekipedia.org
 www.worldencyclopedia.org