This document discusses various staining techniques used to visualize bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, and flagella staining. Gram staining is used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure. Endospore staining targets bacterial endospores within certain genera like Bacillus. Flagella staining allows visualization of flagella which aid in bacterial identification and motility. Diagrams and microscopy images are included to illustrate the staining procedures and bacterial structures observed with each technique.

1. GRAM STAINING &
STRUCTURAL STAINING
Guided By:
Dr. N. S. Devaki
Course Coordinator
Dept. of Molecular Biology
Presented By:
Inchara R
4th Semester
Molecular Biology
22/03/2019

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Gram Staining
• Endospore Staining
• Flagella Staining
• Conclusion
• References
• Acknowledgement

3. INTRODUCTION
Fig 01: Conversion of Benzene into a Stain

4. Fig 02 : Crystal Violet structure

5. GRAM STAINING
Fig 03: Steps involved in Gram Staining

6. Fig 04: Lactobacillus Gram
positive bacteria
Fig 05: Citrobacter freundii Gram
negative bacteria

7. ENDOSPORE STAINING
Fig 06: Steps involved in Endospore Staining

8. Fig 07: Bacillus subtilis Fig 08: Endospore stain of
Bacillus species

9. Fig 08: Bacillus cereus
with Peritrichous flagella
Fig 09: Vibrio cholerae
with Monotichous flagella
Flagella Staining

10. Fig 10: Lophotrichous Flagella
Transmission electron micrograph
Fig 11: Peritrichous flagella of Proteus vulgaris
Light microscope

11. CONCLUSION

12. REFERENCES
• Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology. 2008. Joanne M. Willey, Linda M.
Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolverton, McGraw hill education, North
America, 1088pp.
• http://www.biologydiscussion.com/bacteria/staining-procedures-for-
detecting-bacteria/55104
• https://microbeonline.com/types-of-staining-techniques-used-in-
microbiology-and-their-applications/

13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the dept. of Molecular Biology for providing
this opportunity to present this seminar.
I would also like to thank my guide DR. N.S. Devaki ma’am for her
valuable guidance.
Thank you one and all.