With an average phosphate grade of 23.4% and significant exploration upside, the Tilemsi deposit has the potential to become a world-class high-grade phosphate resource
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. A very rare strontium-rich member Apatite-(SrOH) also exists, with the Calcium partially replaced by Strontium. There is also a rare member of Apatite which has the phosphate radical (PO4) partially replaced by a carbonate radical (CO3). It is known as Carbonate-Apatite.
Sedimentary deposits have provided about 80- 90 percent of world production in the last ten years. Igneous deposits and metamorphic rock phosphates are also available. China, The USA, Morocco and Western Sahara produce rock phosphates from sedimentary origins while Russia, South Africa, Brazil produce igneous originated rock phosphates. Sri Lanka has an igneous rock phosphate mine located in Eppawala, In the Anuradhapura district of north central province of the country.
The Rock Phosphate Deposit covers an area of approximately 324 ha of land and Nearly 60 million Metric Tons of phosphates have been determined to exist. Lanka Phosphates Limited has the sole authority to mine phosphates in Eppawala.
Rocks are covered in red-brown earth and occasional vegetation is mined by open cast mining processes and the extracted rocks are crushed. In this stage rocks and crystals are separated. Crushed crystals produce High Graded Eppawala Rock Phosphates (HERP) and Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP) is produced by crushed rocks.
The solubility of Eppawala rock phosphate is low. Ground Eppawala rock phosphate is used only for perennials such as Tea, Coconut and Rubber and spice crops. It is not recommended to short term crops due to the low solubility. The requirement of soluble phosphates at the initial stages of plant growth is high. Therefore more effective phosphate fertilizers (Triple Super Phosphate [TSP] and Single Super Phosphate [SSP]) are imported to Sri Lanka in order to fulfill the requirements. Around US$ 20 million worth foreign exchange is used for the imports. Phosphate fertilizer application for agriculture in Sri Lanka is one of the lowest in Asia. Therefore Value addition to Eppawala rock phosphate will save foreign exchange. When consider about the potential industries based on Eppawala rock phosphate manufacturing of SSP and Pharmaceuticals, Biomaterials (Artificial limbs, teeth) Analytical reagents, Animal feeds, Phosphoric Acid, Detergents, Emulsifiers can be indicated.
Exploitation of rock phosphate causes severe impacts on the environment and sustainable management of rock phosphate can be recommended.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITSPramoda Raj
(1) Phosphate deposits form as chemical sediments in a variety of depositional environments, most commonly in very shallow marine or low-energy settings like tidal flats, lagoons, and estuaries.
(2) Major types of phosphate deposits include nodular phosphorites, bioclastic phosphates containing bone beds, and phosphatized fossils or limestone. The phosphate mineral is usually fluorapatite.
(3) Worldwide phosphate production is used mainly for fertilizer at 90%, with the remaining 10% used for industrial chemicals. China, the US, and Western Sahara are the largest producers. Significant deposits occur in Florida, Morocco, Idaho, and offshore of Peru and
Phosphorite deposits, Types of Phosphorite deposits , Igneous Phosphate Deposits, Biogenic (or Guano Bird ; or Island) Deposits, Marine Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits, Classification of Phosphatic Sedimentary Marine Rocks, Depositional Environments, Types of Sedimentary Phosphorite Deposition, Nature and Occurrence, Mineralogy and Mineral composition of phosphorite deposit, Origin of Phosphorite, World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources, Global Phosphate Rock Production, Use of Phosphate
The document discusses phosphate rock (phosphorite) which is a sedimentary rock containing high amounts of phosphate minerals. It forms in a variety of depositional environments, most commonly very shallow marine or low-energy settings. Phosphate is deposited as apatite, commonly fluorapatite. It can have igneous or sedimentary origins. Sedimentary phosphorites are often associated with upwelling zones and form extensive deposits. The document also discusses a case study of phosphorite deposits in Egypt.
The document discusses lamprophyres, which are ultramafic, mafic, or intermediate intrusive rocks that form dikes or sills at shallow crustal levels. It covers the mineralogy, petrology, classification, occurrence in India, and economic importance of lamprophyres. Lamprophyres are classified into three main types - calc-alkaline, alkaline, and melilitic. Common lamprophyre types discussed include vogesites, minettes, spessartites, and kersantites. Lamprophyres in India are mostly found in Gondwana basins and some alkaline complexes. They can potentially contain diamonds or host gold mineralization.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
This document discusses the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in soils. It describes the key processes involved in each transformation, including mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, solubilization, and oxidation/reduction. It notes that microorganisms play a critical role in transforming organic forms of nutrients into plant-available inorganic forms through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids. Specific microbes involved in each transformation are also outlined, such as nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, potassium solubilizing bacteria, and sulfur oxidizing bacteria.
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. A very rare strontium-rich member Apatite-(SrOH) also exists, with the Calcium partially replaced by Strontium. There is also a rare member of Apatite which has the phosphate radical (PO4) partially replaced by a carbonate radical (CO3). It is known as Carbonate-Apatite.
Sedimentary deposits have provided about 80- 90 percent of world production in the last ten years. Igneous deposits and metamorphic rock phosphates are also available. China, The USA, Morocco and Western Sahara produce rock phosphates from sedimentary origins while Russia, South Africa, Brazil produce igneous originated rock phosphates. Sri Lanka has an igneous rock phosphate mine located in Eppawala, In the Anuradhapura district of north central province of the country.
The Rock Phosphate Deposit covers an area of approximately 324 ha of land and Nearly 60 million Metric Tons of phosphates have been determined to exist. Lanka Phosphates Limited has the sole authority to mine phosphates in Eppawala.
Rocks are covered in red-brown earth and occasional vegetation is mined by open cast mining processes and the extracted rocks are crushed. In this stage rocks and crystals are separated. Crushed crystals produce High Graded Eppawala Rock Phosphates (HERP) and Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP) is produced by crushed rocks.
The solubility of Eppawala rock phosphate is low. Ground Eppawala rock phosphate is used only for perennials such as Tea, Coconut and Rubber and spice crops. It is not recommended to short term crops due to the low solubility. The requirement of soluble phosphates at the initial stages of plant growth is high. Therefore more effective phosphate fertilizers (Triple Super Phosphate [TSP] and Single Super Phosphate [SSP]) are imported to Sri Lanka in order to fulfill the requirements. Around US$ 20 million worth foreign exchange is used for the imports. Phosphate fertilizer application for agriculture in Sri Lanka is one of the lowest in Asia. Therefore Value addition to Eppawala rock phosphate will save foreign exchange. When consider about the potential industries based on Eppawala rock phosphate manufacturing of SSP and Pharmaceuticals, Biomaterials (Artificial limbs, teeth) Analytical reagents, Animal feeds, Phosphoric Acid, Detergents, Emulsifiers can be indicated.
Exploitation of rock phosphate causes severe impacts on the environment and sustainable management of rock phosphate can be recommended.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITSPramoda Raj
(1) Phosphate deposits form as chemical sediments in a variety of depositional environments, most commonly in very shallow marine or low-energy settings like tidal flats, lagoons, and estuaries.
(2) Major types of phosphate deposits include nodular phosphorites, bioclastic phosphates containing bone beds, and phosphatized fossils or limestone. The phosphate mineral is usually fluorapatite.
(3) Worldwide phosphate production is used mainly for fertilizer at 90%, with the remaining 10% used for industrial chemicals. China, the US, and Western Sahara are the largest producers. Significant deposits occur in Florida, Morocco, Idaho, and offshore of Peru and
Phosphorite deposits, Types of Phosphorite deposits , Igneous Phosphate Deposits, Biogenic (or Guano Bird ; or Island) Deposits, Marine Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits, Classification of Phosphatic Sedimentary Marine Rocks, Depositional Environments, Types of Sedimentary Phosphorite Deposition, Nature and Occurrence, Mineralogy and Mineral composition of phosphorite deposit, Origin of Phosphorite, World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources, Global Phosphate Rock Production, Use of Phosphate
The document discusses phosphate rock (phosphorite) which is a sedimentary rock containing high amounts of phosphate minerals. It forms in a variety of depositional environments, most commonly very shallow marine or low-energy settings. Phosphate is deposited as apatite, commonly fluorapatite. It can have igneous or sedimentary origins. Sedimentary phosphorites are often associated with upwelling zones and form extensive deposits. The document also discusses a case study of phosphorite deposits in Egypt.
The document discusses lamprophyres, which are ultramafic, mafic, or intermediate intrusive rocks that form dikes or sills at shallow crustal levels. It covers the mineralogy, petrology, classification, occurrence in India, and economic importance of lamprophyres. Lamprophyres are classified into three main types - calc-alkaline, alkaline, and melilitic. Common lamprophyre types discussed include vogesites, minettes, spessartites, and kersantites. Lamprophyres in India are mostly found in Gondwana basins and some alkaline complexes. They can potentially contain diamonds or host gold mineralization.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
This document discusses the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in soils. It describes the key processes involved in each transformation, including mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, solubilization, and oxidation/reduction. It notes that microorganisms play a critical role in transforming organic forms of nutrients into plant-available inorganic forms through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids. Specific microbes involved in each transformation are also outlined, such as nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, potassium solubilizing bacteria, and sulfur oxidizing bacteria.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous rock of intermediate composition typically dominated by plagioclase feldspar with pyroxene and/or hornblende. It forms from the mixing of basaltic and crustal magmas in continental margins above subduction zones. Andesites are the most abundant volcanic rocks in island arcs, occurring in belts above Benioff zones. They have been used historically as ornamental stone for buildings.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Basalt and granite are two common igneous rocks. Basalt is a volcanic rock that forms from rapidly cooled lava near the surface. It is usually gray to black in color with a fine-grained texture. Granite is an intrusive rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar, with at least 20% quartz. Granite has a coarse-grained texture and is nearly always massive in structure. Both basalt and granite are widely used as construction materials due to their hardness, strength, and durability.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils, including modifying soil properties, managing phosphorus sources, and optimizing application rates and timing.
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
This document discusses the characteristics of gabbro, a dark-colored igneous rock. It defines gabbro and describes its typical mineral composition and textures. Gabbro forms large intrusive bodies worldwide and has economic importance due to deposits of chromium, platinum, and other metals. Notable examples of large gabbro deposits discussed are the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and the Stillwater Complex in Montana.
Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous in soilVinoth Sugumar
This document summarizes nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes in soil. It discusses that nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants and animals. The key nitrogen removal processes are plant uptake, gaseous loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification, immobilization, leaching, runoff, and erosion. The phosphorus removal processes covered are plant uptake, sorption and desorption, precipitation and dissolution, mineralization and immobilization, and leaching and runoff. Factors that influence different removal processes like soil properties, climate, and management practices are also outlined.
This document discusses Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, which are important sources of lead and zinc found hosted in carbonate rocks. MVT deposits form from hydrothermal fluids emanating from deep shale source rocks that are overpressured. These fluids flow upward through aquifers, depositing zinc, lead, and sometimes fluorite minerals in fractures or pores in carbonate host rocks. MVT deposits are classified into zinc-dominant, lead-dominant, and fluorite-dominant subtypes based on primary mineral associations. Factors influencing MVT deposit formation include porosity in the host rock and sufficient quantities of trace elements in migrating fluids. Examples of MVT deposits in Pakistan include occurrences in Jurassic
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Phosphate is essential for life and is mined in Florida where large deposits formed under ancient seas. It is mined by removing overburden with draglines and washing the remaining matrix to extract phosphate, clay, and sand. The clay byproduct is stored in settling ponds that have elevated radioactivity compared to normal soil. Most of Florida's phosphate has been mined, centered in Polk County, though mining continues further south as resources are depleted.
Granite is a widely occurring type of intrusive igneous rock that forms from the cooling of magma underground. It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar minerals. Granite occurs globally and makes up a major part of continental crust. It forms large plutons and batholiths associated with mountain ranges. Granite has been used in construction for thousands of years in landmarks like the Egyptian pyramids and Hindu temples in India. Modern uses include gravestones, monuments, and building stone due to its hardness and durability.
Granite is an igneous rock formed from magma that intrudes into the Earth's crust. It is classified based on the percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. True granite contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. Chemically, granite is composed largely of silica, alumina, potassium, and sodium. Granite occurs globally in continental crust and forms much of the basement rock beneath sedimentary layers.
The document discusses the formation and weathering processes of two types of rock: granite and limestone.
Granite forms deep underground from cooling magma, and is exposed at the surface after millions of years of erosion. It weathers through chemical processes that dissolve feldspar minerals, forming joints and cracks that allow further breakdown. Limestone forms from compressed marine sediments and is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It weathers through dissolution by acidic water moving through its joints and fractures, creating karst landforms like limestone pavements and sinkholes.
The document discusses the phosphorus cycle and transformations of phosphorus within soil. It notes that phosphorus is essential for life but cannot exist as a gas, and its cycle is the slowest. Within soil, microbes play an important role in mineralizing organic phosphorus compounds into a form plants can absorb through enzymes. They also solubilize insoluble phosphates and precipitate phosphorus compounds. The transformations involve acids, gases, chelators and are impacted by pH, calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum levels.
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOID ROCKS AND ORIGIN OF URANIUM MINERALIZATIONS OF UM S...Dr. Ibr@him
- The granitoid rocks of Um Safi area were divided into three magmatic cycles based on field relationships, petrography, and geochemistry.
- The older granitoids (Cycle 1) have calc-alkaline, metaluminous characteristics and were emplaced during a pre-plate collision to post-collision uplift regime.
- The younger biotite granites and perthite sub-leucogranites (Cycle 2) have calc-alkaline, metaluminous compositions and were emplaced during a late-orogenic regime.
- The youngest muscovite sub-leucogranites (Cycle 3) are peraluminous and
World Phosphate rock reserves and resources - 2010Wouter de Heij
The document provides information about world phosphate rock reserves and resources:
1) It reviews past literature and estimates of global phosphate rock reserves and resources that range from 15,000 million metric tons to over 1,000,000 million metric tons.
2) It estimates current world phosphate rock reserves at approximately 60,000 million metric tons of concentrate and resources at around 290,000 million metric tons, totaling around 460,000 million metric tons when including potential resources.
3) It concludes based on this data that concerns about "peak phosphorus" occurring in the next 20-25 years are unfounded, and that reserves will last for 300-400 years at current production rates.
This document summarizes the key steps and minerals involved in phosphate mining and processing. It discusses prospecting, exploration, mining methods like open cast and underground, and common phosphate minerals. The main mining method described is open cast. Estimates indicate over 1.3 million tons of phosphate rock can be extracted from two beds over 14 years. Unit operations like draglines, loaders, and trucks are outlined to mine an estimated 400,000 cubic meters of overburden.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous rock of intermediate composition typically dominated by plagioclase feldspar with pyroxene and/or hornblende. It forms from the mixing of basaltic and crustal magmas in continental margins above subduction zones. Andesites are the most abundant volcanic rocks in island arcs, occurring in belts above Benioff zones. They have been used historically as ornamental stone for buildings.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Basalt and granite are two common igneous rocks. Basalt is a volcanic rock that forms from rapidly cooled lava near the surface. It is usually gray to black in color with a fine-grained texture. Granite is an intrusive rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar, with at least 20% quartz. Granite has a coarse-grained texture and is nearly always massive in structure. Both basalt and granite are widely used as construction materials due to their hardness, strength, and durability.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils, including modifying soil properties, managing phosphorus sources, and optimizing application rates and timing.
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
This document discusses the characteristics of gabbro, a dark-colored igneous rock. It defines gabbro and describes its typical mineral composition and textures. Gabbro forms large intrusive bodies worldwide and has economic importance due to deposits of chromium, platinum, and other metals. Notable examples of large gabbro deposits discussed are the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and the Stillwater Complex in Montana.
Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous in soilVinoth Sugumar
This document summarizes nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes in soil. It discusses that nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants and animals. The key nitrogen removal processes are plant uptake, gaseous loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification, immobilization, leaching, runoff, and erosion. The phosphorus removal processes covered are plant uptake, sorption and desorption, precipitation and dissolution, mineralization and immobilization, and leaching and runoff. Factors that influence different removal processes like soil properties, climate, and management practices are also outlined.
This document discusses Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, which are important sources of lead and zinc found hosted in carbonate rocks. MVT deposits form from hydrothermal fluids emanating from deep shale source rocks that are overpressured. These fluids flow upward through aquifers, depositing zinc, lead, and sometimes fluorite minerals in fractures or pores in carbonate host rocks. MVT deposits are classified into zinc-dominant, lead-dominant, and fluorite-dominant subtypes based on primary mineral associations. Factors influencing MVT deposit formation include porosity in the host rock and sufficient quantities of trace elements in migrating fluids. Examples of MVT deposits in Pakistan include occurrences in Jurassic
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Phosphate is essential for life and is mined in Florida where large deposits formed under ancient seas. It is mined by removing overburden with draglines and washing the remaining matrix to extract phosphate, clay, and sand. The clay byproduct is stored in settling ponds that have elevated radioactivity compared to normal soil. Most of Florida's phosphate has been mined, centered in Polk County, though mining continues further south as resources are depleted.
Granite is a widely occurring type of intrusive igneous rock that forms from the cooling of magma underground. It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar minerals. Granite occurs globally and makes up a major part of continental crust. It forms large plutons and batholiths associated with mountain ranges. Granite has been used in construction for thousands of years in landmarks like the Egyptian pyramids and Hindu temples in India. Modern uses include gravestones, monuments, and building stone due to its hardness and durability.
Granite is an igneous rock formed from magma that intrudes into the Earth's crust. It is classified based on the percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. True granite contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. Chemically, granite is composed largely of silica, alumina, potassium, and sodium. Granite occurs globally in continental crust and forms much of the basement rock beneath sedimentary layers.
The document discusses the formation and weathering processes of two types of rock: granite and limestone.
Granite forms deep underground from cooling magma, and is exposed at the surface after millions of years of erosion. It weathers through chemical processes that dissolve feldspar minerals, forming joints and cracks that allow further breakdown. Limestone forms from compressed marine sediments and is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It weathers through dissolution by acidic water moving through its joints and fractures, creating karst landforms like limestone pavements and sinkholes.
The document discusses the phosphorus cycle and transformations of phosphorus within soil. It notes that phosphorus is essential for life but cannot exist as a gas, and its cycle is the slowest. Within soil, microbes play an important role in mineralizing organic phosphorus compounds into a form plants can absorb through enzymes. They also solubilize insoluble phosphates and precipitate phosphorus compounds. The transformations involve acids, gases, chelators and are impacted by pH, calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum levels.
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
PETROGENESIS OF GRANITOID ROCKS AND ORIGIN OF URANIUM MINERALIZATIONS OF UM S...Dr. Ibr@him
- The granitoid rocks of Um Safi area were divided into three magmatic cycles based on field relationships, petrography, and geochemistry.
- The older granitoids (Cycle 1) have calc-alkaline, metaluminous characteristics and were emplaced during a pre-plate collision to post-collision uplift regime.
- The younger biotite granites and perthite sub-leucogranites (Cycle 2) have calc-alkaline, metaluminous compositions and were emplaced during a late-orogenic regime.
- The youngest muscovite sub-leucogranites (Cycle 3) are peraluminous and
World Phosphate rock reserves and resources - 2010Wouter de Heij
The document provides information about world phosphate rock reserves and resources:
1) It reviews past literature and estimates of global phosphate rock reserves and resources that range from 15,000 million metric tons to over 1,000,000 million metric tons.
2) It estimates current world phosphate rock reserves at approximately 60,000 million metric tons of concentrate and resources at around 290,000 million metric tons, totaling around 460,000 million metric tons when including potential resources.
3) It concludes based on this data that concerns about "peak phosphorus" occurring in the next 20-25 years are unfounded, and that reserves will last for 300-400 years at current production rates.
This document summarizes the key steps and minerals involved in phosphate mining and processing. It discusses prospecting, exploration, mining methods like open cast and underground, and common phosphate minerals. The main mining method described is open cast. Estimates indicate over 1.3 million tons of phosphate rock can be extracted from two beds over 14 years. Unit operations like draglines, loaders, and trucks are outlined to mine an estimated 400,000 cubic meters of overburden.
- Plains Creek Phosphate Corp. is developing a high quality phosphate project in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa with NI 43-101 compliant resources.
- Production of 2 million tonnes of phosphate rock concentrate per year is expected to begin in 2014 through a simple mining and beneficiation process.
- The project has attractive economics with potential EBITDA of $80-180 million per year based on phosphate rock prices of $100-150 per tonne.
- Plains Creek owns 50.1% of GB Minerals AG, a Swiss corporation, which holds a production agreement and mining license for the project.
This document discusses chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal from water and wastewater. It describes how calcium, aluminum, and iron are commonly used to chemically precipitate phosphorus in the forms of orthophosphate, condensed phosphates, and organic phosphates. Optimal pH ranges and solubility products for various phosphate precipitates are provided. Factors affecting chemical dosing requirements like pH, alkalinity, and initial phosphorus concentration are also summarized.
The document summarizes Jourdan Resources Inc., a company exploring for phosphate deposits in Quebec, Canada. It provides details on the management team and board of directors, as well as two of the company's phosphate properties - the Dissimieux Lake Phosphate Project and the Jazz Phosphate Property. Exploration results from 2012 drilling programs at Dissimieux Lake indicate extensions of known zones of phosphate mineralization.
Jourdan Resources Corporate Presentation December 2013Michael Dehn
Jourdan Resources has consolidated a portfolio of phosphate properties Quebec, Canada.
Historical test have demonstrated concentrate can be produced at greater than 40% P2O5
Fertilizer value of swine manure: a comparison of a lagoon and a deep pit slu...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: www.extension.org/72744
Since 2000 the cost of fertilizer has more than doubled. According to information provided by the USDA Economic Research Service (2013), the national average price per pound of N has increased between 2000 and 2012 by a factor of 2.6. Over the same time period, phosphate price increased by a factor of 2.8, and potassium price increased by a factor of 4.0. As a result, fertilizer costs now contribute 30% to 40% of the annual variable costs to grow many cereal grains. Table 1. Fertilizer priceDuring the same time period environmental regulations have greatly decreased the construction of swine finishing facilities that use liquid manure handling systems that require the use of a lagoon or storage pond. In response to these economic and regulatory realities, some swine production companies are considering the use of deep pit slurry systems instead of an outdoor lagoon or storage. Benefits of the deep pit slurry system include the exclusion of rainfall, reduction in storage visibility, and conservation of valuable major plant nutrients (N, P, K) for the purpose of reducing production costs for feed grains. The objective of this presentation is to compare the fertilizer value of the manure produced from swine finishing barns that use a liquid manure handling with a treatment lagoon, and swine finishing barns that store manure below slotted floors in pits.
China phosphorite and phosphorous chemical industry report, 2010 2011ResearchInChina
This document analyzes the global and Chinese phosphorite and phosphorus chemical industries. It highlights that China has become the largest producer and consumer of phosphorite and related chemicals. It also profiles 9 major Chinese companies in the industry, including their operations, competitive strengths, and development outlooks. The report provides in-depth information on the supply, demand, imports, exports, and pricing of various phosphorus products.
MAADEN PHOSPHORIC ACID PLANT PROJECT (PAP) / SAUDIARABIATaner HAZAR
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This presentation looks at the processes used to transform phosphate rock into Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers.
Phosphoric acid has many industrial uses including in fertilizers, cleaning products, food processing, and more. It is produced commercially via either the thermal or wet process. The thermal process involves combusting white phosphorus to form P4O10, then hydrating it to form H3PO4. The wet process reacts phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to form H3PO4 and calcium sulfate. There are various wet process techniques including dihydrate, hemihydrate, and recrystallization methods that aim to control calcium sulfate precipitation and recover phosphoric acid.
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
This document provides information on the production of single superphosphate (SSP) fertilizer. It discusses the raw materials used, including rock phosphate and sulfuric acid. The production process involves acidulation of rock phosphate using sulfuric acid in a den, followed by scrubbing, granulation, drying, and screening. Process flow diagrams and material balances are presented. Equipment used is also described. The document evaluates capital costs, production costs, profitability, and provides a HAZOP analysis for the feeder.
(TSX.V-AAL) Small cap lithium exploration & development company. Assets located in Clayton Valley (Nevada) and in the heart of Argentina;s lithium triangle. Award-winning team with strong record in making discoveries and building companies.Company has drilled lithium brine in multiple holes at Clayton Valley, adjacent to Albemarle's lithium brine operation, and is partnered with Orocobre, one of the world's largest lithium producers, on the Cauchari (Argentina) asset, which hosts a a near-surface resource with a large exploration target. Orocobre owns 31% of Advantage.
Guyana Goldfields Inc. March 2017 IR Presentationguygold2016
This document provides an overview of Guyana Goldfields Inc. and its Aurora Gold Mine. It discusses the company's 2016 highlights which included producing over 150k ounces of gold and being within guidance. It outlines the feasibility study results which show over 3M ounces of gold production over a 15 year mine life. It also discusses the phased mill expansion to increase throughput which is fully permitted and funded internally. Finally, it highlights the exploration potential on the company's large land package in Guyana as it looks to discover a second mine in the district.
Fertilization in aquaculture ponds can increase primary productivity by augmenting the availability of essential plant nutrients. Common chemical fertilizers used include compounds that provide nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Organic manures can also be used as fertilizers but generally contain lower concentrations of nutrients. The proper application of fertilizers involves considering nutrient ratios, application frequency, method of application, and potential problems related to water quality factors and pond conditions.
This corporate presentation from Gran Colombia Gold provides an overview of the company as the leading high-grade gold producer in Colombia. It summarizes Gran Colombia's key assets including its flagship Segovia Operations, the Marmato Project, and the Zancudo Project. It also provides details on recent financial and operating results such as increased annual gold production to 149,687 ounces in 2016 and reduced cash costs. The presentation aims to position Gran Colombia as an undervalued, leading Colombian gold producer with growth potential from resource expansion and exploration upside.
The document provides information on preparing aquaculture ponds for production. It discusses the purposes of pond preparation such as reducing toxins and diseases. The main parts of the pond system include water reservoirs and grow-out ponds. The preparation process involves draining the pond, removing debris, disinfecting, drying, fertilizing to enrich plankton, and adding probiotics before filling and checking the water quality. Pond preparation aims to improve water quality and sustainability while maintaining biosecurity.
This document discusses wet and dry etching techniques. Wet etching involves immersing wafers in chemical solutions and results in isotropic etching. Common wet etchants include HNO3/HF for silicon, HF for silicon dioxide, and hot phosphoric acid for silicon nitride. Dry etching uses plasma to etch materials and can produce anisotropic profiles. Factors that influence dry etching include etch rate, damage, anisotropy, uniformity, selectivity, and cleanliness. Reactive ion etching combines chemical etching with ion bombardment to increase etch rates while maintaining anisotropic profiles.
Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate on soil and crop production Four...Syedwali Jalalzai
1) The document discusses research on the direct and residual effects of rock phosphate as a phosphorus fertilizer source on soil and crop production. It summarizes four research papers on this topic.
2) The first paper finds that slowly available rock phosphates like partially acidulated rock phosphate showed good residual effects on rice yields in following seasons compared to water soluble phosphorus sources.
3) The second paper shows that inoculation of soybean, mustard and wheat crops with the phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus awamori was more effective at solubilizing rock phosphate than other microbes tested.
4) The third paper demonstrates that inoculation of rice grown with rock phosphate and amendments like farmyard
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer effects on fodder quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
The document discusses a study on the effects of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa in calcareous soils. PROM is a value-added phosphate fertilizer produced by composting organic wastes like manure with rock phosphate. The study aims to compare the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizers on alfalfa growth, chemical composition, and soil properties. Previous literature found that phosphorus availability is limited in calcareous soils, and addition of organic matter can help reduce phosphorus fixation reactions and increase its solubility and availability to plants.
Well matured organic manure fortified with high grade rock phosphate mineral in fine size works as efficiently as Di Ammonium Phosphate a well known chemical phosphate fertilizer.
Enhancement of phosphorus utilization and availability in the mountainous reg...Open Access Research Paper
The soil has a large reserve of phosphorus. However, phosphorus availability for plant nutrition is limited, and mostly in ferralitic tropical soils, determined by the geochemical distribution of elements. In the mountainous region of Man, West Côte d’Ivoire, the geology and geomorphology constitute a particular characteristic which, more or less, could significantly influence soil phosphorus distribution and availability. A study was thus setup to assess soil oxides and mineralogy, and their influence on soil phosphorous content in Man. Four different rice producing sites were selected for soil sampling; Krikouma, Dompleu, Blolé and Petit-Gbêpleu (PG). Within each site, three composite samples were taken at 0 – 20cm depth from 3 plot of 25m2, each. The results of the X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the presence of large quantities of iron and aluminium oxides in the soil. In addition, these soils were rich in SiO2. The mineralogical matrix had two dominant mineral species Berlinite and Quartz, dividing the soils into two categories. This study provides scientific base for developing strategies for a sustainable phosphorous fertilization of rice cropping soils.
Phosphorus is a critical nutrient required for all life. It cycles through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Plants uptake phosphates from soil, which are then consumed by herbivores and passed up the food chain. Human activities like fertilizer use and wastewater discharge disrupt the natural phosphorus cycle, leading to issues like nutrient runoff and water pollution. Sustainable phosphorus management practices are needed to minimize impacts and preserve this essential nutrient cycle.
Major phosphorus in soils is unavailable, yet critical for plant development. Phosphorus makes up about 0.2% of a plant's dry weight and is essential for processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer. However, 85-95% of phosphorus in soils is unavailable to plants due to chemical reactions that bind phosphorus to metals like aluminum, iron and calcium, forming insoluble compounds. Microbes like bacteria and fungi can solubilize phosphorus through secretion of organic acids and other compounds. Factors like soil pH and temperature influence phosphorus availability. A better understanding of phosphorus dynamics in soils and rhizosphere is needed to improve phosphorus management and efficiency.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer on the fodder Quality of AlfalfaUsman Khawaja
This document summarizes research on the effects of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa. It begins with an introduction to alfalfa and discusses how it is an important forage crop grown on calcareous soils which have limited phosphorus availability. The document then reviews literature on the use of organic amendments like PROM and cattle manure to improve phosphorus availability and efficiency in calcareous soils. The objectives and methodology of the study are provided, which involve comparing the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizer on the growth, chemical composition and soil properties related to alfalfa.
Bio fertilizer and phosphorus use efficiency , by- aditya kumar singh tomarAditya Kumar Singh Tomar
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bio-fertilizers and phosphorus use efficiency. It begins with an introduction discussing the history and importance of bio-fertilizers. It then defines bio-fertilizers and describes different types including nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms. The roles of bio-fertilizers in crop production and mechanisms of phosphorus mobilization are explained. Advantages of bio-fertilizers include increased yields, reduced costs and environmental friendliness. National production statistics for bio-fertilizers in India from 2008-2012 are presented, followed by a conclusion on the importance of bio-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses phosphorus (P), a limiting nutrient for plant growth. P is important as a structural component of ATP and ADP and is involved in many plant processes. However, P is not very mobile in soil and its availability is reduced due to fixation reactions with aluminum, iron, and calcium ions. This makes P a limiting nutrient globally. The document outlines world reserves of rock phosphate, the main global source of P. It also discusses various processes for recycling and recovering P from waste streams like sewage sludge to help address limited reserves and increase sustainable P management. These include precipitation, crystallization, thermal and chemical processes. The document emphasizes the importance of improved P use efficiency and developing a P footprint or flow analysis to
Phosphorus cycle by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It is slow, but important for plant growth as phosphorus is used by farmers in fertilizers and absorbed by plants from the soil. Phosphorus moves quickly through living things, but slowly through soils and oceans, making its overall cycle one of the slowest. It cycles from rocks to soil to plants and animals and back into the soil and water.
application of mineral as ferlizer; what are the mineral that are very good uses for fertilizer production , and they are how processed and availability of the mineral
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Here are the answers to your seatwork questions:
1. Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin, which is added to the soil to supply certain elements essential to plant growth.
2. The macroelements are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) or NPK. These are usually taken from the soil, air and water in sufficient amount.
3. The macroelements (N, P, K) are required in larger quantities by plants compared to the microelements. Providing adequate macroelements is crucial for plant growth, yield and quality.
4. Nitrogen stimulates growth of leaves and stems. It is applied
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Increasing efficiency of ROCK PHOSPHATE on problematic soilssamanyita94
PHOSPHATE ROCK-
Phosphate rock denotes the product obtained from the mining and subsequent metallurgical processing of P-bearing ores.
PRs can be used-
as raw materials in the industrial manufacture of WSP fertilizers,or as P sources for direct application in agriculture
Phosphate rocks as raw materials for P-fertilizer manufacturing:
1.Sulphuric acid and PR are the raw materials used in the production of single superphosphate (SSP) and phosphoric acid.
2.Phosphoric acid is an important intermediate by-product that is used to make triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium phosphate.
3.It is used for industrial purposes and for the production of animal feed supplements and food products.
4.used in the manufacture of elemental P and its derivatives, in particular sodium tri-polyphosphate(a major component of heavy-duty laundry detergents).
Rock phosphate for direct application:
As mentioned above, PRs mainly of sedimentary origin are suitable for direct application because they consist of fairly open, loosely consolidated aggregates of micro crystals with a relatively large specific surface area.
They show a considerable proportion of isomorphic substitution in the crystal lattice and contain a variable proportion and amounts of accessory minerals and impurities.
Advantages – less expensive , slow and steady supply of P and More P restoration capacity.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of rock phosphate:
Reactivity of RP: Reactivity is a measure of its rate of dissolution.
Particle size: Finer the particle size, more is the dissolution.
Usually less than 0.15mm.
Soil properties:Low pH (less than 5.5 ), high organic-matter content and low solution concentration of Ca ions.
Soil acidity, Cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable calcium and magnesium, Soil organic matter, Crop species and Soil solution ‘P’ concentration and retension capacity
B. Management practices: PR placement, Rate of PR application, Timing of PR application, Lime application
ways for improving efficiency of rock phosphates:
Depends on various factors:-
the physical and chemical properties of PRs;
soil and climate factors;
plant species and the cropping system; and
farming management practices.
biological,chemical and physical means of increasing efficiency
5 R's of reduce India's dependency on phosphate rock derived P
Fluorine is a highly reactive element that occurs naturally in minerals like fluorspar and cryolite. It exists as fluoride ions in water and soil, with concentrations depending on geology. Fluoride is used industrially and added to toothpaste and water supplies. Daily fluoride intake varies globally and is influenced by factors like coal combustion, geology, and water sources. In the environment, fluoride moves between air, water, soil and living things, accumulating more in bones over time. High fluoride exposure can impact the growth and health of plants and animals.
UnityNet World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press ReleaseLHelferty
June 12, 2024 UnityNet International (#UNI) World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press Release from Markham / Mississauga, Ontario in the, Greater Tkaronto Bioregion, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Watersheds of North America (Turtle Island).
Cleades Robinson, a respected leader in Philadelphia's police force, is known for his diplomatic and tactful approach, fostering a strong community rapport.
Methanex is the world's largest producer and supplier of methanol. We create value through our leadership in the global production, marketing and delivery of methanol to customers. View our latest Investor Presentation for more details.
ZKsync airdrop of 3.6 billion ZK tokens is scheduled by ZKsync for next week.pdfSOFTTECHHUB
The world of blockchain and decentralized technologies is about to witness a groundbreaking event. ZKsync, the pioneering Ethereum Layer 2 network, has announced the highly anticipated airdrop of its native token, ZK. This move marks a significant milestone in the protocol's journey, empowering the community to take the reins and shape the future of this revolutionary ecosystem.
Osisko Gold Royalties Ltd - Corporate Presentation, June 12, 2024
Great Quest Phosphate Primer
1.
2. Strategic importance of Phosphorus (P)
Essential nutrient for all life forms Phosphorus-deficient wheat plants (right)
Especially important in root development
Mined phosphate rock is one of the world’s
most important sources of phosphorus
90% of the world phosphate production is
used in fertilizers
Its functions cannot be performed by any
other nutrient
In the natural environment, phosphorus is
supplied to plants through the weathering
and dissolution of rocks – very low solubility
Photo credit: CIMMYT
. Phosphorus is a vital . There are no substitute
resource to global for phosphorus in
food production agriculture 2
3. Geology
Phosphate rock is one PHOSPHATE ROCK TYPES
of the world’s most important
sources of phosphorus Igneous
₋ As a result of volcanic eruption
₋ Fewer impurities
Economic and potentially economic Sedimentary
phosphate deposits of the world ₋ Formed ~70 million years ago
₋ Derived from living creatures
and contain organic matter
The two deposits have widely differing
mineralogical, textural and chemical
characteristics
80%
of the world phosphate
production is derived from
sedimentary deposits
Source: FAO 3
4. Sedimentary Rock Characteristics
Group 1 - Boucraa (Morocco), Togo and Senegal
High grade P₂O₅ – 35-37%
High Cd level
Some line problems with Cl level
Group 2 - Khouribga (Morocco), Israel, Jordan
P₂O₅ grade – 31.5-33.5%
Preferred for SSP and TSP production
Can be used for acid production
Sometimes needs SiO2 and Al2O3 adjustment
The largest sedimentary
Medium level of organic material
deposits are found in
300
North Africa, China, the
Billion tons – Estimate
Middle East, and the US of world resource of
(Source: USGS)
phosphate rock 4
5. Phosphate Rock Mining & Production
Over 75% of the world commercial
phosphate deposits is surface-mined
67%
of global production
₋ Utilizes many forms of extraction concentrated
from manual methods to the use of in just 3 countries
highly-mechanized technologies
Remainder of global production is
recovered by underground mining Global Distribution of Phosphate Reserves
Mined phosphate rocks can range from
5% to over 40% in grade
Phosphate rocks is processed to remove
impurities and upgrade the rock quality
Current world phosphate rock
production capacity is estimated at:
~165-195million tonnes/year; or
~50 million tonnes/year of P₂O₅
(ie. diphosphorus pentoxide) Source: USGS 2009
5
6. Phosphate Rock for Direct Application
Rock Characteristics
Direct application of un-acidulated
P₂O₅ content: 28-33% phosphate rock as phosphorus fertilizer
Solubility in citric acid: 30-33% has received considerable attention in the
P₂O₅ solubility in formic acid: 50-55% last years
₋ Direct application is advisable only with
Phosphate Rock Producers
some phosphate rocks and under
Sedimentary Rock specific conditions
Morocco, Jordan, Togo, Israel, China,
Syria, Egypt, Senegal, etc. The following factors play important role
Igneous Rock in determining agronomic economic
Russia (Kola Peninsula), South Africa, effectiveness of phosphate rock:
China, DRC, Ethiopia, Canada ₋ Particle size of the rock
Phosphate rock producers like the US, Brazil, ₋ Soil properties and climate of the
Tunisia and Finland target domestic markets region
Phosphate rocks that have a high ₋ Timing and method of application
phosphorus content and are highly ₋ Crop and farming system used
soluble in slightly acidic soils make ₋ Residual effect of the rock
great candidates for direct application ₋ Use of the rock as a soil amendment
6
7. Fertilizers
Fertilizers are combinations of the nutrients that plants must have to grow, in a form
they can use. These plant nutrients can be supplied through organic fertilizers such as
plant residues or livestock manure, or mineral fertilizers, which are chemically
processed to meet crop needs.
Effects of NPK on a poor Zimbabwe soil
Three primary nutrients in
fertilizers are essential
elements to global agriculture
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Source: IPNI
7
8. Phosphate Use in Fertilizers
Phosphorus (P) additions are needed in most areas of the world to improve soil fertility and
crop production. Direct application of unprocessed phosphate rock (PR) to soil may provide a
valuable source of plant nutrients in specific conditions (Source: IPNI)
Fertilizer uses of phosphate rock:
Phosphoric Acid
Nitro-Phosphate Fertilizers
Basic Fertilizers (SSP₁, TSP₂)
Direct application
Rock Quality for Fertilizers
SiO₂ – as low as possible to improve
grinding capacity
CO₂ – high CO₂ gives high reactivity
to the rock
Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO – reduce P₂O₅
availability in the product, but
increase strength during granulation
Note
1 Single Super Phosphate fertilizer
2 Triple Superphosphate 8
9. Producing Phosphate Fertilizers
Phosphoric acid is produced by attacking
Path to Product
rock phosphate using a wet process, to
facilitate separation and reduce dust
Nitro-phosphates are fertilizers
produced by attacking phosphate rock
with nitric-acid:
₋ PEC process in which the calcium
nitrate is not separated from the
product
₋ Norsk Hydro or Odda process in which
the calcium nitrate is separated by
cooling and filtration, and is used to
make CAN
Basic fertilizers are produced by
attacking the rock with:
₋ sulfuric acid to receive SSP; or
₋ phosphoric acid to produce TSP
9
10. Phosphate Rock Beneficiation
The beneficiation process allows a concentration of ~1.5x but higher ratios up to 9x
are possible with some rocks
All phosphate ores have to be beneficiated before use
Evaluation of phosphate quality and level of beneficiation has considerable effect
on economics
₋ CaO/P₂O₅ ratio, rather than P₂O₅ has the main effect on the production cost
₋ Level of impurities in the final product is also important
Technologies may be used to remove gangue and increase P₂O₅ levels
Type of beneficiation process depends on:
₋ Nature of Rock
₋ Process in which the rock will be used
₋ Cost
Photo credit – Fox Mining Machinery
10
11. Beneficiation Process
Dry Mechanical Washing Calcination Floatation
The P₂O₅ level in the phosphate rock has different Calcination removes Phosphate is floated out
size fractions which can be presented by a normal organic matter and forming the gangue. Carbonate
curve increases P₂O₅ by and clay are removed by
removing carbonate floatation and the phosphate
rock is removed from the
CaCO₃ CaO + CO₂ bottom of the cell
Used to increase P₂O₅ from
ADVANTAGES 5-6% to 36%+ in Kola, South
Removes organic matter Africa and Finland
Boosts P₂O₅ content
Reduces Cadmium PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESS
DISADVANTAGES “Liberation” of the rock by
size reduction
Sulfides formation
Reduces reactivity which Reagents
By screening out the +1mm and -200 mesh
causes instability in PH control
(74m), it is possible to increase the P₂O₅ level Level of organic material in
some phosphoric acid
of the rock by 2-3%, 28- 29% to 31-32% P₂O₅ production units the rock
This operation can be done in both dry and Cost ADVANTAGES
wet process The rock is fine (-35 mesh)
and less dusty
P₂O₅ increases even for
rock with “flat” curve for
particle size distribution 11
12. Industry Trends
Phosphate reserves depleting globally:
30%
₋ Some estimate 15 million tonnes of phosphate
reserve depletion to occur within the next 75- Morocco’s share
100 years in global exports
Demand increasing: of phosphate
₋ Annual consumption of 40m tonnes
₋ Global consumption expected to grow 2% per
annum globally (FAO, USGS)
Phosphate Rock Outlook
Improving Global P₂O₅ Demand
Diminishing Year
diets in
arable land (in Mt)
developing
per capita
countries
2008-2009 33.6
Farm yield
Growing food 2009-2010 38.3
enhancement
demand
policies
2010-2011 (e) 40.9
2011-2012 (f) 41.7
Growing Growing
2015-2016 (f) 45.2
Population Average Annual
growth fertilizer biofuel 3.1%
demand Growth Rate
demand
Source: IFA Fertilizer Outlook 2011-2015
(e) estimated, (f) forecast
Growing need to maximise agricultural yield
12
13. Industry Stats
Top 5 Phosphate Producers
(in million tonnes)
Production (2008) Reserves
62%
China 50 4100
of identified recoverable
US 31 1200 phosphate rock reserves
Morocco 28 5700 are in Morocco
Russia 11 200 (Source: CRU)
Tunisia 7.8 100
Source: USGS
Phosphate Supply and Reserves
Supply Demand Reserves
Annual Annual Avg
in Kt Growth in Kt Growth in Mt Grade
Africa 7,498 7.90% 1,393 0.80% 7,106 26%
Americas 11,417 1.30% 11,614 1.60% 5,412 23%
Asia 15,484 4.50% 20,560 3.00% 1,590 24%
Europe 4,708 0.00% 4,031 6.10% 480 7%
Oceania 565 0.90% 859 -0.40% 140 18%
Total 39,672 3.60% 38,456 2.80% 15,528 -
Source: FAO 13
14. Disclaimer
This presentation contains forward-looking statements or forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable
securities legislation (hereinafter collectively referred to as "forward-looking statements") concerning the Company's plans
for its properties, projects, operations, subsidiaries and other matters. These statements relate to analyses and other
information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of
management regarding operations of the Company which are subject to a variety of business and market risks, including
political and regulatory risks associated with mining and exploration in Mali.
Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections,
objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as "expects" or
"does not expect", "is expected", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", "plans", "estimates" or "intends", or stating that
certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved) are not
statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements.
These forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable, however,
forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of business and political risks and uncertainties. Some of the important
risks and uncertainties that could affect forward-looking statements are also described in the Company's continuous
disclosure filings made with Canadian securities regulatory authorities, which are available at the SEDAR website and on the
Company’s website. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove
incorrect, they may adversely affect the Company’s business and prospects and actual results may vary materially from
those described in forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made based on management's beliefs,
estimates and opinions on the date the statements are made and the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-
looking statements if these beliefs, estimates and opinions or other circumstances should change, other than as required by
applicable laws. Investors are therefore cautioned against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
14
15. Great Quest Metals Ltd
TSX-V: GQ Tel +1 604.689.2882
Suite 515, 475 Howe Street Toll Free 1.877.325.3838
Vancouver, BC, V6C 2B3 Fax +1 604.684.5854
WWW.GREATQUEST.COM Email info@greatquest.com
15