The document defines and provides examples of adjectives, the different types of adjectives including descriptive, quantity, number, demonstrative, and interrogative adjectives. It also discusses the degrees of comparison in adjectives and how comparatives and superlatives are formed. The document then defines prepositions and phrasal verbs, lists the different types of prepositions, and provides examples of common prepositions and their uses.

1. Adjectives
An adjective is a word that accompanies a
noun to describe or point out the noun’s
quality, quantity or number. Hence it is a
word that adds something for the meaning of
a noun. An Adjective is generally placed
immediately before the noun.
E.g.: It is a sweet cake.

2. Kinds of Adjectives
a. Descriptive Adjectives or Adjectives of
Quality shows the kind or quality of a person
or thing.
 E.g.: He is the richest honest man on
earth.
b. Adjectives of Quantity show how much of
a thing is meant.
 E.g.: She ate some rice.

3. Kinds of Adjectives
c. Adjectives of Number or Numeral
Adjectives show how many persons or
things are meant, or in what order a person
or thing stands.
 E.g.: There are no vehicles on the road.
 The second girl like ethnic wears.

4. Kinds of Adjectives
d. Demonstrative Adjectives point out which
person or thing is meant.
 E.g.: This man is taller than Thomas.
e. Interrogative Adjectives: When question
words like what, which and whose are used
with nouns to ask questions, they becomes
interrogative adjectives.
 E.g.: What kind of a person is he?
 Which path we should take?

5. Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives are used to show the quality,
quality or number of a noun and these can
be expressed in various degrees to compare
things with others. An adjective can modify
the noun in positive, comparative and
superlative degrees.

6. Degrees of Comparison
As from the above examples, you might
have noted that the comparative and
superlative degrees are formed by adding
suffixes ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ to the positive form
respectively.
Eg: sweet – sweeter – sweetest
brave-braver-bravest
easy-easier-easiest, big-bigger-biggest

7. Degrees of Comparison
When the adjective is a polysyllabic word,
the comparative and superlative degrees are
formed by adding more and most before the
word (difficult – more difficult – most
difficult). Moreover, certain disyllabic
adjectives ends in ‘-ful’ (e.g. useful), ‘-less’
(e.g. hopeless), ‘-ing’ (e.g. boring) and ‘-ed’
(e.g. surprised) and many others (e.g.
modern, recent, foolish, famous, certain)
take more and most.

8. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions,
combining verbs and prepositions to make
new verbs whose meaning is obviously
different from the individual words. They are
widely used in both written and spoken
English.

9. Phrasal Verbs
Some phrasal verbs have a literal meaning.
They can be easily understood.
 E.g.: Miley opened the window and looked
outside.

10. Phrasal Verbs
Some are separable and we can add the
object of the sentence in between; but some
are inseparable.
 E.g.: Please take the hat off.
 I came across your childhood photos in the
album.

11. Phrasal Verbs
But many of the phrasal verbs have a
figurative meaning which makes them
difficult to understand.
 E.g.: The workers called off the strike.
(withdraw)

12. Prepositions
The literal meaning of preposition is
“something that is placed before”. It is a
word placed before a noun or a pronoun to
show in what relation the person or thing
denoted by it stands in regard to something
else.

13. Prepositions
A Preposition is usually placed before its
object, but sometimes it follows it.
 E.g.: This is the hat that you asked for.
 What are you looking for?

14. Kinds of Prepositions
Prepositions may be arranged in the
following categories:-
a. Simple Prepositions: at, by, for, from, in,
of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.

15. Kinds of Prepositions
b. Compound Prepositions are generally
formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually a
= on or be = by) to a Noun, an Adjective or
an Adverb. They include – about, above,
across, along, amidst, among, amongst,
around, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, inside, outside,
underneath, within, without etc.

16. Kinds of Prepositions
c. Phrase Prepositions: Groups of words
used with the force of a single preposition.
They include – according to, in accordance
with, in addition to, along with, on behalf of
in case of, in spite of etc.

17. Kinds of Prepositions
d. Participial Prepositions: If present
participles like Barring, concerning,
considering, during, notwithstanding,
pending, regarding, respecting, touching,
and a few similar words are used as such
without any noun or pronoun being attached
to them, they behave like prepositions.
These are distinguished as Participial
Prepositions.

18. The following Prepositions require special
notice:-
(1) We can use ‘in’ or ‘at’ with the names of
cities, towns or villages. In most cases ‘in’ is
used. We use ‘in’ when we are talking about
a place as an area; we use ‘at’ when we see
it as a point.
 E.g.: We stayed in London for two weeks.
 Our plane stopped at London on the way
to USA.

19. (2) We use ‘at’ to talk about group activities
and shops/workplaces.
 E.g.: Did you notice Donald at the party?
 There were a few people at the party.
(3) We use ‘in’ with the names of streets and
‘at’ when we give the house-number.
 E.g.: Holmes lives in Baker Street.
 Holmes lives at 221 B Baker Street.

20. (4) We use ‘on’ when we think of a place as
a surface.
 E.g.: The cat is lying on the floor.
 Take that picture on the wall.
(5) ‘Till’ is used of time and ‘to’ is used of
place; as
 E.g.: Watson slept till eight O’clock.
 Holmes walked to the end of the street.

21. (6) ‘With’ often denotes the instrument and
‘by’ the agent; as,
 E.g.: James killed two birds with one shot.
 Two birds were killed by a James.
(7) ‘Since’ is used before a noun or phrase
denoting some point of time, and is
preceded by a verb in the perfect tenses
 E.g.: John has eaten nothing since the
morning.
 John has been bedridden since last
Monday.

22. (8) ‘In’ before a noun denoting a period of
time and it means ‘at the end of’; ‘within’
means ‘before the end of’; as,
 E.g.: I shall return in an hour.
 I shall return within an hour.
(9) ‘Beside’ means ‘at (or by) the side of’
while ‘besides’ means ‘in addition to’; as,
 E.g.: He lay beside the river bank.
 Besides his children, his nephews and
nieces were present.