The document discusses different types of verbals including gerunds, participles, and infinitives. It provides examples of each and explains their grammatical functions. Gerunds can serve as subjects, direct or indirect objects, objects of prepositions, predicate nominatives, and appositives. Participles are verb forms used as adjectives to modify nouns. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The document contains examples and exercises to illustrate the different types of verbals.

1. VerbalVerbal
cristia shiena s. amparocristia shiena s. amparo
……

2. (Write) ___ a promotional copy for(Write) ___ a promotional copy for
ads, posters,and programs areads, posters,and programs are
done by publicity people.done by publicity people.
TO WRITETO WRITE
WRITINGWRITING

3. Annie enjoys (eat) ______ halo haloAnnie enjoys (eat) ______ halo halo
on a hot summer.on a hot summer.
EATINGEATING
TO EATTO EAT

4. The teacher punished JamesThe teacher punished James
for (cheat) ____during the exam.for (cheat) ____during the exam.
TO CHEATTO CHEAT
CHEATINGCHEATING
CHEATEDCHEATED

5. (Make) ____ a rough sketch is(Make) ____ a rough sketch is
Important before beginningImportant before beginning
To work on a project.To work on a project.
MAKINGMAKING
TO MAKETO MAKE

6. (Employ) ____ elements of(Employ) ____ elements of
performance suchperformance such
as characterization, dialogue,as characterization, dialogue,
music,song and dancemusic,song and dance
enhances the presentation of a play.enhances the presentation of a play.
EMPLOYINGEMPLOYING
TO EMPLOYTO EMPLOY
EMPLOYEDEMPLOYED

7. VERB or a VERBAL?VERB or a VERBAL?
•Telling the difference between
a verb and a verbal is notis not
done by looking only at thedone by looking only at the
word itselfword itself.
•You have to see how the wordsee how the word
is being usedis being used.

8. • Examples:
– WaxedWaxed
– FlowingFlowing
– PlayingPlaying
– SleepingSleeping
• These can be verbs or verbals depending
upon how they are used in the sentence.
VERB or a VERBAL?VERB or a VERBAL?

9. • Examples:
– Our butler waxedwaxed the floors.
– The waxedwaxed floors were slippery and
dangerous.
• In the first sentence, the word is being usedword is being used
as aas a verbverb to tell what action is being done.
• In the other one, the word stillword still lookslooks like alike a
verbverb, but it is being used as an adjective.adjective.
VERB or a VERBAL?VERB or a VERBAL?

10. • Examples:
– Water was flowingflowing over the rocks in the stream.
– FlowingFlowing water carries a great deal of potential
energy.
•verbverb
•adjectiveadjective
VERB or a VERBAL?VERB or a VERBAL?

11. • There are three different kinds of
verbals:
– GERUNDGERUND
– PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
– INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
• Each verbal has a specific purpose
and use in a sentence.
BASIC INFORMATION ON VERBALSBASIC INFORMATION ON VERBALS

12. • Verbs ending in“-ing”“-ing” can be
used as nouns.
• A gerund is a form of a verb that
acts as a NOUNNOUN.
• Gerunds will show up as subjects,
direct or indirect objects or objects
of prepositions.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

13. • Examples:
SwallowingSwallowing hurt my sore throat.
SwimmingSwimming is a moderate form of
exercise for old and young
people.
VaultingVaulting is my best event in
gymnastics.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

14. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(AS A SUBJECT)(AS A SUBJECT)
StrikingStriking is considered a revolutionaryis considered a revolutionary
tactic in some countries.tactic in some countries.
SkiingSkiing is one of the important eventsis one of the important events
during the winter Olympics.during the winter Olympics.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

15. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(AS A DIRECT OBJECT)(AS A DIRECT OBJECT)
A successful chef must enjoyA successful chef must enjoy cookingcooking..
My eight-year old nephew likesMy eight-year old nephew likes
drawingdrawing pictures of trees.pictures of trees.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

16. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(AS AN INDIRECT OBJECT)(AS AN INDIRECT OBJECT)
He givesHe gives gardeninggardening all his attention.all his attention.
Agnes gaveAgnes gave knittingknitting a try but soon puta try but soon put
her needles away.her needles away.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

17. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(AS PREDICATE NOMINATIVE)(AS PREDICATE NOMINATIVE)
Her worst fault isHer worst fault is lyinglying..
My new hobby isMy new hobby is golfinggolfing..
GERUNDSGERUNDS

18. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(ASOBJECT OF A PREPOSITION)(ASOBJECT OF A PREPOSITION)
Lock the door beforeLock the door before leavingleaving..
Eat lunch beforeEat lunch before studyingstudying..
GERUNDSGERUNDS

19. THE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCESTHE FUNCTION OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES
(AS AN APPOSITIVE)(AS AN APPOSITIVE)
One field,One field, engineeringengineering, has an, has an
open job market.open job market.
My favorite sport,My favorite sport, fishingfishing, give, give
me hours of pleasure.me hours of pleasure.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

20. • Examples:
– Chewing gum in classChewing gum in class is not allowed.
(subject)
– I liked eating at the new restauranteating at the new restaurant.
(direct object)
– Without running very hardrunning very hard I won the race.
– Abusing the warm fuzzy kittenAbusing the warm fuzzy kitten is not allowed in
this class.
(subject)
GERUNDSGERUNDS

21. DRILLS:DRILLS:
The engineer’s favoriteThe engineer’s favorite
hobby is (assemble)hobby is (assemble)
________ scale models of________ scale models of
cars and ships.cars and ships.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

22. DRILLS:DRILLS:
My cousin’s greatestMy cousin’s greatest
achievement, (win) _______achievement, (win) _______
the gold medal in the singingthe gold medal in the singing
contest, is what makes hiscontest, is what makes his
family proud of him.family proud of him.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

23. DRILLS:DRILLS:
(Swim) __________ near(Swim) __________ near
the ocean every morningthe ocean every morning
is part of Grace’s fitnessis part of Grace’s fitness
regimen.regimen.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

24. DRILLS:DRILLS:
The rescuer’s attempt at (lift)The rescuer’s attempt at (lift)
________ the heavy concrete________ the heavy concrete
post to rescue the trappedpost to rescue the trapped
survivors proves to be toosurvivors proves to be too
much of a challenge.much of a challenge.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

25. DRILLS:DRILLS:
(Sleep) ______ less than(Sleep) ______ less than
eight hours every day iseight hours every day is
bad for one’s health.bad for one’s health.
GERUNDSGERUNDS

26. Quiz:Quiz:
Underline the gerund in each of the following sentences. Then write itsUnderline the gerund in each of the following sentences. Then write its
function on the line before the number.function on the line before the number.
1.1.Denise enjoys watching Korean telenovelas every evening.Denise enjoys watching Korean telenovelas every evening.
2.2.He needs more practice in speaking English.He needs more practice in speaking English.
3.3.Mr. De Leon’s favorite recreation, playing golf, helps keep him fit.Mr. De Leon’s favorite recreation, playing golf, helps keep him fit.
4.4.The only outdoor activity my cousin is interested in is walking.The only outdoor activity my cousin is interested in is walking.
5.5.He doesn’t mind looking after his sick grandmother.He doesn’t mind looking after his sick grandmother.
6.6.The boys were reprimanded for playing rough games during P.E.The boys were reprimanded for playing rough games during P.E.
7.7.Please stop singing.Please stop singing.
8.8.The government’s problem, feeding a growing population, is a seriousThe government’s problem, feeding a growing population, is a serious
one.one.
9.9.The sport Andy enjoys best is swimming.The sport Andy enjoys best is swimming.
10.10.Do you mind showing the guests their bedrooms?Do you mind showing the guests their bedrooms?
GERUNDSGERUNDS

27. Answers:Answers:
1. watching; direct object1. watching; direct object
2. speaking; object of preposition2. speaking; object of preposition
3. playing; appositive3. playing; appositive
4. walking; predicative nominative4. walking; predicative nominative
5. looking; direct object5. looking; direct object
6. playing; object of preposition6. playing; object of preposition
7. singing; direct object7. singing; direct object
8. feeding; appositive8. feeding; appositive
9. swimming; predicative nominative9. swimming; predicative nominative
10. showing; direct object10. showing; direct object
GERUNDSGERUNDS

28. PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES
Verb forms that are used as adjectivesadjectives.
•They will have two forms:
– Present (ending in “-ing”)
– Past (ending in “-ed” or “-en”)
•These contain action, but they are not
used as verbs in the sentence.
•Used in sentences as adjectives to
modify nouns and pronouns.

29. • Examples:
– SmokingSmoking gun
– SnoringSnoring spouse
– BrokenBroken window
– ElectedElected official
– StreamingStreaming video
PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES
BuzzingBuzzing noise
WinningWinning touchdown
WalkingWalking track

30. • Examples:
☻ The recipe of their high selling
hamburger is a well-guarded secret.
☻ The flashing lights of the cameras
prevented me from seeing my friend
in the crowd.
☻ The cut section of the rope baffled
the investigators.
PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES

31. • Most participle phrases will have
commas setting them off. This is
especially true when they open a
sentence and modify the subject.
– Running at full speed, the back raced
twenty yards for a score.
– Crying loudly, the baby wanted some
attention.
PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES

32. DRILLS:DRILLS:
(Explode)(Explode)
_____________firecrackers_____________firecrackers
PRTICIPLESPRTICIPLES

33. DRILLS:DRILLS:
(interest)(interest)
_____________episode_____________episode
PRTICIPLESPRTICIPLES

34. DRILLS:DRILLS:
A (break)A (break)
_____________ dawn_____________ dawn
PRTICIPLESPRTICIPLES

35. Quiz:Quiz:
Identify the participles used. Encircle the noun orIdentify the participles used. Encircle the noun or
pronoun that each participle modifies.pronoun that each participle modifies.
1.1.The mysterious notebook was full of torn pages.The mysterious notebook was full of torn pages.
2.2.Cracked and warped records were in the old attic.Cracked and warped records were in the old attic.
3.3.For centuries, the antiques hidden in the ruins wait toFor centuries, the antiques hidden in the ruins wait to
be uncovered.be uncovered.
4.4.The spectators, cheering and clapping, waved to theirThe spectators, cheering and clapping, waved to their
team.team.
5.5.They threw cracked eggs to the birthday celebrant.They threw cracked eggs to the birthday celebrant.
PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES

36. INFINITIVESINFINITIVES
• An infinitive is a verb form that is proceeded
by the word “to.”
– To playTo play
– To sleepTo sleep
– To be seenTo be seen
– To stealTo steal
– To have been stolenTo have been stolen
– To speakTo speak

37. •An infinitive has three
possible functions:
–As a nounnoun
–As an adjectiveadjective
–As an adverbadverb
INFINITIVESINFINITIVES

38. • As a NOUNNOUN:
– I hate to go. (direct object)
– To steal is a crime. (subject)
• As an ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE:
– It’s time to go. (modify time)
– There are jobs to be done (modify jobs)
• As an ADVERBADVERB:
– He always plays to win. (modify plays)
INFINITIVESINFINITIVES

39. Practice:Practice:
1. Sleeping soundly in his bed, Ron
was not going to be disturbed by
anyone in his house.
2. I wanted to try out for the lacrosse
team this spring.
3. The rushing waters of the
Colorado River were great for
rafting.

40. 4. The warm fuzzy kitten, meowing
loudly in the hallway, was a
nuisance.
5. We tried shooting with the NBA’s
new basketball and found it to
be challenging.
6. To run a mile in less than four
minutes is nearly impossible.
Practice:Practice:

41. 7. Charging wildly down the street, the bulls
tried to crush the citizens of Pamplona.
8. Cheating on a final exam in English is not
an advisable solution to not studying.
9. To sleep, perchance to dream.
10. On the sixth day of Xmas, my true love
gave to me six geese a-laying, five gold
rings, four calling birds, three French
hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in
a pear tree.
Practice:Practice: