What is GPS? GPS Segments Pseudo – Random Numbers (PRN) Coarse acquisition (C/A) code P code (Precision or Protected code) P code (Precision or Protected code) GPS Trilateration EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster Management Cycle ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE? Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.

1. GPS BASED VEHICLE MOVEMENT STUDY IN
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Name – Mayur.U.Rahangdale
Subject – Integrated GIS GPS for Infrastructure
Branch – M.tech Construction Management
VJTI Mumbai

2. INTRODUCTION
Global Positioning System (GPS) –
• It is the quick, accurate and cheap method of obtaining the position, velocity
and time of any object anywhere on the surface of the earth.
• It is financed and controlled by US-DOD.
• Principle of Operation – Trilateration – Distances between the satellites and
the receiver is used to locate position on the earth surface.

3. GPS SEGMENTS:
• 1) Space Segment:
• The Space Segment contains 24 satellites, at altitude of about 20000 km
from the surface of the earth.
• Satellites revolve in 6 orbits (A-F) inclined at 55o to the equator.
• Each satellite communicates with the receiver through radio waves.
• L1 – 1575.42 MHz
• L2 - 1227.60 MHz
• These carrier waves are modulated to carry two pseudo – random
numbers (PRN) and one navigational massage.

4. PSEUDO – RANDOM NUMBERS (PRN)
• Digital Signals
• 1) Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
• It is a string of binary numbers.
• It is used for Range (Distance) calculation.
• It gives details of the satellite connected.
• 1.023 MHz
• 2) P code (Precision or Protected code)
• It is a string of very long binary numbers.
• It was initially available only for military
• It gives more accurate ranging as compared to ranging by C/A code.
• 10.23 MHz

5. • Shift in PRN received is analogous to the travel time of the carrier waves. Also in
Satellites, very accurate atomic clocks are used but in receivers ordinary quartz clocks
are used .This difference in accuracies of the two clock will introduce an error in the
travel time of carrier waves and the range calculation will be biased, therefore it will
be called as pseudo range measurement.
D = 𝑋 − 𝑋𝑠 2 + 𝑌 − 𝑌𝑠 2 + 𝑍 − 𝑍𝑠 2
D = 𝑋 − 𝑋𝑠 2 + 𝑌 − 𝑌𝑠 2 + 𝑍 − 𝑍𝑠 2 + t.c
Here four unknowns are there (X, Y, Z, t), therefore it requires 4 satellites
• Navigational Massage
- It gives accurate co-ordinates of satellite.

6. 2) Control Segment
This has a Master Control Station (MCS), few Monitor Stations (MSs) and an Up Load
Station (ULS). The MSs are transportable shelters with receivers and computers, which
passively track satellites, accumulating ranging data from navigation signals. This is
transferred to MCS for processing by
Computer. Thus, role of Control Segment is:
- To estimate satellite [space vehicle (SV)] ephemerides and atomic clock behaviour.
- To predict SV positions and clock drifts.
- To upload this data to SVs.
3) User Segment
Components
• Antenna and a pre – amplifier
• Radio frequency selector
• Recording Device
• Control Panel
• Power Supply
A dual band, circularly polarised micro-strip antenna is used

8. GPS Trilateration

9. EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
• It is one of the most devastating natural disasters on earth.
• Disaster is an abrupt adverse or unfortunate extreme event, which causes horrific damage to
human beings, plants and animals.
• Disaster mitigation is for reducing or minimizing an impact of a hazard or disaster.
• Disaster management is a looping process.

12. ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Ability to be used at any time of the day under any weather condition.
• GNSS has 100 per cent coverage of the planet, GPS is free for all users, as such it
can be used to manage disaster from anywhere in the world.
• GPS is used at every stage of a disaster event.
• It operates in any weather, anywhere and at all times. While it functions simply to
give the location of the receiver, the level of precision of GPS makes it quite useful
in disaster management.
• GPS find its greatest utility during the response and recovery phases.

13. • An important application of GPS in EDM is tracking of emergency vehicles or
supplies. In this application the GPS receiver attached to the vehicle and the
location is overlaid onto a map.
• Disaster relief to areas in a more timely and accurate manner, saving lives and
restoring critical infrastructure.
• Position information for mapping of disaster regions where little or no mapping
information is available.

14. GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Since GPS is mainly concerned with precise positioning, most of its limitation will not be
unconnected to the degree of precision in finding locations. Consequently, these results to
poor accuracy and low accuracies termed as “ERRORS” resulting from the satellite system,
GPS receiver, atmospheric or environmental effects. Some of the GPS limitations include;
• GPS satellite signals are weak, so it does not work well in indoors, underwater, under
bridge and trees, etc.
• The highest accuracy requires line-of-sight from the receiver to the satellite; this is why
GPS does not work very well in an urban environment or under thick canopies.
• GPS accuracy is affected by certain sources of errors that could be from the
satellite system, the atmosphere/environment or the satellite receiver itself.

15. • Critical period of relief is 1 to 5 days, especially 2 days. Because it is the
golden age of rescue and the trapped person have high survival rate during
the period. Based on the accurate location, we can confirm the position of
trapped person quickly, so it can save the rescue time.
• GPS was mainly used to facilitate enterprises to obtain real-time operating
indicators such as vehicle position and speed. And when the earthquake
struck, the institutions and enterprises can organize self-rescue according to
the specific location. Therefore, it provides important help for the operation
vehicles equipped with GPS monitoring function to get timely rescue
HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE
RESCUE ?

16. • The earthquake has also had a great impact on private cars. After the earthquake, as the
aftershock lasts for a long time, many car owners in many cities in the disaster area chose
cars as their home. Every night there are a lot of vehicles concentrated in the open area.
In addition, after the earthquake, there is a continuous flow of vehicles to the disaster
area for rescue. Many cars also entered dangerous areas that had risk of aftershocks.
• During the rescue, a great number of volunteers rushed to the disaster area. Due to the
large scale of the disaster, the impact of aftershocks on secondary disasters such as
landslides and mudslides continues to increase, so the road condition information
changes at any time. The road condition information reported on TV cannot meet the
real-time requirement. As a result, volunteers were confronted with situations where the
road information they received on their departure did not match the situation on the
ground.
• During the period of aftershocks, extreme traffic jams often occur. At that moment, even
bike can't move. If there is a guide for road information at this time, the problem can be
alleviated.

17. • Concox™ Information Technology Co., Ltd., Their production HVT001 has GPS + LBS
tracking function which can make the car real-time tracking by APP, SMS and Web
Platform. When the volunteers were driving in the disaster area, their family can know
their track through the platform. If there were some happen, their family can send
information to police. HVT001 also has SOS call function, hidden button allowing SOS
call during an emergency case.

18. • Knowing the precise location of landmarks, streets, buildings, emergency service
resources, and disaster relief sites reduces that time and saves lives. This information
is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel in order to protect life
and reduce property loss.
• GPS has played a vital role in relief efforts for global disasters such as the tsunami that
struck in the Indian Ocean region in 2004, and the Pakistan-India earthquake in 2005.
Search and rescue teams used GPS, geographic information system (GIS), and remote
sensing technology to create maps of the disaster areas for rescue and aid operations,
as well as to assess damage.
• In earthquake prone areas such as the Pacific Rim, GPS is playing an increasingly
prominent role in helping scientists to anticipate earthquakes. Using the precise
position information provided by GPS, scientists can study how strain builds up slowly
over time in an attempt to characterize, and in the future perhaps anticipate,
earthquakes.

19. • As the international industry positioning standard for use by emergency and other
specialty vehicle fleets, GPS has given managers a quantum leap forward in efficient
operation of their emergency response teams. The ability to effectively identify and view
the location of police, fire, rescue, and individual vehicles or boats, and how their
location relates to an entire network of transportation systems in a geographic area, has
resulted in a whole new way of doing business.
• Incorporation of GPS in mobile phones places an emergency location capability in the
hands of everyday users. Today's widespread placement of GPS location systems in
passenger cars provides another leap in developing a comprehensive safety net. Today,
many ground and maritime vehicles are equipped with autonomous crash sensors and
GPS.
• The modernization of GPS will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services

20. • Visibility with the naked eye, as well as access to worst affected areas may be restricted.
When this happens, it becomes difficult for emergency personnel to gain access to
survivors in a short period of time.
• Using remote sensing technology + GPS, however, would significantly improve the
timeliness and quality of aid that can be provided.
• Activities, such as search and rescue, are best affected after major earthquakes using
remote sensing. Since there will be considerable amount of debris from collapsed
structures, it would be advantageous to employ the service of it for deep searching.
• Access to health care, food, water, shelter, and even power grids can be compromised.
With GPS systems mapping the locations of these resources, victims of disaster can
contact their local law enforcement agencies and get the information they need to outlast
the tumultuous recovery process. Tracking healthcare fleets can be extremely
advantageous, as crews can map ideal routes for multiple stops in a small area. Not only
that, but with collected GPS data, emergency services are also able to better handle
distribution of supplies, helping drivers deliver goods.

21. CASE STUDY
• Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011
• Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, vehicle detectors did not work due to the severe
tsunami and electric power failure. Therefore, information was only available from individuals’
probe vehicles and smartphone GPS data. These probe data, along with disaster measurements
such as water immersion levels, revealed the sudden transition of vehicle speed. (i.e., it
eventually slowed to less than walking speed and a serious gridlock phenomenon in the
Ishinomaki central area occurred).
• when the earthquake occurred and tsunami warning was given, a substantial number of
people in commercial areas attempted to flee all at once and created a traffic jam in the
central area of the city, preventing evacuation. The central area of Ishinomaki also has a
topographical disadvantage, as it is surrounded by rivers and a canal with several bridges that
typically are traffic bottlenecks even under normal circumstances. As a result, many people
were unable to reach a safe area because the road network could not accommodate the in
creased demand due to the evacuation.

23. This study estimated the road network conditions in Ishinomaki City immediately after the Great East
Japan Earthquake and tsunami warning by analysing data from probe vehicles and smartphone GPS
applications.
probe vehicle data and smartphone GPS data provide valuable, detailed raw data that reveal important
facts about human behaviours after the earthquake and tsunami warning.
Behaviour log data from probe vehicles and smartphones are therefore expected to clarify not only
such long-term human behaviour but also the human behaviours and road network conditions at the
time of a disaster.
Road Network Situation in Ishinomaki
Car stopping after the earthquake
First, we examined the variation of each vehicle’s speed from 14:30 JST to 15:00 JST before and after
the earthquake. As shown in Figure, almost all observed vehicles were stopped from 14:47 JST to 14:50
and each vehicle made a stop or abruptly reduced its velocity when the earthquake occurred. This is
considered to be associated with the surprise caused by the earthquake.

25. Extremely low velocity of cars in central Ishinomaki
Second, we demonstrate evidence of a traffic gridlock effect on central
Ishinomaki roads caused by earthquake Because the speed of these
vehicles was less than 1 km/h, we concluded that extremely low
traffic jams or gridlock traffic occurred after the earthquake

27. CONCLUSION
• A brief review on how GPS was used to monitor, assess, detect or manage
such disaster was presented in order to increase our knowledge of GNSS
capabilities and to broaden our initiatives for the management and
mitigation of earthquake disaster situations. However, the utilization of
GPS technologies alone cannot be applicable in any disaster events
needing comprehensive management except with the integration of other
spatial technologies such as Remote Sensing data and GIS tools. The use
of remote-sensing data with GIS offers high potential for vulnerability
analysis of the interest region, although these techniques should be
adapted according to the analysed area.