This document provides definitions and explanations of various English grammar terms across multiple categories, including: - Parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. Examples and classifications are given for each. - Other grammatical concepts like tense, voice, clauses, sentences, paragraphs are also defined. Diagrams show relationships between pronouns, adjectives, and parts of speech. - The document serves as a reference for understanding foundational English grammar. It aims to explain terminology in a clear and accessible manner through examples and classifications. References are provided at the end for further reading.

1. Presented by:
iseh musyafak
Afakabar59.blogspot.c
om

2. 



Yups, it’s sometimes.
Is English boring?
Is English difficult?
Is English fun?
Is English easy?

3. ♫ Letter
♫ Word
♫ Clause
♫ Sentence
♫ Paragraph
♫ Essay
♫ Text
Who are they?

4. Letter: a written or printedsign representating a sound used in
speech.
e.g. “B” is the second latter of alphabet
Word: a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and
forms an independent unit of a language.
e.g. “table” is word has meaning a piece of furniture consisting of
aflat top supported on one or more legs.
Clause: a group of words that includes subject and a verb,
forming a sentence or part of sentence.
e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate
Sentence: a set of words expressing a stateement, question or a
command. It consist of minimally Subject and verb
e.g. He often visits Spain because he likes the climate

5. Paragraph: a distrinct section of a piece of writing.
e.g.
Essay: a piece of writing, usually short no any one subject.
Text: the main written or pointed part of a book or page,
contrasted with notes, illustration
Come back and ave a look the box which is orange.

6. Parts of speech
What
that?
is

7. is classification of words to show the character and
function in every single sentence.PRONOUN
P
A
N
C
A
V
I
P
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
CONJUNCTION
ADVERB
VERB
INTERJECTION
PREPOSITION

8. Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun or noun phrase,
e.g. I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
Adjective: a that indicates quality of person or thing referred to by noun,
e.g. Big, small, clever, stupid, handsome, beautiful, ugly, bad.
Noun: a word used the name or identity any of class of things, people, places or
ideas, or particular one of these.
e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.
Conjunction: a word used the name or identity any of class of
things, people, places or ideas, or particular one of these.
e.g. Johny, Berlin, heart, song.
Adverb: a word that adds more information about place, time, circumstance,
manner, cause, degree,etc to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.
e.g. Speak kindly, just in time, too quickly, incredibly..
Verb: a word or phrase indicating an action, an event,or a state.
e.g. Put, bring, come.
Interjection: a word or phrase used to express sudden surprise, pleasure,
annoyance, etc.
e.g. Oh!, Hurray!, or Damn!.
Preposition: a word or agroup of words used before noun or pronoun to show
place, position, time, or method,
e.g. In, from, to, out of, on behalf of, etc.)

9. Personal pronoun
Subject
Pronoun
Object
Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
I
My...
Me
Myself
Mine
You
Your...
Your
Yourself/selves
Yours
We
Our...
Us
Ourselves
Ours
They
Their...
Them
Themselves
Theirs
He
His...
Him
Himself
His
She
Her...
Her
Herself
Hers
It
e.g
Possesssive
Adjective
Its...
It
itself
Its
I read my book for me myself because this book is mine
You read your book for you yourself because this book is
yours
Etc.

10. Demonstrative
Pronoun
e.g. This, that,
these, those, the...
Definite Pronoun
e.g. The other(s).
Relative Pronoun
e.g. Who, whom, whose, when,
where, that.
Indefinite Pronoun
e.g.
All, any, both, each, either, ot
her(s), another, few, many, m
ore, neither, none, some, some
one/thing, anyone/thing, one,
ones, half.
Interrogative Pronoun
e.g. What, who, why, when,
where, which, whose, whom, how.
Reciprpocal
Pronoun
e.g. Each
other, one
another.

11. Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Determiner
Descriptive
Adjective

12. The, a, an
This;
plural these
Articles
Demonstrative
Adjective
Determiner
Relative and
interrogative
Adjective
Whose, thet, which, etc.
Possessive
Adjective
Numeral
Adjective
Adjective of
Indefinite
Quality
Some, few, all, any, mo
re, etc.
That;
plural those
From pronouns:
my, your, etc
From nouns:
tom’s, the
girl’s, etc
Cardinal:
One, two,three.
Ordinal:
First, Second.

13. Descriptive
Adjevtive
Beautiful
Quality Character
Participle
Neglected
Big
Size
Shape
Square
Old
Age Temperature
Colour
Red
Origin Location
Jamaican

14. Noun Adjective
Materia
l
e.g. Stone
Noun
e.g.
plantation
Principl
e Noun
e.g. Houses

15. Noun Adjective
Descriptve Adjective
Determiner
Quality Character
Size
Age Temperature
Prticiple
Shape
Colour
Origin Location
Material
Noun
Participle Noun
The
beautifu
l
big
old
neglecte
d
squar
e
re
d
Jamaican
stone
plantation
house
s
Those are the examples of
Adjective

16. Alteration
(s-P)
Noun
Regular Plural Noun,
eg. Book-books, class-classes, city-cities, etc.
Irregular Plural Noun,
eg. Child-children, dantum-data, man-men, woman-women, etc.
Countable Noun (can be counted),
eg. Chair, book, pen, car, glass, spon, plate, etc.
Summaries
Unountable Noun (cannot be counted),
eg. Water, sugar, salt, fire, sand, etc.
Form
Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun
Quality- kindness, bravery, etc
Common- country, boy, mountain, etc
Action- movement, behavior, etc
Proper- America, Surabaya, John, etc
State- childhood, youth, sickness, etc
Material- honey, gold, iron, rice, etc.
Science, profession- economics, etc
Collective- audience, club, group, etc.

17. Conjunction
Words that join into sentence
Clause
Conjunction
Clause
I went to bed earlier because I was extremely tired
Sentence
Conjunction not only join slauses together, they also show how the meanings
of the two clauses are related
We bought the food and they suplied the
Addition
drink.
She was poor but she was honest.
Contrast
We can go swimming, or we could stay here.
Alternative
People dislike her because she was so rude.
Cause
I’ll phone you when I arrive.
Time

18. Co-ordinating Conjunction
Based on the
meaning.
Conjunction
e.g. And, but, or
A part of the
other clause.
Independent
of each other.
e.g.
Because, when, that, which
Sub-ordinating Conjunction

19. Simple Conjunction
e.g. And, or, but, after.
Phrasal
Conjunction
e.g. As if,
as soon as,
in order that.
Conjunction
Prticipial Conjunction
e.g. Supposing...
Provided...
Correlative
Conjunction
e.g. Both...and...
Not only...but also

20. Adverb
a word that adds more information
Meaning
Function

21. Adverb of place, e.g here, there, in the clss, etc
Adverb of time, e.g
yesterday, now, tomorrow, etc
Meaning
Adverb of manner, e.g seriously, by
train, well, etc
Adverb of intensifying
Adverb of degree, e.g so, too, very, entirely, etc
Distingiushing Adverb, e.g especially, only, etc

22. Sentence Adverb, e.g actually, evidently, etc
Conjunctive Adverb, e.g nevertheless, therefore, etc
Explanatory Adverb, e.g namely, for example, etc
Relative, interrogative Adverb,
e.g when, where, how, etc
Exclamatory Adverb – how
Function

23. Verb
Complement
Form

24. Linking Verb
e.g. To be (is, am, are), feel.
Transitive Verb
e.g. Call, read, write, keep.
Complement
Inransitive Verb
e.g. go, run, sleep, cry.
Note: We sometmites found
verb that belongs to tran-intran
verb
Reflexive Verb
e.g. Shave, dress, concentrate, hurry.
Auxliary Verb
e.g. To be, do(es), did, have(s).

25. Form
PASTPRESENT PAST
PRES
PART I CI
PART I CI
St u d i
ENT
PL E
PL E
e d
St u d
St u d i
St u d y i
L i s t e
y
e d
n g
n e d
L i s t
L i s t e
L i s t e n
Wa t c h
e n
n e d
i n g
e d
Wa t c
Wa t c h
Wa t c h i
Ac c o m
h
e d
n g
p a i e d
Ac c o
Ac c o m
A c c o mp
L o v e d
mp a y
p a i e d
a y i n g
Wa l k e
L o v e
L o v e d
d
Wa l k
Wa l k e
Wa l k i n
Wr o t e
Wr i t
d
g
We n t
e
Wr i t t
Wr i t i n
He l d
Go
e n
g
Ta u g h
Ho l d
Go n e
Go i n g
t
Te a c
He l d
Ho l d i n
Note: the changing w
S a called “regular-irregular Verb”
h
Ta u g h
g
Fe l t

26. Interjection
Kinds of Interjection
Functions
Hurray!
Happiness
Bravo!
Agreement
Hush!
Attention
Pshaw!
Unpatient
Alas!
Sadness
Heigh-ho!
Bordem
Fie! Fie!
Reproach
Damn it!
Anger

27. Preposition
Free
Preposition
Bound
Preposition

28. Free
Preposition
Preposition
Function (time)
Example
On
Followed by days
On Sunday,.....
Follwed by date
On July 27th 1989
Followed by
month
In March, in
January,....
Followed by year
In 2002, in 2011,...
At
Followed by time
At 7 o’clock, at 8.45
Preposition
Function (place)
Example
On
Up of something
Your pen is on the table.
In
Inside of something
Vina is in her room a whole day.
At
Around of something
He is sitting at the garden.
In

29. Bound
Preposition
Prepositions that must be brought into line follow thw words
before.
He was angry with me last night.
She always jealous of my friends.
John is different from Benno.
Is she interested in me?
I agree stronglu with you.
Don’t forget to smile at every body you meet.
Are you afraid of ghost?
Finsha is clever at Mathematics.
My mom hopes I’m successful in my bussiness.

30. Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in
Use, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
1994
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English, Fifth Edition, Oxford University
Press, Jonathan Crowther, New York, 1995
Schrampfer Azar, Betty, Understanding and
Using English Grammar, Second Edition, prenticeHall, Inc, 1992
Slamet, Hadi, S.Pd, Fundamentals of
PANCAVIP, Kediri, 2007, Beswan Media Press
Kediri, 2011.
Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage,
Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
2005
Tata, Muhtadi’in, S.Pd, Gren Module,

31. THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR YOR ATTENTION
See you
later........
To be continued..........