This presentation pdf gives general information about breeding objectives and methods in rapeseed.

1. DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
GPB 512 CROP BREEDING – II (RABI CROPS) 2+1
PRESENTATION ON BREEDING IN RAPESEED
SUBMITTED BY
A.VIKRAMAN
YOGESHWARAN

2. BREEDING OF RAPESEED

3. RAPESEED
Microscopic view of
Rapeseed

4. INTRODUCTION
• FAMILY :
 Rapeseed is the important oil seed crop which belongs to the family Cruciferae.
 Canola /Rapeseed oil accounts for 16 % of the world supply of edible oil.
 Rapeseed and Mustard are collectively called oilseed brassicas.
 Brassicas can be grown in subtropics, cool seasons and as winter crops in the middle
region of temperate zone.
• NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION :
In India major Rapeseed producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Assam,
Bihar and West Bengal.

5. • GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION :
 Major rapeseed growing countries are
China, Canada, the Indian sub continent
and northen Europe.
 China, India and Pakistan collectively
contribute more than 90% to the global
production.
• USES :
 The seeds of Brassica contain 40 to 45%
oil and 38 to 41% protein.
 In India, oil is used for human
consumption and cake as livestock feed.

6. TAXONOMY
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Phylum : Magnoliophyta
 Class : Magnoliopsida
 Subclass : Dilleniidae
 Order : Brassicales
 Family : Cruciferae
Genus : Brassica
 Species : campestris (diploid) &
napus (alloploids)

7. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION
• Rapeseed (Brassica campestris) is believed that originated in Himalayan region.
• According to Vavilov(1926) the place of origin of rape seed is Eastern Afghanistan and
adjoining parts of India.
• Singh (1958) considered the origin of yellow sarson to be India.
• In Rapeseed the basic species is Brassica campestris (AA, 2n = 20).
• The tetraploid species originated from a cross between two different diploid species as
follows :
 B. napus = B. campestris X B. oleraceae

8. CULTIVATED SPECIES
• There is one main cultivated species of rapeseed i.e. Brassica campestris (2n = 2x =20) which
is normal diploid.
• This species has three ecotypes, viz.
Yellow sarson (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson),
Brown sarson (Brassica campestris var brown sarson)
 Toria (Brassica campestris var toria).
• Yellow sarson and brown sarson are collectively
called as turnip rape.
• Toria is known as Indian rape.
• The other cultivated species is
Brassica napus (2n = 4x = 38) which is alloploid.

9. RAPESEED TYPES
Toria
Yellow sarson Brown sarson

10. BOTANY
• Brassicas have tap root system.
• Stem is succulent, straight and cylindrical.
• The leaves are pinnate-divided.
• The flower has typical Cruciferae formula
[K2+2, C4, A2+4, G(2)].
• The inflorescence is racemose and flowering is
indeterminate beginning at the lowest bud on the
main raceme.
• The syncarpous ovary develops into a pod (silique)
with two carpels separated by a false septum.

11. FLORAL DIAGRAM

12. FLORAL BIOLOGY
• The flowering is indeterminate and may last for two-three
weeks.
• Flowering begins with lowest end on the main shoot.
• Stigma is receptive for about six days (three days prior
to three days after to opening of the flower).
• Anthesis in rapeseed flowers can occur at any time of
the day ,but usually occurs in the early morning.
Around 9 am anthesis is completed for that day.

13. HYBRIDIZATION
• The diploid species ( B.campestris) are self incompatible
and consequently cross pollinated.
• In case of self incompatible diploid species, selfing is
done mostly by bud pollination.
• In bud pollination, a flowering branch whose
open flowers/young buds have been removed is
bagged by muslin cloth bag.
• After few days, the bag is removed temporarily
and pollen from freshly opened flowers is applied
on the stigma of the young buds which are preferably
emasculated.

14. HYBRIDIZATION
• The amphidiploid species (B.napus) are self-compatible and
self pollinated in nature but about 30% pollination
occurs by wind and insect under field condition.
• In case of amphidiploid species-which are self
compatible, Selfing is usually carried out by enclosing
a flowering branch whose open flowers have been
removed and bagged by muslin cloth bag.

15. SELF INCOMPATIBILITY IN BRASSICA
• The self incompatIbility in Brassica is of sporophytic – homomorphic type under
monofactorial polyallelic series where pollen is inhibited on the stigma.
• In Rapeseed. Brown sarson and Toria are self incompatible.
Illustration of self-
incompatibility and
interspecific (interspecies)
incompatibility in Brassica
species. SI: self-
incompatibility, C:
compatibility, ISI:
interspecific incompatibility.

16. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES FOR BREAKING PERMANENT SELF INCOMPATIBILITY
SELF INCOMPATABILITY IN BRASSICA CAN BE INDUCED BY
Bud pollination
Delayed pollination
Grafting
Heat-shocks
Application of carbon dioxide
Hormones and protein inhibitors
Chronic irradiation
Acute irradiation of styles
Acute irradiation pollen mother cells
Tetraploidization-haploidization
Haploidization-diploidization
 Mutation of S locus
 Modification of the genetic background
 Tetraploidization

17. QUALITATIVE GENETICS
A few important characters are as follows :
Brassica napus
Lobed leaves vs Entire leaves
15 lobed : 1 entire, E1 and E2 genes.
Flower colour
Lemon yellow --- AABB
Orange --- AAbb
Pale yellow --- aaBB
Pale orange --- aabb

18. Biennial vs Annual form
349 biennial : 57 annual
Resistance to race-2 0f club root
Monogenic dominant gene for resistance ( Chiang and Crete,1983).
Erucic acid
Under embryonic control,conditioned by two genes which are additive in nature (Harvey and
Downey)
At least five alleles governing the level of erucic acid in the seed oils of B.napus and B.campestris,
depicted as e, Ea, Eb, Ec and Ed with c.ontrolling synthesis of 0,10,15,30 and 35% of erucic acid
respectively ( Krzymanski and Downey, 1969).
Brassica campestris
Mucilage character
Presence of mucilage in seed coat controlled by two genes,exhibiting dominant epistasis (King et
al., 1982)
Erucic acid
Controlled by a single major gene,acting in additive manner (Dorrel and Downwy, 1964).

19. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 High yield
 Early maturity
 High oil
 Low erucic acid and glucosinolates
 Resistance to diseases
a) Alternaria blight ( Alternaria brassicae)
b) White rust ( Albugo candida)
c) Downy mildew ( Perenospora parasitica)
d) Sclerotinia rot ( Sclerotinica sclerotiorum)
 Resistance to insects
Aphid ( Liphaphis erysimi)

20. 1.SEED YIELD :
• Yield is the end products of many biological processes
which are under control of complex polygenics
systems.
• An ideal type is having increased branch number,
pods, seeds per pod and seed size. Further yield
increase could result from increase in biomass and
harvest index.
• Inceased biomass can result from reduced photo
respiration and increased light saturated rate or
photosynthesis.
2.EARLY MATURITY:
• For use in multiple cropping sequence.
3.RESISTANCE TO ABIOTICS FACTORS :
• Abiotics factors like moisture stress,light,humidity,soil factors.
• Frost resistance is needed to prevent yield losses .Winter hardinesss is very important
for higher yield.

21. 4. RESISTANCE TO BIOTICS STRESS :
• Biotics stress like disease pest infestation Powdery mildew, Black leg, Sclerotinia rot,
alternaria blight,mustard aphids resistance is necessary for higher yield so far no
resistance source identified.
5.HERBICIDE RESISTANCE :
• Few source of resistance is available (Atrazine, Simabine).
6.SHATTERING RESISTANCE:
• It is a very essential character for quality production of Rapeseed. Brassica napus- highly
shattering.
7.INCREASED OIL CONTENT AND QUALITY :
• High oil content 45% yellow varieties in oil. For industrial purpose Erucic acid should be
more. Development of low erucic acid cultivars for edible purpose. Reduced linolenic acid
content is also desirable.
8.MEAL QUALITY :
• Meal having less GLUCOSINATE content.

22. BREEDING METHODS
1.INTRODUCTION
Regina from sweeden.
2.SIMPLE SELECTION.
3.HYBRIDIZATION AND SELECTION
Intervarietal (a) Bulk method
(b)Pedigree method
(c) Single seed descent
Inter specific
4.BACK CROSS METHOD
5.POPULATION IMPROVEMENT
A. Recurrent selection
B.Mass selection

23. 6.HETEROSIS BREDDING
Cms line
7.MUTATION BREEDING
8. TISSUE CULTURE METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF HOMOZYGOUS DIPLOIDS-
Saline resistance screening,Induction of mutation in haploids.
9.EMRYO RESCUE TECHNIQUE FOR INTER SPECIFIC CROSSES

24. BREEDING PROCEDURES IN SELF POLLINATED CROPS
• PURE LINE SELECTION :
 Brassica nampus which is self compatibile, falls in this
category.
Single superior plants are selected and selfed (by bagging)
from a variable population.
 Progenies of such plants are grown in plots with check
cultivars at selected intervals .
 The uniform and superior progenies are harvested
separately and seed examined in laboratory for
appearance, oil content and oil quality.
 Superior phenotypes are advanced to replicated yield
trials.

25. • PEDIGREE METHOD
 In this method, two contrasting parents are crossed
and superior-single plant selections are made among F2
and seed from each plant is evaluated for appearance,
oil content and oil quality.
 Superior plants are grown as F3 lines in single rows.
Better F3 plants are again selected in better rows.
 This process continues upto F3/F6, when most
progenies will appear as pure lines.The bulk harvest
from better rows is put into replicated yield trials.
• BULK METHOD- For yield in early generations, populations
are bulk bred yntil F5 andindividual plant progenies are
evaluated in replicated yield trials

26. • DOUBLED HAPLOID BREEDING
 This method is used where microspores from F1 plants are cultured and chromosome
number doubled through colchicine treatment.
 This will give rise to completely homozygous
F2 plants which will produce true breeding F3 lines.
 The F3 population will however be heterogeneous
as shown below.
 This way 3-4 generations are eliminated from
conventional pedigreebulk breeding methods.
• BACKCROSS METHOD
 Superior – variety is to be improved in one or two
simply inherited traits like resistance to disease
or oil quality.

27. BREEDING PROCEDURES IN CROSS POLLINATED CROPS
• PROGENY SELECTION AND RECURRENT SELECTION
 Brassica campestris ( brown sarson, yellow sarson, toria) is improved through those methods –
where emphasis is on population improvement.
 Single plant selections are progeny tested and reserved seed of only those plants whose progenies
were found to be superior, are composited.
 If this process is repeated for 2-3 times, it is called as recurrent selection.
• MASS SELECTION
 It is a the simplest method to be used where several similar and superior plants are selected from
an open-pollinated population. The harvested seeds is evaluated in laboratory and superior seed
lots are composited.
• SYNTHETIC BREEDING
 Synthetics are developed when inbred lines of combining ability are available and it is preserved
for future synthesis of the cultivar.
 When the inbreds are not known for their combining ability, it may be called as composite
cultivars.

28. BREEDING PROCEDURES IN HYBRID CULTIVARS
 Development of hybrid cultivars in rapeseed is dependent on cytoplasmic-genetic male
sterility where three lines breeding systems comes in use as given below
1) Male sterile female line ( A- line) ---- S msms
2) Maintainer line ( B- line) ---- F msms
3) Restorer line ( R- line) ---- F Ms Ms
 The production of hybrids using the sporophytic self-incompatibility has also been
proposed.
 Inbred lines developed by bud pollination in Brassica campestris shows inbreeding
depression. So it is not successful in oil seed form.
 Development of commercial hybrid varities in summer forms of both B.napus and
B.campestris are well advanced in Canada. The potential for increase in seed yield with F1
is 30-40%.

29. MUTATION BREEDING
The genetic improvement of crop plants for various
economic traits through induced mutations is
referred to as mutation breeding.
 Only a few reports are available where mutation
breeding has led to some improvement in Indian
Brasssicae.
 In the gamma-ray irradiated progeny of yellow
sarson Type M 7.
 Basu et al,. ( 1970) reported a 4- valved
mutant which was 15 days earlier in maturity as compared to mother line.

30. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING
• Highly competitive cultivars at least for production of vegetative matter may be bred from
autotetraploids of Brassica campestris.
• The natural allopolyploid species Brassica napus can be resynthesized from crosses between
the parental species as given below,
Brassica napus = Brassica oleracea X Brassica campestris
• These new artificial amphidiploids can be used in the breeding of improved cultivars, either
directly through selection or after crosses with the tetraploids.
• This technique has been found successful in rapeseed in Europe and Japan.

31. INTERSPECIFIC SOMATIC HYBRIDS
• This has been adequately covered by Johnson and Veilleux ( 2001).
• Rapeseed ( Brassica napus), a naturally occurring amphidiploid believed to have resulted
from hybridization between Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa L,. is one of the most
important oilseed crops in template climates.
• Several recent interspecific fusions in brassica have focused on the “resynthesis” of B. napus
through protoplast fusion of B. oleracea and B. rapa to increase genetic diversity of this
important crop and to alter oil content.
• Blackleg [Phoma lingam (Tode ex. Fr.) Desm.] resistance has been transferred fro
B. tournefortii to B. napus through protoplast fusion:
75% of the resulted somatic hybrids were resistant when inoculated with blackleg
pycnospores.

32. BREEDING FOR SPECIAL FEATURES
• OIL QUANTITY AND QUALITY
 Rapeseed oil from traditional varities differs from the major vegetable oils in that of its
fatty acids 45-55% are in form of erucic acid ( 22 : 1)
Erucic acid is undesirable because margarine made from traditional varities will not
spread when taken from domestic refrigerators.
More importantly erucic acid is deposited in the heart muscles of experimental animals
when they are fed with diets rich in rapeseed oil.
In case of human beings, it is poorly digested and is deemed undesirable.
Special
Genome Fatty acid %
Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Eicosenic Erucic
16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 20:1 22:1
B. campestris 2.9 1.3 17.1 14.0 8.5 10.0 44.0
B. napus 4.9 0.8 10.5 13.4 10.8 6.2 52.9

33. • RAPESEED MEAL QUALITY/ QUALITY CHARACTERS
 In the meal the glucosinolates reduces the palatability of meal to animals. Therefore
glucosinate content needs to be reduced by breeding.
The polish variety Bronowski has only 10% of the normal content and it is used as donor
in backcross programme to incorporate low glucosilonates into adapted cultivars of both
B. napus and B. campestris.
The low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils referred to as “single low” or “single zero”
varieties.
• BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
Alternaia blight, downy mildew, whie rust and Sclerotiana rot are the important diseases
in India.
Of these, Alternaria blight is most serious and causes heavy reduction in seed snd oil
yield.
Sclerotinia rot causes premature ripening of infected plants. Its pathogen
Sclerotinia sclerotium has wide host range.
Breeding of resistant cultivars is rather difficult. Kolte (1985) has reported tolerance in
some strains.

34. BIOTECHNOLOGICAK METHODS IN RAPESEED
BREEDING
• HAPLOID BREEDING
Haploid pollen obtained in B. campestris and
B. napus. Homozygous diploids could be
obtained from haploid by means of
chromosome doubling.
This technique is used in cross breeding
programme and homozygous lines are
immediately produced from doubled haploids
microspores of hybrids.
Generations of inbreeding, which are necessary
in conventional breeding procedure, can be omitted and the breeding cycle of new
cultivars can be greatly shortened.

35. • PROTOPLAST FUSION,GENE TRANSFER AND TRANSGENIC PLANTS
 Thomzik and Hain (1991) described the transfer of resistance to herbicides of the
triazine, triazinone and triazolinone group localized on the chloroplast DNA.
 The herbicide resistance are transferred by means of protoplast fusion from a resistant
spring oilseed rape plant into sensitive, German double low (00-variety) winter oilseed
rape.
• GENE TRANSFER IN RAPE PLANT WITH Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Gene transfer from various alien sources into economic crop
plant is possible.
Incase of oilseed rape successful regeneration systems are
available.
Thomzik and Hain (1991) described transformation of
winter oilseed rape protoplast with A.tumefciens and their
regeneration into fertile.

36. BREEDING ACHIEVEMENTS
• First ‘00’ hybrid of B. napus ( gobhi sarson), Hyola-401 has been developed.
• First hybrid variety of PGSH-51 of Gobhi sarson has been developed.
• Germplasm of more than 6000 accessions have been evaluated, characterized and catalogued.
• Promising sources of biotic and abiotic stresses have been identified.
• Potential and stable sources of CMS and restorer system have been developed and genotypes
possessing ‘0’ and ‘00’ quality traits have been developed.
• In western world from 1960 onwards, rapeseed breeding has been dominated by quality
breeding programmes and zero erucic acids and low glucosinolate varities are available.
• Canola transgenics have been commercialized.

37. NATIONAL PROGRAMME
DIRECTORATE OF OIL SEED RESEARCH
Directorate of Oilseeds Research (DOR) Hyderabad is a national organization under crop science
division of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with responsibility to plan, coordinate and
execute the research programmes to augment the production and productivity of oilseeds.
Mandate
 Augmentation, evaluation and characterization of genetic resources.
 Basic, strategic and applied research to increase the productivity.
 Research on quality of oil and oilseed cakes.
 Socio-economic research for assessing the sustainability of the technologies.
 Transfer of technology.
 Coordination of multi-location research to develop varieties and technologies of nationaland regional
importance through All India Coordinated Researchs Programme

38. NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON RAPESEED-MUSTARD
It is located in Bharatpur-Rajasthan-India
Mandate
 National repository for rapeseed-mustard genetic resources and information.
Basic, strategic and applied research to improve the productivity and quality of oil and so
meal.
Development of ecologically sound and economically viable agro-production and
protection technologies for different situations.
 Generation of location specific interdisciplinary information based on multilocational
testing and coordination.
 Establishment of linkages and promotion of cooperation with national and international
agencies to above objectives.
To extend technical expertise and consultancies.
ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON RAPESEED-MUSTARD

39. VARIETIES
The varieties recommended till 1960 from these early phase programmes were as follows
 TORIA
BR 23, BR 21, BR 36, BC 32, TSA, TSF, B 54
BROWN SARSON
M 3, M 18, M 27, BSA, BSG.
YELLOW SARSON
T 1, T 10, T 42, T 151