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This document discusses graphs and how to construct them. It explains that line graphs are used to compare one variable to another variable over time. The steps to create a line graph are outlined as: 1) draw and label the x and y axes, 2) create a scale for the axes starting at zero, 3) plot the data points, and 4) draw a best fit line that follows the general trend of the data. An example experiment of using a line graph to plot boiling water temperature over time is provided.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is often caused by bacteria and can lead to death. Symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, coughing phlegm, and shortness of breath. Treatments can last up to 3 months to clear the infection from the lungs.
Programmed death2
Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is an essential process for development and removing damaged or old cells. Apoptosis helps shape tissues during development and removes cells exposed to DNA damage from sunlight, viruses, or chemicals. As cells divide and age over time, the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes called telomeres get shorter with each division, triggering apoptosis after a cell has divided approximately 30 times to remove old or damaged cells.
Pro biotics2
This document discusses microbes and probiotics, references rat studies on microbiomes, and includes two multimedia file attachments about metabolomics and distinguishing between dangerous and friendly microbes.
Diabetes2
Diabetes affects over 285 million people worldwide and can be categorized into three main types: Type I which affects 15% of cases mostly in young people and requires insulin injections; Type II which affects 85% of older individuals and may be treated through insulin injections, exercise or drugs if insulin production is low or not functioning; and gestational diabetes which impacts 5% of pregnancies. Treatment for Type I is insulin injections while Type II can be managed through insulin injections, exercise or medication depending on insulin levels and functioning.
Asthma2
Asthma is a condition that affects over 300 million people worldwide and causes 250,000 deaths per year, where the airways become inflamed and narrowed, triggered by things like early infections, pollution, immune development issues, illness, exercise, stress, airborne irritants, allergies, and acid reflux. Treatments include new therapies and medications that are fast-acting for acute symptoms or long-term to control the condition.
Allergies2
Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to harmless substances by producing antibodies. The first exposure causes the body to produce IgE antibodies that stick to basophil cells, and the second exposure triggers those cells to release histamine, causing allergy symptoms. Common types of allergies include allergic rhinitis (sneezing and stuffy nose), asthma (restricted airways), atopic dermatitis (skin irritation), and food allergies which are treated by eliminating the offending foods like milk, eggs, chicken, and peanuts from the diet.
Aids2
Immunology discusses HIV/AIDS, including that HIV is the virus that causes AIDS when it destroys T cells in the immune system. The document outlines how HIV enters cells through macrophages, integrates into the cell's nucleus, and hijacks the cell to produce more viruses. It notes that AIDS is diagnosed when the T cell count drops below 200 and that there were over 33 million people infected with HIV globally in 2009, with around 3 million new infections and 2 million AIDS-related deaths that year, making it one of the top causes of mortality.
Blood diseases2
The document summarizes three blood diseases: Leukemia causes a massive increase in white blood cells due to radiation, carcinogens, or viruses, with symptoms of chills, fever, and pain, and is treated by replacing bone marrow; Agranulocytosis causes low neutrophil cells due to drug use, with symptoms of fever and mouth issues, treated with antibiotics; Mononucleosis causes abnormal lymphocytes from the Epstein-Barr virus, with symptoms of fever, tiredness and enlarged spleen, treated with a month of rest.
Blood cells2
The document discusses the different types of white blood cells, including lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils. It provides the percentage of each type of white blood cell in blood and their relative sizes. Each white blood cell type has a different role, such as lymphocytes forming immunity, monocytes becoming macrophages, eosinophils responding to parasites and allergies, and neutrophils being the first to infection sites.
Immune response2
The document discusses the immune response process. During a primary response to an antigen, there is a latent period followed by an exponential increase in IgM antibodies and then a declining phase with IgG antibodies produced. Some B cells become memory cells. Upon a secondary exposure, the immune response is faster, stronger, and involves memory cells, resulting in less severe symptoms or no symptoms from the real disease. Vaccines cause a primary response to mimic a secondary response from the real disease.
Complement cellularimmunity2
Complement is a group of proteins that can punch holes in cells and attract white blood cells. It functions through opsonization, chemotaxis, and cell lysis. The complement system has an alternative pathway that does not require antibodies. Cellular immunity involves macrophages engulfing antigens through endocytosis, preparing antigen pieces, displaying them on the surface, and showing them to T helper cells to signal T killer cells to swarm the site.
Antibodies2
This document discusses the main types of antibodies (immunoglobulins) in the human body: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most common antibody type found in blood and tissues. IgM is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response. IgA functions in external secretions, while IgD plays a role in immune system development. IgE helps fight parasites but can also trigger allergic reactions when overactive.
Organs2
The body has innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is protection present at birth and includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, cells like macrophages, and chemicals like enzymes. Acquired immunity develops after birth and involves cells like T and B lymphocytes that kill specific germs or produce antibodies, as well as organs like the bone marrow and thymus that help mature immune cells.
Introduction2
The immune system protects the body from infection and disease. It consists of organs like the spleen and thymus, as well as white blood cells. The spleen destroys old red blood cells while the thymus develops cells that attack viruses.
Heat transfer2
Molecules are always in motion. The energy level and speed of molecular motion determines the state of matter and temperature. Heat transfer occurs as warmer objects transfer
Energy2
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change and exists in two main forms: potential energy which is stored energy and kinetic energy which is energy in motion. The document outlines the main types of energy including mechanical, thermal, chemical, nuclear, electrical, and electromagnetic energy. Mechanical energy involves the motion of objects, thermal energy is heat, chemical energy involves atomic bonds, nuclear energy is within atoms, electrical energy is the movement of electrons, and electromagnetic energy is light.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Graphs new
- 1. • Graphs
- 5. Median = Middle
- 6. Mode = Most often66
- 7. - Graphs vs. Text At age 1, Sarah was 75 cm tall. By the time she turned 2, Sarah had grown 10 cm. By age 3, she had grown another 10 cm. At age 4, Sarah was 100 cm tall. + Which is better? 68
- 8. Bar Graphs Use Compare different items To one measured amount
- 9. Circle or Pie Graphs Use Compare different items To one whole amount
- 10. Line Graphs Use Compare one variable To another variable
- 12. 2. Label x- axis (Manipulated variable) What you did? y-axis (Responding variable) What you measured? Add Units!
- 13. 3. Create Scale Start zero to highest number Distribute evenly
- 14. 4. Plot Data (x,y)
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- 16. - Line Graph + Draw Axis √ X “What you changed” √ Y “What was measured” + Create Scale + Plot Data + Draw best fit line 71
- 17. - Best Fit Line + Follow general trend + Include as many points as possible + Have same # of points above and below 72
- 18. - Identify Trends 74