Afghan, Learning English Grammar

1. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Present Perfect Tense ‫قریب‬ ‫ماضی‬ ‫)یا‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫)زمان‬
Structure: ‫ساختمان‬
A. F= S + Have/Has + V3 + Complement.
Q.F= Have/Has + S + V3 + Complement?
N. F= S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + Complement.
N.I.F= Have/Has + S + Not + V3 + Complement?
Ex. I have visited Paris.
Ex. Have I visited Paris?
Ex. I have not visited Paris.
Ex. Have I not visited Paris?
Usage ‫استعمال‬ ‫مورد‬
1. Present perfect tense is used to show an action which started and finished
in unspecific time in the past.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫و‬ ‫غاز‬‫غ‬‫آغ‬ ‫غته‬‫غ‬‫گذش‬ ‫غان‬‫غ‬‫زم‬ ‫در‬ ‫غن‬‫غ‬‫معی‬ ‫غا‬‫غ‬‫ن‬ ‫غت‬‫غ‬‫وق‬ ‫در‬ ‫غه‬‫غ‬‫ک‬ ‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫برای‬
.‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫انجام‬
Note: The present perfect is usually followed by adverbs of time such as:
already-yet-before-several times-recently...etc.
.‫میشود‬ ‫همراهی‬ ‫وغیره‬ ‫ا‬ً ‫اخیر‬ ‫بار‬ ‫چندین‬ ‫ال‬ً ‫قب‬ ‫هنوز‬ ‫تا‬ ‫چون‬ ،‫زمان‬ ‫قیود‬ ‫با‬ ‫ال‬ً ‫معمو‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬
Ex. She has already finished the chores.
Ex. Ahmad and Mahmood have not gone to school yet.
2. Present perfect tense is used with (Since and for) to show an action which
started in the past and continue up to present.
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬) ‫با‬Since and for‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫تا‬ ‫آغازو‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ،‫بکاررود‬ (
.‫باشد‬ ‫یافته‬ ‫ادامه‬
Ex. I have studied English for six months.
Ex. The Ahmady Family has lived in Kabul since 1984.
3. Present perfect tense can show an action which has been completed in the
past but the mark is still seen in the present.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

2. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬‫در‬ ‫اکنون‬ ‫تا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫اثرات‬ ‫ولی‬ ،‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫تکمیل‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫میتواند‬
.‫است‬ ‫باقی‬ ‫حال‬
Ex. Sohrab has broken the glass.
Ex. Ahmad has painted the wall.
4. Present perfect tense used with (just) to show an immediate past.
) ‫قید‬ ‫با‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫زمان‬Just.‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫قریب‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫و‬ ‫رفته‬ ‫کار‬ ‫به‬ (
Ex. They have just come home.
Ex. We have just started the lesson.
Past Perfect Tense ‫کامل‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬
Structures ‫ساختمان‬
A.F= S + Had + V3 + Complement.
Q.F= Had + S + V3 + Complement?
N.F= S + Had + Not + V3 + Complement.
N.I.F= Had + S + Not+V3 + Complement?
Ex. I had fixed the picture on the wall.
Ex. Had I fixed the picture on the wall?
Ex. I had not fixed the picture on the wall.
Ex. Had I not fixed the picture on the wall?
Usage ‫استعمال‬ ‫موارد‬
Past Perfect Tense shows an action which started before time of speaking in the
past and it was just finished or in the other hand past perfect tense shows an
action which was completed before another action in the past.
:‫کامل‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬‫اختتام‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اندکی‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫آغاز‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬
‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫دیگری‬ ‫کار‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫عباره‬ ‫به‬ ‫ویا‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫یافته‬
.‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫گذشته‬
Note: A before Claus is usually used with the past perfect tense to specify the
past action.
) ‫با‬ ‫که‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫ساختن‬ ‫معین‬ ‫برای‬ ‫ال‬ً ‫معمو‬Before‫کامل‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫است‬ ‫همراه‬ (
.‫رود‬ ‫می‬ ‫بکار‬
Ex. She had cooked lunch before we arrived home.
Ex. Ahmad had his mother before her death.
Future Perfect Tense ‫کامل‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫زمان‬
Structures ‫ساختمان‬
A.F= S + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + Complement.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

3. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Q.F= Will/Shall + S + Have + V3 + Complement?
N.F= S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + V3 + Complement.
N.I.F= Will/Shall + S + Not + Have + V3 + Complement?
Ex. She will have prepared every thing.
Ex. Will she have prepared every thing?
Ex. She will not have prepared every thing.
Ex. Will she not have prepared every thing?
Usage ‫استعمال‬ ‫موارد‬
Future Perfect Tense Shows an action which will have been completed before
some specified time or before another action in the future.
:‫کامل‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫زمان‬‫شده‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫در‬ ‫دیگری‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫معین‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫عملی‬
.‫بود‬ ‫خواهد‬
Ex. I shall have finished my work by 2:00 o’clock.
Ex. They will have studied English by the time you come.
Tag Questions ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال ت‬
Tag questions, joined question or piece question are short addition at the end
of the sentences asking for agreement, confirmation and checking information.
:‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال ت‬‫بکار‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫گفتار‬ ‫تصدیق‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫تعید‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫اند‬ ‫کوتاهی‬ ‫ضمایم‬
.‫میرود‬
Ex. He is a clever student, isn’t he?
Ex. You are looking beautiful, aren’t you?
Rules ‫قواعد‬
1. The positive sentences have the negative tag.
.‫دارند‬ ‫منفی‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫مثبت‬ ‫جمل ت‬
Ex. I study my lesson, don’t I?
2. The negative sentences have positive tag.
.‫دارند‬ ‫مثبت‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫منفی‬ ‫جمل ت‬
Ex. I do not study my lesson, do I?
Note: If the sentence contains auxiliary verbs the auxiliary verbs itself repeated
in the subject of the tag.
‫و‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫تکرار‬ ‫خود‬ ‫کمکی‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫مبتدای‬ ‫در‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫کمکی‬ ‫افعال‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫در‬ ‫هرگاه‬
) ‫افعال‬ ‫از‬ ‫آن‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫در‬Todo.‫آید‬ ‫می‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫به‬ ‫استفاده‬ (
Ex. I must go, must not I?
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

4. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Ex. He goes to school, doesn’t he?
3. The imperative sentences have the tag. ( will you,could you, can you )
) ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫امریه‬ ‫جمل ت‬Will You, Could you, Can you.‫دارند‬ (
Ex. Please open the door, will you?
4. The request and demand have the tag ( Wont you )
) ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫با‬ ‫دارند‬ ‫را‬ ‫خواهش‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫خواست‬ ‫در‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫جملتیکه‬Wont You(‫اند‬ ‫همراه‬.
Ex. Have drinks, wont you?
5. Sentences beginning with (Let’s) have the tag (Shall We).
) ‫با‬ ‫جملتیکه‬Let’s) ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫می‬ ‫آغاز‬ (Shall we.‫دارند‬ (
Ex. Let’s play chess, shall we?
6. Sentence which contains word such as, never, no, neither… accepted as
negative nor have positive tag.
) ‫چون‬ ‫کلما ت‬ ‫جملتیکه‬Never, No, Neither‫ب‬ ‫باشند‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫خود‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫غیره‬ ‫و‬ (‫ا‬‫مثبت‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬
.‫اند‬ ‫همراه‬
Ex. I never lie, do I?
7. When the subject of the sentence are words like (Nobody, Somebody, any
body, neither…..etc.) Their pronouns are (They) is used as subject of tag.
) ‫چون‬ ‫کلما ت‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫مبتدای‬ ‫هنگامیکه‬Nobody, somebody, any body, neither) ‫باشد‬ ‫غیره‬ ‫و‬ (
they(‫بح‬‫ی‬.‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫ث‬
Ex. Nobody came to my party, do they?
8. The tag of (I am) is (aren’t I).
) ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬I am) ( aren’t.‫است‬ (
I am a student, aren’t I?
9. The sentence which have positive form but express negative meaning they
are followed by positive tag.
.‫اند‬ ‫همرا‬ ‫مثبت‬ ‫ضمیمه‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫با‬ ‫میکنند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫منفی‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫و‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫ولی‬ ‫دارند‬ ‫مثبت‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫جملتیکه‬
Ex. Ahmad is too fat, to run fast, is he?
Sentence
A group of words which has a complete meaning or makes a complete sense is
called sentence.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫کند‬ ‫افاده‬ ‫را‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫که‬ ‫کلما ت‬ ‫از‬ ‫گروپی‬
Ex. He came to class yesterday.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

5. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Sentences are divided into four parts in meaning:
1. Declarative Sentences ‫)اخباری‬ ‫خبری‬ ‫)جمل ت‬
A sentence which expresses a statement or assertion is called declarative
sentences.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫خبری‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫کند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫بیانیه‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫خبر‬ ‫ائیکه‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫یک‬
Ex. I saw him last week.
2. Imperative Sentences ‫امری‬ ‫جمل ت‬
A sentence which expresses a command or request is called imperative sentences.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫امریه‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫کند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫خواهش‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫امر‬ ‫جملیتیکه‬
Ex. Please come on time.
3. Interrogative Sentences ‫پرسشی‬ ‫جمل ت‬
Sentences which ask a question is called interrogative sentence.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫پرسشی‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫نماید‬ ‫پرسش‬ ‫را‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫یک‬ ‫جملیتیکه‬
Ex. Where are you living now?
4. Exclamatory Sentences ‫ندائی‬ ‫جمل ت‬
Sentences which express strong feeling or emotion is called exclamatory
sentence.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫ندائی‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫کند‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫را‬ ‫قوی‬ ‫هیجان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫احساس‬ ‫ائیکه‬ ‫جمله‬
Ex. What a noisy boy he is.
Ex.What a shame.
The sentences are divided into four parts in form:
1. Simple Sentences ‫ساده‬ ‫چمل ت‬
A sentence which has a finite verb is called simple sentence.
.‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫محدود‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫جملیتیکه‬
Ex. She feeds the children.
Ex. He is a boy.
Ex.Melad went.
Ex.Roshan and Melad went.
Ex.Naweed went and disappeared.
Ex.Sohrab and obaid went and disappeared.
2. Complex Sentences ‫)پیچیده‬ ‫مختلط‬ ‫)جمل ت‬
A sentence which has one main and one or more than one subordinating clauses
are called complex sentences.
‫مختلط‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫فرعی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫یک‬ ‫و‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫که‬ ‫ه‬ً ‫جمل‬ ‫یک‬
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫یاد‬ (‫)پیچیده‬
Ex. This is the boy, who can speak Dari.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

6. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
3. Compound Sentences ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمل ت‬
When two sentences joined by a conjunction are called compound sentence.
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫هم‬ ‫با‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫یک‬ ‫یتوسط‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫دو‬ ‫هنگامیکه‬
Ex. Ahmad is a teacher and Mahmood is a Student.
4. Compound complex sentences ‫)پیچیده‬ ‫مختلط‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫)جمل ت‬
Sentences which consist of two or more than two main clause, and one
subordinate clause is called compound complex sentence.
‫مختلط‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫فرعی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫و‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دو‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫جملیتیکه‬
.‫میشود‬ ‫یاد‬ (‫)پیچیده‬
Ex. Allah created the whole universe and the earth is one of those on which the
human is living
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

7. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
3. Compound Sentences ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمل ت‬
When two sentences joined by a conjunction are called compound sentence.
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫هم‬ ‫با‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫یک‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫دو‬ ‫هنگامیکه‬
Ex. Ahmad is a teacher and Mahmood is a Student.
4. Compound complex sentences ‫)پیچیده‬ ‫مختلط‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫)جمل ت‬
Sentences which consist of two or more than two main clause, and one
subordinate clause is called compound complex sentence.
‫مختلط‬ ‫مرکب‬ ‫جمل ت‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫فرعی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫و‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫قضیه‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دو‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫جملتیکه‬
.‫میشود‬ ‫یاد‬ (‫)پیچیده‬
Ex. Allah created the whole universe and the earth is one of those on which the
human is living
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”