This document discusses reflexive verbs in the passé composé tense in French. It explains that reflexive verbs are conjugated with être in the passé composé. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. Examples are provided to show the conjugation of reflexive pronouns with être and the past participle. The negation of reflexive verbs in the passé composé is also explained, with the negative expression "ne...pas" wrapping around both the reflexive pronoun and être.
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Covers a range of the most common irregular verbs.
Enjoy.
Dave
Objectifs fonctionnels: - arriver au restaurant. / - passer une commande. - Demander le menu / la carte.
Objectifs socioculturels: - menus et plats français.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Les verbes réfléchis au PASSÉ
Reflexive verbs are just like other verbs except they have a REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. This pronoun indicates that the action is reflected back on the subject of the verb. It’s the equivalent of “myself”, “himself”, “ourselves”, etc. This pronoun is often NOT expressed in English. For example, you simply say “I get up” not “I get myself up”.
In the PASSÉ COMPOSÉ, reflexive verbs are conjugated with ÊTRE.
Since they are conjugated with ÊTRE, the past participle usually agrees in gender and number with the subject.
Here’s the order:
SUBJECT + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN + ÊTRE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Here are some examples:
SUBJECT
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
ÊTRE
PAST PARTICIPLE
Je
me
suis
levé
Elle
s’
est
couchée ( “e” for feminine)
Nous
nous
sommes
habillés ( “s” for plural)
Here’s the verb “SE LAVER” conjugated in the PASSÉ COMPOSÉ
Je me suis lavé(e)
Nous nous sommes lavé(e)s
Tu t’es lavé(e)
Vous vous êtes lavé(e)(s)*
Il s’est lavé
Ils se sont lavés
Elle s’est lavée
Elles se sont lavées
*remember, VOUS can be either formal or plural so you won’t always have an “s”
La négation
When you use negation with a reflexive verb in the past, the negative expression (ne…pas) goes around the reflexive pronoun AND être. You can think of it like a sandwich:
NE and PAS are the piece of bread, the REFLEXIVE PRONOUN is the cheese and ÊTRE is the meat. You want both of those things on your sandwich, so they go in between NE and PAS! The PAST PARTICIPLE is like fries. You eat those on the side, so the PAST PARTICIPLE is after the PAS. Here are some examples:
•Je ne me suis pas dépêchée.
•Ils ne se sont pas amusés.
•Vous ne vous êtes pas endormis.
ne
past participle
pronoun
être
pas
