Inflection in Lexical Morphology
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This document discusses inflection in lexical morphology. It provides examples of frozen historical relics like ablaut and umlaut that indicate changes in grammatical function. Ablaut involves changes in root vowels between present and past tense forms like drive/drove. Umlaut involves fronting of vowels before front vowels, like foot/feet. There are also some irregular plural formations with Latin and Greek loanwords. Beyond these relics, the document outlines lexical rules for adding inflections through affixation at different strata or levels, providing examples of rules for adding suffixes to nouns to mark plural forms. It distinguishes lexical rules from post-lexical rules.
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- A lexeme is a set of forms taken by a single word, like "run", "runs", "ran", and "running" which are all forms of the lexeme "RUN".
- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, for example "cat" and "-s" in "cats" where "cat" means the animal and "-s" indicates plural.
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The document discusses morphological processes in English including inflectional and lexical morphology. It covers topics such as:
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- In inflectional morphology, nouns inflect for number and case, verbs for tense and person/number, and adjectives have comparative and superlative forms.
- Lexical morphology examines processes like compounding, affixation, conversion and others to understand how new words are formed from existing word elements or bases.
- Productivity refers to whether a word
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- Derivational affixes change the part of speech of the word and often its meaning, while inflectional affixes do not change the part of speech or meaning. Examples of English derivational suffixes and the changes they produce are provided.
- Derivation typically results in a greater change in meaning compared to inflection and often changes the grammatical category of the root word. It produces new lexemes while inflection only produces new word forms.
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English morphology "Inflection" (AdeS)
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Morphology
The document discusses inflection and derivation in English grammar. It defines inflection as changes in a word's form to mark grammatical categories like number, tense and case. Inflection does not change a word's meaning or category. Derivation uses affixes that do change a word's meaning and category. The document then discusses nominal inflection categories like number, noun class and case. It also discusses verbal inflection categories like person, number, tense, aspect, voice and modality. It provides examples to illustrate inflectional changes in English nouns and verbs.
Some Summary of Morphology
This document discusses words, sentences, and dictionaries. It makes several key points:
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- There is a distinction between a word as a type and its occurrences as tokens. The same word can appear as different tokens in a sentence.
- Not all words have unpredictable meanings that need to be defined in a dictionary. Some words have predictable meanings based on their sounds.
- Idioms and phrases can have meanings that are unpredictable from the individual words. Larger linguistic units like proverbs can also have non-literal meanings.
- Not
MORPHOLOGY, A WORD AND ITS FORM :INFLECTIONAL
This document discusses inflection and its forms. It defines inflection as variation in the form of a word, typically by means of an affix, that expresses a grammatical contrast. It explains that words have lexemes, word forms, and grammatical words. Regular inflection follows predictable rules, while irregular inflection does not. It provides examples of regular and irregular plural nouns. Finally, it discusses the three forms of countable nouns: singular, plural, and singular-plural.
Derivational and inflectional morphemes
Provide the explanation how words are formed by adding morpheme(s) and how the addition of morpheme affect the word (meaning or class). beside\s, this also provide the explanaton of kinds of derivational and inflectional mor[pheme
A word and its forms inflection
This document discusses words that do and do not need to be listed in dictionaries. It provides examples of words like "performs" and "performed" that are predictable based on their grammatical rules and do not need to be listed. It explains that words like "pianists" do not need to be listed because their plural form can be predicted by adding "-s" to the singular form. Exceptions to this rule of pluralization are also mentioned, such as words like "children" and "teeth".
morphology
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It examines the smallest meaningful units of language called morphemes, which cannot be further broken down. Morphemes can be free-standing words or affixes bound to other morphemes. There are two types of morphology: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphology involves changing word endings to indicate things like number, tense, or comparison. Derivational morphology uses affixes to create new words that may be a different part of speech than the base word.
Morphology (Linguistics)
This document defines morphology and discusses the key concepts in word structure and formation. It explains that morphology studies the structure of words and how new words are derived. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, and can be free or bound. Free morphemes stand alone as words, while bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes must be attached to other morphemes. The document also distinguishes between inflectional and derivational morphemes and their functions in language.
The concept of curriculum
The document discusses the concept of curriculum. It provides several definitions of curriculum from different perspectives. Curriculum is defined as the total learning experience provided by a school, including courses, teaching methods, and values. It encompasses all experiences learners have under school guidance, both planned and unplanned. Curriculum has evolved over time in Nigeria from a narrow focus during colonial times to a broader scope today related to science and technology. The key aspects that make up the curriculum include the programme of studies, activities, and guidance.
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The document discusses the key concepts of curriculum. It defines curriculum as the totality of learning experiences students are exposed to in school. Curriculum includes the content, intended outcomes, cultural aspects, and experiences planned for students. It also discusses different perspectives on curriculum from the point of view of teachers, principals, parents and others. The document outlines the principles and factors that influence curriculum planning and design, as well as the processes of implementation, evaluation, development and transaction of curriculum. It also defines and explains the concepts of hidden curriculum and curriculum evaluation.
Curriculum Development Lesson 1: Concepts, Nature and Purposes of Curriculum ...
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Inflection in Lexical Morphology
- 1. INFLECTION IN LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY By Kadek Intan Nirmala Sari Putri Anggitawati
- 2. INFLECTION IN LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY Frozen historical relics: – Ablaut : change in a root vowel which indicates a change in grammatical function, e.g. /aɪ/ alternates with /əʊ/ to mark the change from present to past tense Present tense Drive /draiv/ Write /rait/ Dive /daiv/ - Ride /raid/ - Past tense Drove /dreuv/ Wrote /reut/ Dove /deuv/ (American), /daivd/ (British) Rode /reud/
- 3. – Umlaunt : Fronting of a vowel if the next syllable contains a front vowel Example: Nominative Singular fÕt ‘foot’ Nominative plural fÕtiz ‘feet’ (where Õ = long vowel /o:/ ) There are very few nouns that use umlaut for plural formation.
- 4. There is also some irregural plural inflection with loanwords borrowed from Latin and Greek For example: Singular • Addendum • Stratum • Datum • Medium Plural (Latin) addenda strata data media
- 5. For example: Singular Tooth /tu: θ/ Plural teeth / ti:θ/ Louse /laus/ lice /lais/ Mouse /maus/ mice /mais/ Goose /gu:s/ geese /gi:s/
- 6. The suffix –en is another irregular plural ending found at stratum 1, For Example: Singular • ox • brother • child Plural oxen brethren (change /a/ and suffixation of -en ) children (change /ai/ suffixation of –en ) /e/ /i/ and
- 7. LEXICAL RULES Morphological rules are formalized it is necessary to specify: – the class of bases affected – the affix that is attached – where the affix is attached – the class which the resulting word belongs to – the level or stratum to which the affix belongs
- 8. Morphological rules that attach affixes to bases Form : insert A in environment [Y _______ Z]x Output: word Example: Insert /ə/ in environment [dɛɪt_] Output:/dɛɪtə/ Noun + Plural
- 9. Stratum 2 Insert -s in environment [Y ______] Noun + Plural Output: Y-s
- 10. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEXICAL AND POST-LEXICAL Post-lexical rules can apply in any context lexical rules are cyclic lexical rules are structure-preserving Post-lexical rules are automatic
- 11. Quiz 1 Please match the correct Past form of these vebs below! Present tense stride strive arise over-ride smite write smote over-rode wrote strove arose strode
- 12. Quiz 2 PLEASE FILL THE BLANK WITH THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL FORM. SINGULAR PLURAL KNIFE ....... ........ THESIS .......... WOMAN ....... DIE .......... LICE CALVES ......... BABIES ...... MEN .........