The document discusses different types of glass, their properties, manufacturing process, history, uses, advantages and disadvantages. It describes how glass is made by melting sand, soda ash and limestone in a furnace. The main types discussed are float glass, tinted glass, toughened glass, laminated glass, shatterproof glass and double glazed units. The document also outlines the various applications of glass in architecture, interior design and its benefits like transparency, strength and energy efficiency.

1. • Presented to :
Sir Irfan Shaukat
• Presented by :
Ghania Muzammil
Saman Faheem
Shazia Ali
Ayzia Farooq
Laraib Haider

2. Presentation

3. • Glass is a hard, brittle
substance, typically
transparent or translucent,
non-crystalline solid made by
fusing sand with soda and lime
and cooling rapidly.

4. • Silica (SiO2) is a common fundamental
constituent of glass.
• In a commercial glass plant, sand (Silica) is mixed
with waste glass (from recycling collections), soda
ash (sodium carbonate), and limestone (calcium
carbonate) and heated in a furnace.
• The soda reduces the sand's melting point.
• The end-product is called soda-lime-silica glass.
It's the ordinary glass we can see all around us.

5. • The history of glassmaking can be traced back
to 3500 BC in Mesopotamia.
• Archaeological evidence suggests that the first
true glass was made in coastal north
Syria, Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt.

6. TYPES
• CLEAR GLASS: Ultra Clear (the ultimate in brilliant
transparency)
• TINTED GLASS : Widely used for commercial buildings and
adapted to applications requiring solar control.
• REFLECTIVE GLASS: Low emissivity and good solar control.
Reflective properties help eliminate interior reflection for a
perfect look and more design flexibility.
• SATIN GLASS: With its translucent, satin-like appearance, it
admits light while still providing vision control.
• TEXTURE OR PATTERNED GLASS : Patterned acid-etched
glass provides a wealth of opportunities to architects,
interior designers and decorators.

7. • LAMINATED GLASS: Made of two or more layers
of glass separated by an interlayer, usually of
plastic. In the event of breakage, the layers of
glass are held in place by the interlayer. It is also a
good acoustic insulator.
• WIRED GLASS: Wire mesh is inserted during
production. This type of glass is mostly used in
steel doors and fire doors.
• SPANDREL GLASS: With its ceramic frits applied
to the glass surface, this type of glass is used for
curtain walls that are increasingly popular on
commercial buildings and is available in many
colors.

8. USES IN INTERIOR DESIGN
• Lacquered glass in wall paneling. The lacquered glasses
play a significant role in humid and UV resistance. They are
hygienic, easily maintained and are resistant to
discoloration.
• Patterned glass. For partitions. The textured / patterned
glasses are the ones that give privacy with translucency.
• décor glass. These are the textured glasses that are
designed with creativity and available in various patterns. It
works by the process of diffusing lights into the interiors
creating a vibrant environment.
• Transparent partitions do not only save space but let light
infiltrate from every corner of the house.
• Furniture that make use of glass inside the home are table
tops, wardrobes, shower screens, bathroom vanities, floors
and ceilings.

9. Architectural advantages
• They are basically used in windows to allow natural light
enter the house even if it is closed. This very reason is the
idea behind applying glass materials in wall construction.
• The use of energy is reduced by not lighting enclosed
structures every morning.
• They are also a bad conductor of heat which means air
conditioning system does not have to function more in
order to fully cool an area.
• Aside from being energy efficient, the external architectural
view will turn out decorative and stunning.
• durability and scratch resistant
• patterns and colors of glass. There are toughened and
laminated glasses suitable for use inside the home. They
are strong and provide safety. A house interior will turn out
stylish and elegant by using these transparent materials.
• Green House

10. USES
• Facades.
• Decorations
• Sound insulation
• Table tops.
• Windows
• Glass doors
• Partitions
• Cabinets
• Show case
• Utensils
• Drinking glass
• Mirrors
• Glass stairs
• Glass ceilings for natural
lights
• Glass Tiles

11. ADVANTAGES
• Can be made in different sizes and
objects
• Can be coloured or colourless
• Does not rust
• Waterproof
• Hard
• Heat and sound proof.
• Transmits light.
• Transparent
• easy to shape when it's molten.
• No problem with UV degradation
• Stable over a wide range of
temperature
• Easily cleaned
• reasonably resistant
to heat when it's set
• chemically inert (so a glass jar
doesn't react with the things
you put inside it)
• it can be recycled any number
of times.
• Poor conductor of electricity
• Mechanically strong
• Optical Properties
Reflects, bends, transmits, and
absorbs light with great
accuracy.
• Security and Safety
• Resistant to chemicals,
solvents, oil, grease

12. DISADVANTAGES
• Mining of glass sand results
in particulate emissions, soil
erosion, pollutant .
• Glass manufacturing release
air pollutants that
contribute to numerous
environmental problems.
• An expensive material
• Breaks easily-Melts in high
temperatures.
• When broken, the pieces
may be sharp.
• As most glass curtain walls
cannot be opened,
ventilation is another issue
that needs special
attention.
• In case of fire, glass walls
collapse before people can
be completely evacuated
from the building.
• Heavy

13. types of glass
• Float Glass: Float glass is also called soda lime glass or clear
glass. This is produced by annealing the molten glass and is
clear and flat. Its modulus of rupture is 5000-6000 psi.
Stronger than Rocky Balboa taking punches from 2000 psi
punches man Ivan Drago. It is available in standard
thickness ranging from 2mm to 20mm. and has weight
range in 6-26kg/m2. It has too much transparency and can
cause glare. It is used in making canopies, shop fronts,
glass blocks, railing partitions, etc.
• Tinted Glass: Certain additions to the glass batch mix can
add color to the clear glass without compromising its
strength. Iron oxide is added to give glass a green tint;
sulphar in different concentrations can make the glass
yellow, red or black. Copper sulphate can turn it blue. Etc.

14. • Toughened Glass This type of glass is tempered, may
have distortions and low visibility but it breaks into
small dice-like pieces at modulus of rupture of 3600
psi. Hence it is used in making fire resistant doors etc.
They are available in same weight and thickness range
as float glass.
• Laminated Glass: This type of glass is made by
sandwiching glass panels within a protective layer. It is
heavier than normal glass and may cause optical
distortions as well. It is tough and protects from UV
radiation (99%) and insulates sound by 50%. Used in
glass facades, aquariums, bridges, staircases, floor
slabs, etc.

15. • Shatterproof glass: By adding a polyvinyl
butyral layer, shatter proof glass is made. This
type of glass does not form sharp edged
pieces even when broken. Used in skylight,
window, flooring, etc
• Extra clean glass: This type of glass is
hydrophilic i.e. The water moves over them
without leaving any marks and photocatylitic
i.e. they are covered with Nanoparticles that
attack and break dirt making it easier to clean
and maintain.

16. • Double Glazed Units: These are made by providing air
gap between two glass panes in order to reduce the
heat loss and gain. Normal glass can cause immense
amount of heat gain and up to 30%of loss of heat of air
conditioning energy. Green, energy efficient glass can
reduce this impact.
• Chromatic glass: This type of glass can control daylight
and transparency effectively. These glass are available
in three forms- photo chromatic (light sensitive
lamination on glass), thermo chromatic (heat
sensitive lamination on glass) and electro chromatic
(light sensitive glass the transparency of which can be
controlled by electricity switch.) It can be used in
meeting rooms and ICUs

17. • Glass wool: Glass wool is a thermal insulation
that consists of intertwined and flexible glass
fibers, which causes it to "package" air, and
consequently make good insulating materials.
Glass wool can be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.
• Glass blocks: Hollow glass wall blocks are
manufactured as two separate halves and, while
the glass is still molten, the two pieces are
pressed together and annealed. The resulting
glass blocks will have a partial vacuum at the
hollow center. Glass bricks provide visual
obscuration while admitting light