Public Lecture: Global ocean governance and the challenge of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan and some other countries Speaker: Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow

1. Global ocean governance and the
challenge of
Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management
in Japan
and some other countries
Temple University conference, 17 December 2010
Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow

2. WE HAVE GLOBAL PROBLEMS
An environmental crisis, especially
associated with global warming
One of the worst financial, economic
and social crisis in post-war history
Should the answer be global or local ?

3. PLANET EARTH / PLANET OCEAN
We live on Planet Earth, i.e. 30% of the planet
The remaining 70% is covered by water
Planet Ocean
of which 70% is an abyss averaging 4,000m.
below the sea surface (max: 10,924m.)
99% of Earth’s biosphere is in/under marine
waters (5% of the ocean explored as of today)

4. A sea of international agreements and main concepts
1982. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is adopted….. Ratified in 1994
Territorial waters – Exclusive Economic Zone – International waters
1987. Our Common Future (Brundtland Report).
Report from the World Commission on Environment and Development linking social, economical,
cultural and environmental issues for tackling with global solutions.
Sustainable Development
1988. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is established
Collecting, integrating, assessing and predicting using the most recent information from scientific,
technical and socio-economical research.
Climate change – Mitigation/Adaptation
1992. Earth Summit. UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro.
Agreements about the Agenda 21 action plan and the Convention on Biodiversity, the framework
Convention on Climate Change and Principles on forest conservation.
Integrated Coastal Management – Ecosystem-Based Management
1995. UN Fish Stocks Agreement. Mandated the uses of the precautionary approach and an
ecosystem-based approach to conservation and management
Ecosystem approach to fisheries
2005. Report from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Logical framework linking pressures to
the state of ecosystemic services and human well-being, for a global assessment of ecosystems state and
scenarios on future evolution.
Ecosystemic Services – Human Well-being

5. Exclusive Economic Zone
United States: 11.3 M Km² Russia: 7.5 M Km²
France: 11 M Km² Canada: 5.5 M Km²
Australia: 8.1 Km² Japan: 4.4 M Km²

6. Legal and institutional aspects

8. Japan’s EEZ: 4.47 million km²
: 11.03 million km²

9. European Marine Ecoregions
A- Groenland /Iceland Sea
B- Barents Sea
C- Feroe islands
D- Norvegian Sea
E- Celtic Seas
F- North Sea
G- South Atlantic
H- Western Mediterranean
I- Adriatic/Aegean Sea
J- Aegean-Levantine Sea
K- North-East Atlantic
Ocean

10. CBD COP-10, Nagoya, 18-29 October 2010
Marine Living Planet Index:
Overall decline
in abundance,
diversity,
and distribution of
marine species

11. Tracking Ancient-Past-Present Ecosystems
Archaeology – Travellers’ accounts - Archival records
Traditional (TEK) and local (LEK) ecological knowledge
Scientific data including DNA diversity analysis
(From Pitcher and Lam, 2010)

12. FUNDAMENTALLY A SYSTEM WHICH IS
NON-LINEAR
UNSTABLE
WITH
THRESHOLDS

13. A Sea of uncoordinated initiatives
UNCED Agenda 21
Chapter 17:
Integrated coastal and marine management
ICM
Chapter 15:
Conservation of Biological Diversity
EBM
Chapter 18:
Protection of Quality and Supply of Freshwater
IWRM

14. What is it ?
Integrated Coastal Management
Promote the people,
while trying to preserve the place
Biodiversity conservation
Preserve the place,
while engaging the people
In which context ?

15. Social-Ecological system and its interconnections
Coastal ecosystems Ecosystem
Drivers of change Ex: Bay, Estuary… Services Coastal and ocean
stakeholders
Large marine ecosystems
Ex: the Seto Inland Sea Benefits
(Human Well-being)
Civil society
Environmental (Consumers)
Indirect pressures processes PROVISIONING
•Demography Food, water, fibres, NGOs
•Economics (globalisation, combustibles, genes
market, commerce) B
G
hydrology
•Socio-political I REGULATION
O
•Scientific & technological U
•Cultural (consumers’ choice)
O Climate, water, disease V
Material fluxes
D S E
t
en
I E
nm
V
R
R
er
Direct pressures Nutrients fluxes CULTURAL
E N
ov
Spiritual, education, S
•Land-use management
A
G
R recreation
•Introduction or elimination
of species S N
Energy
•Use and adaptation to I
T SUPPORTING C
technology
•Use of resources Y Photosynthesis, soil E
constitution, Nutrients cycle « Knowledge »
•Climate change
communities
Institutions
Integrated ecosystem-based management practices (G-PS-CV)

16. Dynamic
of scales

17. The problem of the coast and the ocean is a
problem of human behaviour
It must be tackled at a multi-scale level,
both ways:
from global to local and vice versa
It is a problem of governance, i.e. the way
decisions are made while generating a
sense of ownership

18. Restoring the ecosystem resilience through
multi-scale governance processes
Intergovernmental organisations
(UN, sector-led organisations)
Transnational networks
(Governments: G8, G20 / Civil society: NGOs…)
Regional seas conventions
National Maritime Policies
Local implementation

19. The making of an integrated maritime policy
Shared
instruments
Multi-scale application
Nested approach
Administrative
Knowledge
Policies / Strategies boundaries
Sense of place
Governance mechanisms
Inter-sectoral application Monitoring
Uses of mineral, energy, biological resources ;
maritime transport, tourism…
Evaluation
Cross-cutting application
Environment (risks, biodiversity, pollution…), Funding
international activities, research and
innovation, security and defense, etc.

20. An issue about cultural values
Integrated
coastal
management
Integrated regional seas
and ocean management
Integrated water
resources management
South Pacific societies: a kinship feeling with ecosystem elements

21. GOVERNANCE ?
Governance gives the framework in which management operates

22. WHAT ABOUT JAPAN ?

23. Japan: some maritime features
○ Dependency on maritime transport
○ Dependency on maritime transport
○ Terrestrial superficy
○ Terrestrial superficy for commerce
2 for commerce
378.000 km 2
378.000 km more than 99%
more than 99%
(61st in the world)
(61st in the world)
○ Shipbuilding (annual)
○ Shipbuilding (annual)
○ EEZ superficy
○ EEZ superficy 19 Million tons
2 19 Million tons
4,47 Million km
4,47 Millionkm 2 ((2008, 2nd in the world)
2008, 2nd in the world)
(6th in the world)
(6th in the world) ～27.6% of the world production
～27.6% of the world production
○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries
○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries
○ Number of islands
○ Number of islands 3.914
3.914
6.847 islands
6.847 islands
○ Annual pproductionof fisheries and
○ Annual roduction of fisheries and
○ Coastline length
○ Coastline length aquaculture
aquaculture
35.000 km
35.000 km 5,72 Million tons
5,72 Million tons
th
((2007, 55thin the world)
2007, in the world)

24. JAPAN MARITIME POLICY
Basic Ocean Act (2007)
Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)
12 measures:
Development and use of marine resources
Preservation of marine environment
Development of EEZ and continental shelf
Securing maritime transport
Securing safety and security at sea
Marine surveys
R&D in marine science and technology
International competitiveness of industry
Integrated management of coastal zones
Preservation of islands
International coordination and cooperation
Citizen’s awareness and education

25. POLICY GOALS BASED ON HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION

27. Sato-yama, somewhere in Japan Sato-yama, somewhere in Europe
Sato-umi, somewhere in Japan Sato-umi, somewhere in Europe

28. Relationship with nature
Fundamentally different from the western perception
Man and nature: external relationship
Man with nature: internal relationship
A definition of Sato-umi:
A coastal zone where the livelihoods of human beings
And the blessings of nature harmoniously coexist with
coastal area ecosystems

29. Sea farming in Okayama Prefecture
Habitats pour
poissons matures
Equipement acoustique
pour l’alimentation
Zone Habitats pour
d’immersion grossissement
Habitats pour
géniteurs
Zone de
grossissement

30. FISHING RIGHTS
a unique system
allocating the resources and the space
to Prefectures and Fisheries Cooperatives
Fishing rights = environmental duties
Keeping the system working
An issue about change of behaviour

31. MPA types and numbers in Japan
Bottom-up / Top down
- Total: 1,161 MPAs
Including more than 1,000 implemented in conjunction with fishery
Regulations (legal or self-imposed no-take zones)
Yaeyama
Islands,
Okinawa

32. Maritime policy: a matter of ownership
a matter of networks
a matter of scale
a matter of nested governance
National scale (EEZ)
Marine Ecoregions?
Engagement of
Prefectures
Local scale
(municipalities)

33. In the last 40 or 50 years,
the economy was dominant.
In the next 20 or 30 years,
social issues will be dominant.
Peter F. Drucker (2000)
THANK YOU !
www.sof.or.jp