The document provides information on grammar concepts in English and Pashto including the past progressive tense, infinitive, noun, pluralization of nouns, and noun gender. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate usage. The past progressive tense is used to show the duration of an ongoing action in the past. An infinitive is the base form of a verb without tense. A noun is a word used as a name for a person, place or thing. Nouns can be pluralized by adding 's' or 'es' and are classified by gender.

1. Past Progressive Tense ‫جاری‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬
Structure: ‫ساختمان‬
A. F= S + Was/Were + V ing + Complement.
Q. F=Was/Were + S + V ing + Complement?
N. F= S + was /were + Not + V ing + Complement.
N.I.F=Was/Were + S + Not + V ing + Complement?
Ex. Ahmad was painting the wall.
Ex. Was Ahmad Painting the wall?
Ex. Ahmad was not painting the wall.
Ex. Was Ahmad not painting the wall?
Usage ‫استعمال‬ ‫موارد‬
I. Past Progressive Tense shows the duration of an action which was
going on over a specific period of time in the past.
:‫جاری‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬.‫باشد‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫در‬ ‫معین‬ ‫مقطع‬ ‫یک‬ ‫در‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬
Ex. He was studying the lesson last night.
Ex. She was watching the TV at 6:00 o’clock.
Ex. They were playing ball when I called them.
Ex. While I was studying English he knocked at the door.
II. Past Progressive Tense also used with (always) to show a past habit.
:(‫استمراری)جاری‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬)‫قید‬ ‫با‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫عادتی‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫برای‬ ‫میتواند‬ ‫همچنان‬always(
.‫گردد‬ ‫استعمال‬
Ex. Ahmad and Mahmood were always studying together.
Ex. They were always walking on the street.
Infinitive ‫م‬‫ص‬‫در‬

2. Infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses an action without showing
actual time and usually refers to action in general. It may or may not have its own
subject in sentence.
:‫مصدر‬‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫از‬ ‫شکلی‬‫عملی‬‫بدون‬ ‫را‬‫کل‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫به‬ ‫واکثرا‬ ‫نموده‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫آن‬ ‫واقعی‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫به‬ ‫اشاره‬
.‫باشد‬ ‫خودش‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫با‬ ‫ممکن‬ .‫میگردد‬ ‫راجع‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫به‬
Like: To see, To go, To watch and Etc….
Ex. To study computer is necessary.
Ex. To go alone is dangerous.
Infinitive can be used in the following ways.
1. As the subject of the sentence.
.‫گردد‬ ‫واقع‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫مبتدائی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫میتواند‬ ‫مصدر‬
Ex. To play football is useful for health.
2. As object of ‫س‬ sentences.
‫میتواند‬ ‫مصدر‬‫مفعول‬ ‫بحیث‬.‫گردد‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫جملت‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫در‬
Ex. I want to go the park.
3. As an adverb in the sentences.
‫میتواند‬ ‫مصدر‬‫قید‬ ‫منحیث‬.‫گردد‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫جملت‬ ‫در‬
Ex. We came here to work.
4. As complement of adjectives.
‫شود‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫در‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تکمیل‬ ‫بحیث‬ ‫میتواند‬ ‫.مصدر‬
Ex. This problem is difficult to do.
Noun ‫اســــــــــــــــم‬
Noun is a word which is used as a name of persons, places and things.
‫اسم‬.‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫مکان‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اشخاص‬ ،‫اشیا‬ ‫نامیدن‬ ‫برای‬ ‫که‬ ‫ایست‬ ‫کلمه‬
Ex. Ahmad Kabul Chair
The noun is divided into two parts
A. Concrete Noun ‫ذات‬ ‫اسم‬
B. Abstract Noun ‫معنی‬ ‫اسم‬
A. Concrete Noun is a noun which has foreign existence and can be
touchable.
‫ذات‬ ‫اسم‬.‫باشد‬ ‫لمس‬ ‫وقابل‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫خارجی‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Ex. Chair, Book, Car.....Etc
The Concrete nouns are divided into five parts.
1. Proper noun is a noun which indicates some particular person or place.
‫خاص‬ ‫اسم‬.‫نماید‬ ‫می‬ ‫مخصوص‬ ‫مکان‬ ‫و‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫به‬ ‫دللت‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Note: The proper nouns are always written with capital letters at the beginning of
it.
‫خاص‬ ‫های‬ ‫اسم‬.‫میگردد‬ ‫آغاز‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫با‬ ‫آن‬ ‫اول‬ ‫همیشه‬

3. 2. Common noun is a noun given common to every persons or things in
the same class or kind.
:‫عام‬ ‫اسم‬.‫باشد‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫عمومیت‬ ‫اشخاص‬ ‫و‬ ‫اشیا‬ ‫عین‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Child, School.....Etc
Ex. Our school is very nice.
3. Collective noun is the name of collection of people or things.
:‫جمع‬ ‫اسم‬.‫میکند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫اشخاص‬ ‫و‬ ‫اشیا‬ ‫از‬ ‫گروپی‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Family, Nation, Team, people....Etc
Ex. The Afghan nation is brave.
4. Material noun is a noun which shows what substance is a noun made
of.
:‫جنس‬ ‫اسم‬.‫سازد‬ ‫می‬ ‫مشخص‬ ‫را‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫یک‬ ‫جنس‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Wood, Cotton, Milk......Etc
Ex. This table is made of wood.
5. Combined or Compound Noun is a noun which formed by the
combination of two or more than two nouns.
:‫مرکب‬ ‫اسم‬.‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫از‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Book Store, bus driver......Etc
Ex. Ahmad has a big book store in the city.
A. Abstract Noun: abstract noun is a noun which does not have any
foreign existence and can not be touchable.
:‫معنی‬ ‫اسم‬.‫نباشد‬ ‫تلمس‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫نداشته‬ ‫خارجی‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Beauty, Cleverness.......Etc
Noun Gender: ‫اسم‬ ‫)جنسیت‬ ،‫)نوعیت‬
A noun is always considered according to being male, female, or neuter.
.‫است‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫خنثی‬ ‫هم‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫مؤنث‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫مذکر‬ ‫تلحاظ‬ ‫از‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫اسم‬
1. Masculine Gender: ‫مذکر‬ ‫جنسیت‬
A noun which denotes a male human or animal is called Masculine gender.
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫مذکر‬ ‫جنسیت‬ ‫کند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫مذکر‬ ‫حیوان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫به‬ ‫اسمیکه‬
Like: Father, Brother, Man, Lion....Etc
2. Feminine Gender ‫مؤنث‬ ‫جنسیت‬
A noun which indicates a female human or animal is called feminine gender.
.‫میشود‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫مؤنث‬ ‫جنسیت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫کند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫مؤنث‬ ‫حیوان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫به‬ ‫اسمیکه‬
Like: Mother, Sister, Lioness....Etc
3. Dual Gender ‫دوگانه‬ ‫جنسیت‬

4. A noun which denotes either a male and female human or animal is called dual
gender.
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫گفته‬ ‫عام‬ ‫جنسیت‬ ‫کند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫هردو‬ ‫مؤنث‬ ‫و‬ ‫مذکر‬ ‫حیوان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫به‬ ‫اسمیکه‬
Like: Driver, Teacher, Child, artist, Professor, Student.
4. Neuter Gender ‫خنثی‬ ‫جنسیت‬
A noun which denotes neither a male nor a female (inanimate) is called neuter
gender.
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫خنثی‬ ‫جنسیت‬ ‫بنام‬ (‫بیجان‬ ‫شی‬ ‫)یک‬ ‫کند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫مؤنث‬ ‫به‬ ‫ونه‬ ‫مذکر‬ ‫به‬ ‫نه‬ ‫اسمیکه‬
Like: Table, Chair......Etc
5. Collective noun is the name of collection of people or things.
:‫جمع‬ ‫اسم‬.‫میکند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫اشخاص‬ ‫و‬ ‫اشیا‬ ‫از‬ ‫گروپی‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Family, Nation, Team, people....Etc
Ex. The Afghan nation is brave.
Pluralization of Nouns ‫هـــــــــــــــــــا‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫بستن‬ ‫جمع‬
The general way for pluralizaion of noun is adding (s) or (es) at the end of
singular nouns.
) ‫نمودن‬ ‫علوه‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبارتند‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫بستن‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫برای‬ ‫عمومی‬ ‫طریقه‬s) ‫ویا‬ (es‫مفرد‬ ‫های‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫در‬ (
.‫است‬
Like: Book Books Watch Watches
Rules of adding (S) or (es)
) ‫نمودن‬ ‫اضافه‬ ‫قواعد‬S) ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ (es(
1. Nouns ending in s, ss, ch, sh, X, z take (es).
‫حروف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هائیکه‬ ‫اسم‬s، ss ، ch، sh ، x، z) ‫اند‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ ،es.‫میکنند‬ ‫اختیار‬ (
Like: Box, Boxes – Dish, Dishes – watch, watches – class, classes
Like: Match – Matches
2.When (ch) has the sound of (k) adds only (s.(
) ‫هنگامیکه‬ch) ‫صدای‬ (k) ‫حرف‬ ‫کند‬ ‫افاده‬ ‫را‬ (S.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫علوه‬ ‫آن‬ ‫بستن‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫در‬ (
Like: Epoch – Epochs
3. By adding (es) at the end of nouns ending in (y) following a consonant (y)
is change in to (I) and (es) is added.
) ‫حرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هاییکه‬ ‫اسم‬y)‫حرف‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (y) ‫باشد‬ ‫صدا‬ ‫بی‬ ‫حروف‬ (y) ‫به‬ (I) ‫شده‬ ‫تبدیل‬ (es(
.‫میگردد‬ ‫علوه‬
Like: Army, Armies, Family, Families
5. Nouns ending in (y) following a vowel add only (s) without any change.
) ‫حرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هائیکه‬ ‫اسم‬y) ‫حرف‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (y‫کدام‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫دار‬ ‫صدا‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫یک‬ ‫آنها‬ (
) ‫حرف‬ ‫تغیر‬s.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫علوه‬ (
Like: Day – Days Key – Keys and Etc.....
6. Nouns ending in (O) following a consonant take (es).

5. ‫اسم‬) ‫حرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هائیکه‬O) ‫حرف‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (O‫جمع‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫در‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫صدا‬ ‫بی‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫یک‬ (
) ‫خود‬es.‫میکنند‬ ‫اختیار‬ (
Like: Negro – Negroes Mango – Mangoes
Note: The following nouns are exceptional.
.‫اند‬ ‫استثنایی‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫اسم‬
Like: Kilo – Kilos Photo – Photos Piano – Pianos
7. Nouns ending in (O) following a vowel takes only (S)
) ‫حرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هائیکه‬ ‫اسم‬O) ‫حرف‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (O) ‫باشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫دار‬ ‫صدا‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫یک‬ (S‫اختیار‬ (
.‫میکند‬
Like: Video – Videos Radio – Radios and Etc......
8. Nouns ending in (F) or (Fe) change (F) or (Fe) into (V) and add (es).
) ‫حروف‬ ‫به‬ ‫هائیکه‬ ‫اسم‬F) ‫ویا‬ (Fe) ‫اند‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (F) ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ (Fe) ‫به‬ (V) ‫شده‬ ‫تبدیل‬ (es‫می‬ ‫علوه‬ (
.‫گردد‬
Like: Wife - Wives Knife – Knives Calf – Calves Shelf-shelves
Wolf- Wolves Half- Halves
1. Some nouns form their plural by a vowel change.
.‫میدهند‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫دار‬ ‫صدا‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫یک‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫تغیر‬ ‫با‬ ‫را‬ ‫خود‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫اسمها‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعضی‬
Like: Man – Men Woman – Women Goose – Geese – louse – lice
Mouse – Mice Foot – Feet Tooth - Teeth
2. Compound nouns usually take (s) or (es) at the end of the main nouns.
) ‫ال‬ً ) ‫معمو‬ ‫ترکیبی‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اسم‬s) ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ (es.‫میکنند‬ ‫اختیار‬ ‫خود‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫های‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫در‬ (
Like: Stepmother – Stepmothers Bus driver - Bus drivers
3. Some nouns in English are pluralized irregularly.
.‫شوند‬ ‫می‬ ‫بسته‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫بی‬ ‫بشکل‬ ‫انگلیسی‬ ‫زبان‬ ‫در‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫بعضی‬
Like: Ox – Oxen Child – Children…
Present Perfect Tense ‫قریب‬ ‫ماضی‬ ‫)یا‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫)زمان‬
Structure: ‫ساختمان‬
A. F= S + Have/Has + V3 + Complement
Q.F= Have/Has + S + V3 + Complement?
N. F= S + Have/Has + Not +V3 + Complement.
N.I.F= Have/Has + S + Not + V3 + Complement?
Ex. I have visited Paris.
Ex. Have I visited Paris?
Ex. I have not visited Paris.
Ex. Have I not visited Paris?
Usage

6. ‫استعمال‬ ‫مورد‬
Present perfect tense is used to show an action which started and
finished in unspecific time in the past.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫معین‬ ‫نا‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫یک‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫برای‬
‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫و‬ ‫.آغاز‬
Note: Present perfect tense is usually followed by adverbs of time such as
already-yet-before-several times-recently...etc.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫همراهی‬ ‫وغیره‬ ‫بار‬ ‫چندین‬ ، ‫لچ‬ً ) ‫قب‬ ، ‫هنوزچ‬ ‫تا‬ ‫چون‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫قیود‬ ‫با‬ ‫ال‬ً ) ‫معمو‬
‫.میشود‬
Ex. She has already finished the chores.
Ex. Ahmad and Mahmood have not gone to school yet.
1. Present perfect tense is used with (Since and for) to show an action
which started in the past come to the present may or may not continue to the
future.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫با‬Since) ‫و‬ (for‫ادامه‬ ‫کنون‬ ‫تا‬ ‫آغاز‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫و‬ ‫بکاررفته‬
.‫خیر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫کند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫ادامه‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫تا‬ ‫شاید‬ ‫و‬ ‫یافته‬
Ex. I have studied English for six months.
Ex. The Ahmady Family has lived in Kabul since 1984.
4. Present perfect tense used with (just) to show an immediate past.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬) ‫قید‬ ‫با‬Just.‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫قریب‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫و‬ ‫رفته‬ ‫کار‬ ‫به‬ (
Ex. They have just come home.
Ex. We have just started the lesson.

7. ‫استعمال‬ ‫مورد‬
Present perfect tense is used to show an action which started and
finished in unspecific time in the past.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫معین‬ ‫نا‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫یک‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫برای‬
‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫و‬ ‫.آغاز‬
Note: Present perfect tense is usually followed by adverbs of time such as
already-yet-before-several times-recently...etc.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫همراهی‬ ‫وغیره‬ ‫بار‬ ‫چندین‬ ، ‫الچ‬ً، ‫قب‬ ، ‫هنوزچ‬ ‫تا‬ ‫چون‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫قیود‬ ‫با‬ ‫ال‬ً، ‫معمو‬
‫.میشود‬
Ex. She has already finished the chores.
Ex. Ahmad and Mahmood have not gone to school yet.
1. Present perfect tense is used with (Since and for) to show an action
which started in the past come to the present may or may not continue to the
future.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫با‬Since) ‫و‬ (for‫ادامه‬ ‫کنون‬ ‫تا‬ ‫آغاز‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫و‬ ‫بکاررفته‬
.‫خیر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫کند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫ادامه‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫تا‬ ‫شاید‬ ‫و‬ ‫یافته‬
Ex. I have studied English for six months.
Ex. The Ahmady Family has lived in Kabul since 1984.
4. Present perfect tense used with (just) to show an immediate past.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬) ‫قید‬ ‫با‬Just.‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫قریب‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫و‬ ‫رفته‬ ‫کار‬ ‫به‬ (
Ex. They have just come home.
Ex. We have just started the lesson.