The document defines various grammatical concepts in Latin including case, number, gender, tense, person, infinitive, prepositional phrase, nominative case, genitive case, dative case, accusative case, ablative case, and vocative case. It provides examples for each concept and explains how to identify them based on endings or prepositions. The concepts cover noun and verb forms as well as the functions of different cases in Latin sentences.

1. CASE
A CASE in Latin refers to the role of the noun in the
sentence. Latin has six cases. You know them as
Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative
and Vocative Cases. Slide created by S. Packman using Google Slides

2. NUMBER
“NUMBER” in Latin refers to whether a noun or verb is
singular or plural. For nouns, you determine this by using
the ending and looking at the noun chart. For verbs, the
personal ending will tell you singular or plural.
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3. GENDER
In Latin, “gender” refers to nouns and
adjectives. They can be masculine, feminine or
neuter. Neuter is not a default gender. It is its
own gender. If you need to determine the gender
of a noun, look up the noun on the vocab list, and
it will tell you what gender it is.
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4. TENSE
Tense in Latin refers to the time a verb
happens. Latin has six tenses: Present,
Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future
Perfect
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5. PERSONPerson in Latin refers to who is performing the action of a verb. The person of a verb is
determined by its personal ending. They are as follows for most verbs:
First person singular: -o, -m
Second person singular: -s
Third person singular: -t
First person plural: -mus
Second person plural: -tis
Third person plural: -nt
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6. INFINITIVE
AN INFINITIVE IS THE SECOND PRINCIPAL PART OF A
VERB. THEY END IN -RE. THEY ARE TRANSLATED AS “TO”
PLUS THE MEANING OF THE VERB AND ARE OFTEN USED
WITH THE VERB POSSUM AS A “COMPLEMENTARY
INFINITIVE” TO COMPLETE THE ACTION IN A SENTENCE.
EXAMPLE: POTEST AMBULARE: HE IS ABLE TO WALK.
EXAMPLE: POTERAMUS IN VILLA HABITARE: wE WERE
ABLE TO LIVE IN THE VILLA.
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7. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A Prepositional Phrase is a Grammatical Construction that
consists of a preposition and the word after it. Verbs are
NEVER a part of prepositional phrases. Here are some
examples:
In villa, ex arboribus, per vias, ad forum, prope flumen,
iuxta villa, a senatoribus, de montibus
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8. NOMINATIVE CASE
The Nominative Case in Latin is used for the subjects of
sentences. Like all cases, the Nominative Case has
endings that show you that a noun is Nominative. You can
usually find the subject near the beginning of the
sentence.
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9. GENITIVE CASE
The Genitive Case in Latin is used to show that someone owns
something-- possession. The person who owns something is Genitive. And
in a Latin sentence, the Genitive comes AFTER the thing it owns. Look
at these examples:
Villa patris : father’s house or the house of father
Pecunia piratarum: the pirates’ money, or the money of the pirates
Cena familiae: the family’s dinner or the dinner of the family
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10. DATIVE CASE
The Dative Case in Latin is used for Indirect Objects and in
English has the words “to” or “for” in front of it. An Indirect
Object receives the indirect action of the verb. Look at
these examples:
I cooked dinner for my father.
I donated the money to charity.
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11. ACCUSATIVE CASE
In Latin the Accusative Case is used for the direct
objects of verbs. A direct object receives the action of
a verb. Here are some examples:
My father found a lost puppy in the yard
We ate the apples right off the tree. Many people like movies.
We were looking for jeans in the store. The students are reading books.
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12. ABLATIVE CASE
The Ablative Case in Latin has many uses. You will learn all
of them in Latin 2. However, in Latin 1, the only place that
you have seen an Ablative is as the object of certain
prepositions. The prepositions that take an Ablative case
are these: sine, in, de, sub, pro, a/ab, cum, e/ex. So
whenever you see one of these in your reading, the word
after it will be Ablative Case.
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13. VOCATIVE CASE
The Vocative Case in Latin is used for directly addressing someone. Whenever
you say someone’s name, and then tell them or ask them something, they are
in the Vocative case. Here are some examples:
Children, go outside.
Mom, where are my shoes?
Dad, can you come here for a second?
People, settle down!