This document discusses marine protected areas and whether they are effectively achieving conservation goals. It notes that while MPAs have provided massive benefits to biodiversity, only a small percentage of oceans are currently protected. To better conserve nature and support human needs, the document argues that MPAs need to be larger and networked together in a more strategic way that accounts for ecosystem services and aligns with areas important for coastal populations and biodiversity. Bringing ecosystem service values into the planning process and engaging local communities are seen as keys to improving how MPAs are established and managed going forward.
2018 Open Space Conference - Tom Robinson - Conservation Lands Network 2.0: S...OpenSpaceCouncil
*Please note that animations in this presentations are not visible when viewed through Slideshare.
Tom Robinson, Director of Conservation, Science, and Innovation, Bay Area Open Space Council spoke at the 2018 Open Space Conference - Conservation in a Time of Change - on May 10, 2018 at the Craneway Pavilion in Richmond, CA. More info on the website: http://openspacecouncil.org/community-events/conference/
Inventory of Wetlands Fowls by Sana HaroonSana_haroon
A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere in between.
Marshes and ponds, the edge of a lake or ocean, mouth of a river, all of these are wetlands.
They may be natural or man made.
Natural wetlands include rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, bogs and swamps etc.
Man-made wetlands include canals, ponds, paddy fields, fish farms etc.
They cover approximately six percent of surface area of the globe and occur almost in every country right from tundra region to tropical areas.
2018 Open Space Conference - Tom Robinson - Conservation Lands Network 2.0: S...OpenSpaceCouncil
*Please note that animations in this presentations are not visible when viewed through Slideshare.
Tom Robinson, Director of Conservation, Science, and Innovation, Bay Area Open Space Council spoke at the 2018 Open Space Conference - Conservation in a Time of Change - on May 10, 2018 at the Craneway Pavilion in Richmond, CA. More info on the website: http://openspacecouncil.org/community-events/conference/
Inventory of Wetlands Fowls by Sana HaroonSana_haroon
A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere in between.
Marshes and ponds, the edge of a lake or ocean, mouth of a river, all of these are wetlands.
They may be natural or man made.
Natural wetlands include rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, bogs and swamps etc.
Man-made wetlands include canals, ponds, paddy fields, fish farms etc.
They cover approximately six percent of surface area of the globe and occur almost in every country right from tundra region to tropical areas.
“The Sea of the Azores” by Filipe Mora Porteiro, Ph.D. Regional Director of M...New Bedford Whaling Museum
A talk about the main issues related to marine science and politics in the Azores. Presented on September 5th, 2013 at the New Bedford Whaling Museum as part of the 7th Annual International Whaleboat Regatta.
Day 2- Session 5: Global Hotspots
Mining the Deep Ocean
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Ian Ransome - International Council on Mining & Metals
Conference Deep Blue Days
Focusing on Deep Seas challenges
14>16 October 2014, Brest, France
Know more about topics and list of speakers
Registration open on www.seatechweek-brest.org
Wind farm development in the Irish Sea- Bronagh Byrnerebeccalynam
Bronagh Byrne, Environment and Consents Manager at DONG Energy will look at the value of environmental monitoring to the offshore wind industry and discuss how approaches to environmental monitoring are being improved.
“Coral reefs represent some of the world's most spectacular beauty spots, but they are also the foundation of marine life: without them many of the seas most exquisite species will not survive”
~ Sheherazade Goldsmith
“Coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal. Each coral head consists of thousand individual polyps. These polyps are continually budding and branching into genetically identical neighbors”
~ Antony Garrett Lisi
“The ocean stirs the heart, inspires the imagination and brings etrnal joy to the soul”
~ Wyland
Presented by Simon Lewis, Congo Peat Project and Chair in Global Change Science, University of Leeds on ITPC session “South-South cooperation and lessons learned from Indonesia: Corrective actions on its national agenda” at the Indonesia Pavilion, UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021, 10 November 2021.
Introduction to session and key findings from the Baltic Scope project on preconditions for building coherent MPA network in the Baltic Sea by Anda Ruskule, MoEPRD, Latvia at the workshop 'Linking maritime spatial planning with marine protected areas (Baltic SCOPE)' at the 2nd Baltic Maritime Spatial Planning Forum in Riga, Latvia on 23-24 November 2016 (the final conference of the Baltic SCOPE collaboration).
Video and other presentations - www.balticscope.eu
www.vasab.org
“The Sea of the Azores” by Filipe Mora Porteiro, Ph.D. Regional Director of M...New Bedford Whaling Museum
A talk about the main issues related to marine science and politics in the Azores. Presented on September 5th, 2013 at the New Bedford Whaling Museum as part of the 7th Annual International Whaleboat Regatta.
Day 2- Session 5: Global Hotspots
Mining the Deep Ocean
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Ian Ransome - International Council on Mining & Metals
Conference Deep Blue Days
Focusing on Deep Seas challenges
14>16 October 2014, Brest, France
Know more about topics and list of speakers
Registration open on www.seatechweek-brest.org
Wind farm development in the Irish Sea- Bronagh Byrnerebeccalynam
Bronagh Byrne, Environment and Consents Manager at DONG Energy will look at the value of environmental monitoring to the offshore wind industry and discuss how approaches to environmental monitoring are being improved.
“Coral reefs represent some of the world's most spectacular beauty spots, but they are also the foundation of marine life: without them many of the seas most exquisite species will not survive”
~ Sheherazade Goldsmith
“Coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal. Each coral head consists of thousand individual polyps. These polyps are continually budding and branching into genetically identical neighbors”
~ Antony Garrett Lisi
“The ocean stirs the heart, inspires the imagination and brings etrnal joy to the soul”
~ Wyland
Presented by Simon Lewis, Congo Peat Project and Chair in Global Change Science, University of Leeds on ITPC session “South-South cooperation and lessons learned from Indonesia: Corrective actions on its national agenda” at the Indonesia Pavilion, UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021, 10 November 2021.
Introduction to session and key findings from the Baltic Scope project on preconditions for building coherent MPA network in the Baltic Sea by Anda Ruskule, MoEPRD, Latvia at the workshop 'Linking maritime spatial planning with marine protected areas (Baltic SCOPE)' at the 2nd Baltic Maritime Spatial Planning Forum in Riga, Latvia on 23-24 November 2016 (the final conference of the Baltic SCOPE collaboration).
Video and other presentations - www.balticscope.eu
www.vasab.org
Planning for implementation – roles of Maritime Spatial Planning and sectoral management of Marine Protected Areas in a planning process by Jochen Lamp, WWF, Germany at the workshop 'Linking maritime spatial planning with marine protected areas (Baltic SCOPE)' at the 2nd Baltic Maritime Spatial Planning Forum in Riga, Latvia on 23-24 November 2016 (the final conference of the Baltic SCOPE collaboration).
Video and other presentations - www.balticscope.eu
www.vasab.org
Optimizing Marine Protected Area Networks: The effects of climate change on l...Rémi Daigle
A changing climate will make the conservation of marine biodiversity increasingly difficult as policies designed for current climatic conditions may not reflect those in the future. Larval dispersal and movements among populations is a crucial factor in planning networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) as it greatly affects population persistence and recovery. I will present some of my work quantifying larval behavior in the laboratory, to using a biophysical larval dispersal model (ROMS/LTRANS, etc) to identify patterns of larval connectivity in the present and future climate scenarios. Identifying mechanisms that drive larval dispersal and connectivity, quantifying their sensitivity to climate change, and incorporating this into planning strategies are key to developing networks of MPAs which have sound design principles that consider population connectivity and are more robust to the effects of climate change.
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
"Intact Oceans and their Benefits" is posted by permission of Edward Lohnes and Conservation International to inform and inspire action for the conservation of marine wilderness.
Rehabilitation of mangrove forest in pakistan presentation1mubeenzafar4
mangroves, importance , damage, causes of damage, Economic Value Of Mangrove In Pakistan, Historical Aspect Regarding Rehabilitation Of Mangroves In Pakistan,
Management Plan For Conservation Of Mangrove,
Various Projects Regarding Mangroves Rehabilitation In Pakistan,
Summary
Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A...APPLE KATE SABAR
Development policy for SDGs
This copy of my research titled: Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A Basis for Enhancement of Protection Policies in the Philippines had been presented in the 2019 Asian Association for Public Administration International Conference, De La Salle College of Saint Benilde Manila, May 22-24, 2019
Why Must Palawan Be A NO-GO ZONE For Mining - Save Palawan Movement Ms Gina L...No to mining in Palawan
Why Must Palawan Be A NO-GO ZONE For Mining
Presented by: Atty. Grizelda “Gerthie” Mayo-Anda
Founding Executive Director, Environmental Legal Assistance Center (ELAC)
Trustee Member, Palawan NGO Network, Inc. (PNNI)
Convenor, Bantay Mina-PNNI
Socio-ecological valuation of ecosystem services along the West Antarctic Pen...Jeff Bowman
The Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project is located along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. Despite its remoteness the WAP supports a variety of social and economic activities, most notably in the fishing and tourism industries and in international scientific research. Because of the growing pressures imposed by these activities, the rapid rate of environmental change, relatively pristine nature of the environment, its trophic complexity, and rich scientific record, the WAP is an ideal place to explore the impact of climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the services and benefits they provide. Here we present a schema to conduct an initial assessment of WAP marine and terrestrial ecosystem services that will serve as a critical baseline for future studies, and that is broadly applicable to other LTER sites. We will combine social valuation and qualitative, expert-based modelling to identify relevant ecosystem services and to conduct an initial assessment and valuation of ecosystem service supply for the WAP region. The Palmer LTER team of investigators includes experts in topics ranging from physical oceanographic processes, to microbiology, to marine avian and mammal ecology. Through interviews and an online survey we will evaluate the views and perceptions of Antarctic ecosystem services and their changes among this group of experts. Our focus will be on biophysical ecosystem services, but we will include cultural ecosystem services and the impacts of changes on ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service supply in the expert elicitations. This qualitative, socio-ecological valuation will guide an expanded future assessment of WAP ecosystem services that include economic and socio-cultural realms of ecosystem service as perceived and valued by an expanded pool of experts and stakeholders.
MAB-IHP Regional Symposium: Managing Water Resources in Biosphere Reserves in...UNESCO Venice Office
Gabriela Morozov, Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania
Venice, 16-17 December 2021
Overall responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the slides is taken by the authors
Ramsar: The Convention of Wetlands of International Importance. BMN dela CruzBevs Dela Cruz
The report tackles briefly the background, history, and status of implementation of the Ramsar Convention to date.
This presentation was prepared for the course ENS (Environmental Science) 275: Contemporary Issues in the Environment and Development, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines.
Similar to 1.1 mark spalding solving the crisis in the seas final (20)
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
7. Marine Protected Areas
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical
space, recognised, dedicated and managed,
through legal or other effective means, to achieve
the long term conservation of nature with
associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
15. Global targets
• By 2012: Marine and coastal MPA networks
“should include strictly protected areas that
amount to at least 20–30% of each habitat” (Vth
World Parks Congress, 2003)
• By 2010/2012: “at least 10% of the worlds marine
and coastal ecological regions to be effectively
conserved” (CBD, 2006)
• …by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine
areas, especially those of importance for
biodiversity and ecosystem services, are
conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
16. What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity
17. What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity
• Benefits for fishers, recreation, tourism…
18. • >10,000 sites
• 2.3% of the ocean
• 7.9% of continental shelf
• 1.79% of off-shelf waters
• 0.17% of the high seas
Where?
Spalding et al., 2013
19. Remote, massive MPAs High Seas
Locally managed marine areasInternational declarations
Where are we going?
the big new stories in MPAs
21. Wood et al, 2008
New predictions
Hitting the Target
22. …but missing the point?
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical
space, recognised, dedicated and managed,
through legal or other effective means, to achieve
the long term conservation of nature with
associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
…by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine
areas, especially those of importance for
biodiversity and ecosystem services, are
conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
26. Mapping value
FR = 8.02W0.58 e(-0.015T-27)
2
Where W is dry tissue mass, T is temperature °C
27. Used modified SWAN model (Suzuki et al., 2011) to estimate wave
attenuation behind a mangrove island in front of the port
Mangroves on island increase the return period of a 2.5m wave reaching
the port from 20 years to 60 years.
An extension of the island to the north would further decrease wave
height at the port.
Mapping value
Dhamra Port, Orissa, India
(Narayan et al. , 2010)
29. TURFs in Chile
Loco Fishery Recovered
Densities in TURFs Dramatically
Higher Than Open Access
Strong Incentive for Enforcement
TURFs
Reserves
- MAP not at
scale
A
R
T
E
S
A
N
A
L
F
I
S
H
I
N
G
- Network
Not planed
Multiple use_ MPA
Concessions
> 700 TURFs
> 40,000 Fishers
Loco (Concholepas concholepas)
0
20
40
60
80
100,
120
140
160
a
b
Open access TURFs NT-MPA
Density(ind/200m2)
b
Gelcich et al. 2008 - 2012
Total richness
(algae, reef-fish, invertebrates)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Open Access TURFs No-take MPA
Access Regime
Richness(numberspecies)
b
a
31. Not always win-win for everyone
• Opportunity costs
• Paradoxical impacts
– Displacement
– Investing in better gear to catch more in
surroundings
– Starting new fisheries!
• Certain fisheries may be a lower-value ocean
use!
37. Final thoughts
• MPAs are a critical tool:
– for biodiversity
– AND for people!
• Engage people!
• Look for synergies, but don’t always expect
win-win-win-win
• Quantify values, don’t talk in generalities
• Protect 100% of the oceans, not 10%
Editor's Notes
Direct destructionUnsustainable harvestLand Based sourcesSolid wasteClimate change
Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems,affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometersIn the northern Gulf ofMexico, tightly coupledwith freshwater discharge from the MississippiRiver. During yearswith low river flow, the area of hypoxia shrinks to<5000 km2, only to increase to >15,000 km2when river flow is high.http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/03/07/billions-of-dead-fish/
“The world’s marine fisheries increased markedly from 16.8 million tonnes in 1950 to a peak of 86.4 million tonnes in 1996…” have been plateaued since 1996 at about 80 million tonnes. These numbers are based on national reporting. They are beset with problems - Ignore IUU, Largely ignore artisanal fishingErrors, poor identification and deceptionWhile most fishers tend to under-report their catches, Watson and Pauly – China under the communist system promotion depended on increasing productivity year on year. Estimated that they were doubling the estimated catch from 5 million to 10 million tonnes per year.
Even this apparently gloomy description is in many ways too optimistic. Apparently stable catches against a background of constantly increasing fishing effort (or fishing power)Power Sail – Steam – Diesel Vessel size, range and speedRefridgerationSatellites – real-time SSTSonarSpottersNew gear technology:Longlines – typical set is 100km long. Trawling now – regularly to depths of 2000m.
Brave new world
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
The conservationists Nirvana (maybe the fisherman’s too, but he has a day job)
GBRMPA
Leigh – Cape Rodney-Okakari Point (Goat is.) http://www.protectplanetocean.org/collections/successandlessons/casestudy/leigh/caseStudy.htmlOne of the longest-running marine reserves – established in 1975, closed to all fishing – 5km of coast and 800m offshoreNearly 9 times as many snapper, 4 times as many lobsters. These have had ecosystem wide effects
In 2006, a group of three smallMPAs (less than 1km2) were implemented along the Norwegian Skagerrak coastGear restrictions – hook and line only - complete protection to lobster and partial protection to fish. As might be expected, and as has already been dramatically illustrated in the UK’s Lundy Marine Reserve Lobsters increased in both abundance and size. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) had increased by 245 per cent in Skagerrak (and a fivefold increase in Lundy), with a 13% increase in size. Perhaps more exciting thought was the response of cod – still fishable by hook and line. Partial protection led to increase in population density and a mean increase of body size of 5 cm.
Poor designPoor implementationLack of consensus/community supportA Royal Navy patrol ship has issued a record on-the-spot fine to fishermen using undersized nets after sailors boarded a Dutch fishing vessel in the North Sea https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-navy-issues-record-fine-for-illegal-fishing
Recognising both the potential value of what MPAs can do, harrangued perhaps by public sick of polluted waters and endangered species, and NGOs saddened by the loss of nature, governments have set targets.2012 – miserable miss2020 – 10%
Have talked about some of the extraordinary benefits to biodiversity – from Lundy, to Norway, to New ZealandLester et al 09 shwo 446% increase in biomass of fish through increases in both size and abundance. This has huge implications on fecundityAlso show increases in diversity.Habitat structureResilienceChagos seems to outrank the whole lot with a new study suggesting that fish biomass in this vast “marine wilderness may be SIX times that of even the other marine reserves of the region.Sweatman, H. 2008. No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. 18:R598-599.Mumby, P. J., and A. R. Harborne. 2010. Marine reserves enhance the recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs. PLoS ONE 5:e8657.Selig, E. R., and J. F. Bruno. 2010. A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss. PLoS ONE 5:7.Tetreault, I., and R. F. Ambrose. 2007. Temperate marine reserves enhance targeted but not untargeted fishes in multiple no-take mpas. Ecological Applications 17:2251-2267.
They are also achieving benefits for fisheries, both within and beyond their boundaries. This is Callum’s subject so I won’t steal too much thunder, but benefits CAN accrue both within “fishable” MPAs and in the surroundings of closed areas.A survey of MPAs in Southern Europe showed mean value of commercial fishing at 710,000Eur per year for commercial fishing (but possibly no greater than value outside MPAs, while recreational fishing and diving were bringing in a further 640,000 (Roncin et al, 2008). This local income generation is 2.3 times the running cost including enforcement and monitoring.
Also mention 8.3 million km2...almost double the area of the EUCoral reefs at 27%, mangroves at 25%
Large remote MPAs =Chagos,Papahanaukuakoa, South Orkneys, new Australian sites – great stuff, but these were already “protected”High seas MPAs – South Orkney and OSPAR - an exciting and important developmentInternational MPAs – well its got to be a good thing when laggard nations such as those across Europe are being “forced” to do something, but like so much coming out of Europe, there is simply no pointSo the last observation, which we almost left out of our paper, because in terms of spatial coverage they are still miniscule - LMMAs
10% is a pathetic target and most conservation observers would see it as a way-point rather than an end-point (reminder that definitions do not exclude fishing). Seems to be a bit of a race to get there through the designation of massive remote MPAs in places that weren’t so threatened. But that will miss the fine print.
Seismic shift in rate of designationIn Nov Australia added 2.3 million km2Cooks >1 million New Caledonia 1.4mill Pitcairn is also looking to add a vast areaHitting the target10% is not a massivetarget and most conservation observers would see it as a way-point rather than an end-point (reminder that definitions do not exclude fishing). So it seems we will get there, largely through the designation of massive remote MPAs in places that weren’t so threatened. But that will miss the fine print.
Conserving ecosystem servicesMPAs are a management tool not only to help biodiversity but also to enhance or at least conserve ecosystem services – that means fishing, coastal protection, recreation, health, genetic variety, water quality, coastal defence.Embedded in the latest targets. MPAs can, and should, serve people as well as nature.There’s a challenge here which, thus far, we haven’t risen to meet. But I think we can and we are just now starting to think, with others, how we might start to map ES and then start to prioritise conservation around these ALONGSIDE biodiversity prioritisation.In many ways it’s a no-brainer. We KNOW MPAs provide real benefits to people at local scales. That’s been one of our great justifications for years. But more than that, if we can get MPAs to “pay their way” then we might be able to shift the challenges of implementation to new communities.
Its pretty clear from the maps and stats that so far the great focus of conservation effort has been to put MPAs in remote places – these are important for biodiversity, that’s for sure, and they are also easy gains, but we may be missing trick.
About the HABITATBivalve molluscs from the family Ostreidae. Several species are highly edible and have been sought after for millennia by humans. Found in both subtidal and lower intertidal areas.Filter feeders and distinct preference for nutrient rich areas such as estuaries, can cope with slightly lower salinities than seawater. Preference to settle on hard substrate. any area where oysters are found in sufficient quantities to form a functional habitat, offering a physical structure of value to other sessile and mobile species. This may include oysters interspersed with extensive soft bottom or SAV, formations on other physical structures (e.g., hard-bottom, engineered structures, mangrove roots), depleted oyster bottom with extensive shell rubble (cultch), as well as large physical structures built up by oysters and other shellfish, with high relief.
About the HABITATBivalve molluscs from the family Ostreidae. Several species are highly edible and have been sought after for millennia by humans. Found in both subtidal and lower intertidal areas.Filter feeders and distinct preference for nutrient rich areas such as estuaries, can cope with slightly lower salinities than seawater. Preference to settle on hard substrate. any area where oysters are found in sufficient quantities to form a functional habitat, offering a physical structure of value to other sessile and mobile species. This may include oysters interspersed with extensive soft bottom or SAV, formations on other physical structures (e.g., hard-bottom, engineered structures, mangrove roots), depleted oyster bottom with extensive shell rubble (cultch), as well as large physical structures built up by oysters and other shellfish, with high relief.
A lot of fisheries success stories now are coming out of changing management regimes, moving towards “rights based management” where fishers are given some degree of ownership of the resources they fish. This may be through quotas or exclusive access or some combination.Rights based managementVanuatu
In 2005, TNC partnered with regulatory agencies and trawl fishermen in Central Coast communities to create a program aimed at developing new and sustainable approaches to the Central Coast groundfish fishery in California.
limitations to Marine Reserves is how they are designed - both in terms of size and location. Too small, they may not be able to generate sufficient biomass to have that spillover effectToo large and the opportunity costs will be larger than long-term benefits.Perverse outcomes EVEN for biodiversity:Because rarely buy-back of vessels or alternative livelihoods investment just lead to a shifting of effortCan be compounded by ecosystem effectsCan also give impression of protection
I don’t want to be naïve. Even if we can get a win-win, we’ll never get a win-win-win-winWe need to stop having this binary vision of the seas, as a place for fishing or for conservation.First-off, fishing isn’t a monolithic institution and of course the fishers know that better than anyone. Trawlers spoil the catch from line fishers. Commercial harvests cut the recreational harvests. Local fishers are wiped out by outsiders. Sailors get in the way, what about surfers, divers? And aggregate miners? oil and gas industry? Wind-farms and other renewables? Tourism story
Sometimes massive gains in one sector may outweigh the losses or opportunity costs in anotherA survey of MPAs in Southern Europe showed mean value of commercial fishing at 710,000Eur per year for commercial fishing (but possibly no greater than value outside MPAs, while recreational fishing and diving were bringing in a further 640,000 (Roncin et al, 2008). This local income generation is 2.3 times the running cost including enforcement and monitoring.Viana et al (2011) Socio-economic value and community benefits from shark-diving tourism in Palau: A sustainable use of reef shark populationsshark diving is a major contributor to the economy of Palau, generating US$18 million per year and accounting for approximately 8% of the gross domestic product of the country. Annually, shark diving was responsible for the disbursement of US$1.2 million in salaries to the local community, and generated US$1.5 million in taxes to the government. If the population of approximately 100 sharks that interact with tourists at popular dive sites was harvested by fishers, their economic value would be at most US$10 800, a fraction of the worth of these animals as a non-consumptive resource
North Norfolk seal trips – 4 companies taking a mean of £2000 a day (based on 10 trips per day (>12 boats, not always all operating, but sometimes 2 or even three trips per day), assuming boats operating with 15 ad and 10 children per boat). Giving each seal a value of £100s to £1000s per year.
So we are really thinking about how to get the full suite of ES into the right places for them to be able to influence multiple sectors where decisions over the use of marine space are made – that might be engineers, planners, public, community, political. At all levels they need more detail, and honesty, than they are currently getting and that means improving the available information on any and all ES – how much, where, when and with the language of certainty or risk, and with some concept of future projectionsmarine spatial planning and its implementationOf course some already have a considerable influence – on MSP
In the US both the perceptions and concerns have touched both public and government minds and imaginationMassive efforts at restorationThis is 100s of volunteers putting out reef structures in Alabama, primarily to restore coastal protection services